1,721,060 research outputs found
Confronting the Question of Demolition or Renovation
No full textCrumbling façades, asbestos, and outdated elevators are often cited as reasons to tear down tall buildings and create new skyscrapers. However, renovating a tall building is often a better option than demolition and reconstruction. This paper examines the reasons for the demolition of tall buildings in the United States, Canada, and Europe and makes recommendations for alternative approaches
Minimizing the residual oxygen in modified atmosphere packaging of bakery products
No full textTotal elimination of air represents a serious hurdle in MAP of bakery products. Simulating the gas-flushing modified atmosphere packaging with laboratory equipment it was possible to follow the rate of atmosphere substitution inside partially baked rolls. The effects of different baking treatments and the role played of different gaese (N2, Ar, He, CO2) were evaluated
Shelf-life extension of Taleggio cheese by modified atmosphere packaging = Estensione della shelf-life del taleggio attraverso il confezionamento in atmosfera modificata
No full textThe application of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) for Taleggio cheese was compared to traditional paper wrapping. The chemical, microbiological and sensorial analyses of cheese packed under 4 different gas atmospheres and maintained nearly constant6, showed satisfactory quality of all the samples in MAP. The best results, however, were obtained with 10% of CO2. A simple method for predicting the evolution of carbon dioxide concentration in the package was studied and tested, demonstrating a good fit with experimental data. Its application is suitable for choosing the proper packaging material, as well as package dimensions
Minimizing the residual oxygen in modified atmosphere packaging of bakery products
No full textThe total elimination of air represents a serious hurdle in modified atmosphere packaging of bakery products, due both to the high spin-rates of the packaging lines and, particularly, to the typical texture of bakery products which retain large quantities of air inside their porous structure. Simulating the gas-flushing modified atmosphere packaging with laboratory equipment and measuring the oxygen concentration directly inside bread rolls, by means of a gas analyser connected with the internal portion, it was possible to follow the rate of atmosphere substitution, evaluating the effects of different baking treatments (7, 12 and 23 min at 230°C) and the role played by different gases (nitrogen, argon, helium, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide). The oxygen content inside the products, plotted versus time, led to typical logistic 'dose-response' curves which made it possible to forecast the time needed to reach established values of residual oxygen concentration and to emphasize the effects of the different conditions used. The gas properties particularly affected the rate of oxygen substitution and the less water-soluble was the gas, the faster was the oxygen reduction; the larger was the gas molecule, the slower was the process. Also baking time was shown to have, to a different extent, some measurable effects on the rate of oxygen substitution and hence, its optimization as well as the choice of gas mixture can contribute to improve modified atmosphere packaging of bakery products
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Study of diffusion through LDPE film of Di-n-butyl phthalate
No full textThe apparent diffusion coefficients (D) across a PE-LD film of Di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) dissolved in isooctane and ethanol, were calculated in different ways and compared. DnBP, a common plasticizer of plastics and printing inks, may be a possible contaminant of flexible packaging and PE-LD is the most common food-contacting polymer. To perform diffusion measurements, small plastic sachets filled with solutions of the contaminant were used at three different temperatures. The D coefficients of the two solvents and dissolved DnBP were calculated using the lag time method, a formula taking into account the molar weight and absolute temperature, and an equation based on the initial concentration and the amounts migrated after subsequent times. The results demonstrated great solvent interference in the plasticizer diffusion across polyethylene; in particular as far as isooctane is concerned, a remarkable co-diffusion of both the plasticizer. and the non-polar solvent must be assumed. Isooctane quickly penetrates PE-LD but ethanol also diffuses across PE-LD, although at a greatly reduced speed. These facts must be considered for realistic predict ion of migration or effectiveness of the functional barrier
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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