7,124 research outputs found
Gloria Swanson Ready for Her Close-Up
No full textGloria Swanson: Ready for Her Close-Up shows how a talented, self-confident actress negotiated a creative path through seven decades of celebrity. It also illuminates a little-known chapter in American media history: how the powerful women of early Hollywood transformed their remarkable careers after their stars dimmed. This book brings Swanson (1899-1983) back into the spotlight, revealing her as a complex, creative, entrepreneurial, and thoroughly modern woman. Swanson cavorted in slapstick short films with Charlie Chaplin and Mack Sennett in the 1910s. The popularity of her films with Cecil B. DeMille helped create the star system. A glamour icon, Swanson became the most talked-about star in Hollywood, earning three Academy Award nominations, receiving 10,000 fan letters every week, and living up to a reputation as Queen of Hollywood. She bought mansions and penthouses, dressed in fur and feathers, and flitted through Paris, London, and New York engaging in passionate love affairs that made headlines and caused scandals. Frustrated with the studio system, Swanson turned down a million-dollar-a-year contract. After a wild ride making unforgettable movies with some of Hollywood's most colorful characters-including her lover Joseph Kennedy and maverick director Erich von Stroheim-she was a million dollars in debt. Without hesitation she went looking for her next challenge, beginning her long second act. Swanson became a talented businesswoman who patented inventions and won fashion awards for her clothing designs; a natural foods activist decades before it was fashionable; an exhibited sculptor; and a designer employed by the United Nations. All the while she continued to act in films, theater, and television at home and abroad. Though she had one of Hollywood's most famous exit lines-"All right, Mr. DeMille, I'm ready for my close-up"-the realGloria Swanson never looked back.Cover -- CONTENTS -- 1 Glory -- 2 Funny Girl -- 3 Triangle -- 4 The Lions' Den -- 5 In the Family Way -- 6 The Great Moment -- 7 Her Gilded Cage -- 8 East Coaster -- 9 French Idyll -- 10 American Royalty -- 11 Declaration of Independence -- 12 Let It Rain -- 13 The Swamp -- 14 People Will Talk -- 15 The Crash -- 16 Mad about the Boy -- 17 Perfect Misunderstanding -- 18 Reinventing Herself -- 19 "You Used to Be Big" -- 20 Dressing the Part -- 21 Not Ready for Her Retrospective -- 22 Last Act -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- NOTES -- FILMOGRAPHY -- WORKS CITED -- PHOTOGRAPH CREDITS -- INDEX -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- ZGloria Swanson: Ready for Her Close-Up shows how a talented, self-confident actress negotiated a creative path through seven decades of celebrity. It also illuminates a little-known chapter in American media history: how the powerful women of early Hollywood transformed their remarkable careers after their stars dimmed. This book brings Swanson (1899-1983) back into the spotlight, revealing her as a complex, creative, entrepreneurial, and thoroughly modern woman. Swanson cavorted in slapstick short films with Charlie Chaplin and Mack Sennett in the 1910s. The popularity of her films with Cecil B. DeMille helped create the star system. A glamour icon, Swanson became the most talked-about star in Hollywood, earning three Academy Award nominations, receiving 10,000 fan letters every week, and living up to a reputation as Queen of Hollywood. She bought mansions and penthouses, dressed in fur and feathers, and flitted through Paris, London, and New York engaging in passionate love affairs that made headlines and caused scandals. Frustrated with the studio system, Swanson turned down a million-dollar-a-year contract. After a wild ride making unforgettable movies with some of Hollywood's most colorful characters-including her lover Joseph Kennedy and maverick director Erich von Stroheim-she was a million dollars in debt. Without hesitation she went looking for her next challenge, beginning her long second act. Swanson became a talented businesswoman who patented inventions and won fashion awards for her clothing designs; a natural foods activist decades before it was fashionable; an exhibited sculptor; and a designer employed by the United Nations. All the while she continued to act in films, theater, and television at home and abroad. Though she had one of Hollywood's most famous exit lines-"All right, Mr. DeMille, I'm ready for my close-up"-the realGloria Swanson never looked back.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
Supplemental_Materials – Supplemental material for Can Difficulties in Language Acquisition and Specific Learning Disabilities Be Separated Among English Learners?
No full textSupplemental material, Supplemental_Materials for Can Difficulties in Language Acquisition and Specific Learning Disabilities Be Separated Among English Learners? by H. Lee Swanson, Jennifer Kong, Stefania D. Petcu and Monica Fiorella Ascencio Pimental in Exceptional Children</p
Association of a polymorphism in intron 13 of the monoamine oxidase B gene with Parkinson disease
No full textMonoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) is an enzyme that has relevance for Parkinson disease (PD) because of its roles in catabolizing dopamine and potentially activating exogenous neurotoxicants. A polymorphism of the gene encoding MAO-B has been identified as a single base change (A or G) in intron 13 of the X chromosome. The A allele was previously associated with an approximately twofold risk of PD. The present study compared A and G allele frequencies between newly diagnosed idiopathic PD cases and a control group free of neurodegenerative diseases. All study subjects were Caucasian. Cases were 37 men and 25 women, age 37-80 years; controls were 50 men and 29 women, age 45-82 years. MAO-B genotype was determined by the allele-specific polymerase chain reaction on DNA extracted from peripheral lymphocytes. In complete contrast to previous studies, elevated risks were detected with the G allele. The age-adjusted odds ratio for the G allele in males was 1.87 ((95% confidence interval) 0.78-4.47). Among females the age-adjusted odds ratios were 5.00 ((95% confidence interval) 1.13-22.1) for the GA genotype and 5.60 ((95% confidence interval) 1.01-30.9) for the GG genotype. These findings, although of limited statistical precision, suggest that the G allele of this MAO-B polymorphism may relate to PD risk
Rasahus nesiotes Swanson 2018, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Rasahus nesiotes</i> sp. nov. <p>(Fig. 1)</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis</b>: Easily separated from all other species of <i>Rasahus</i> by the small size, the black connexiva, and the presence of a small pale macula occupying the apex of the medial cell of the hemelytral membrane.</p> <p> <b>Coloration</b>: Black, except the following reddish-testaceous: all antennal segments (lighter apically), femora to tarsi of all legs (but these, especially the femur, suffused with both slightly lighter red and black), and fossula spongiosa of protibia and mesotibia. Connexiva and abdominal tergites suffused with dark castaneous. Second and third rostral segment also slightly lighter, becoming dark castaneous but may be due to preservation. The following spots of the hemelytra tawny or luteous: apical third of clavus, adjacent portion of corium covering apical half of claval margin, faint short vitta on membrane adjacent to corial apex, and oval spot well-contained in medial cell of membrane.</p> <p> <b>Structure</b>: Anteocular region covered on all surfaces with short silvery pile. Interocular region with width subequal to width of eye, with setae and silvery pile dorsally. Postocular region with short longitudinal sulcus reaching cephalad from transverse sulcus. Neck laterally and ventrally with short pile.</p> <p> Antennae: as per description under <i>Rasahus</i>.</p> <p>Eyes in lateral view nearly reaching dorsal margin and not reaching ventral margin.</p> <p>Ocelli moderate-sized, slightly raised, separated from each other by slightly more than diameter of one ocellus and from eye by approximate width of one ocellus.</p> <p> Rostrum: as per description under <i>Rasahus</i>.</p> <p>Pronotum: Anterior pronotal lobe with sulci distinct and granulate within, sparse short and long setae in sulci. Posterior pronotal lobe with small granules immediately posterior to transverse pronotal suture on apical third of disc medially, this granulate area diminishing laterally, otherwise smooth, with few scattered setae near lateral and posterior margins.</p> <p>Scutellum obscured by pin, apex prolonged in apically-rounded spine.</p> <p>Pleura: Propleuron with integument granulate, delimited laterally from dorsal face by distinct carina. Mesopleuron with integument more sparsely granulate. Metapleuron with integument conspicuously granulate, glabrous except coxal sheath densely silvery pilose, metapleural sulcus narrow between carinae.</p> <p>Sterna: Metasternum convex medially, more or less rounded posteriorly.</p> <p>Hemelytra reaching apex of seventh tergite, base of corium (usually veins) and outer margin of clavus with rows of distinct black setae.</p> <p>Forelegs: Profemur with ventral setae arranged in two rows. Protibia slightly thickened apically, with thick brush of setae at anterior face at apex, fossula spongiosa long, covering almost three-fourths length of tibia.</p> <p>Middle legs: Tarsus with thick black spinose setae ventrally, second tarsal segment longest. All else as forelegs.</p> <p> Hind legs: as per description under <i>Rasahus</i>.</p> <p>Abdomen with connexiva with long thin seta at posterolateral angle, disc of seventh ventrite densely pubescent.</p> <p>Female genitalia: Of general peiratine form. Visible portion of eighth tergite short, posterior margin convex. Ninth tergite trapezoidal. Tenth tergite trapezoidal to subtriangular, apex subrounded. Lobes of valvifer 1 (=part of eighth segment) hemispherical. Valvulae 1 somewhat elongate, convex apicolaterally, apex roundly acute. All segments with integument smooth (except few rugulae ventrally on valvifer 1), lacking spines or tubercles, with abundant short pale appressed pubescence and sparse scattered long semi-erect setae. Tenth tergite with long golden setae of moderate length, more densely so along lateral and apical margins.</p> <p>Male: unknown.</p> <p>Measurements (in mm): total length (apex of head to apex of hemelytra): 13.3; head length: 2.4; head width (across eyes): 1.5; anteocular length: 1.2; postocular length: 0.4; neck length: 0.4; scape length: 1.0; pedicel length: 2.1; basiflagellum length: 2.2; distiflagellum length: 2.3; antennal segment ratio: 1.0: 2.1: 2.2: 2.3; eye length: 0.8; eye width: 0.5; rostral segment 1 length: 0.9; rostral segment 2 length: 1.5; rostral segment 3 length: 0.9; rostral segment ratio: 1.0: 1.7: 1.0; prothorax length: 3.2; prothorax width (across humeri): 3.2; anterior pronotal lobe length: 2.3; posterior pronotal lobe length: 0.9; scutellum length: 1.6; scutellum width (at base): 1.4; hemelytra length: 8.7; procoxa length: 1.7; protrochanter length: 0.9; profemur length: 3.1; protibia length: 2.8; protibial fossula spongiosa length: 2.6 (0.6 of which overhangs tibial apex); protarsi length: 1.2; protarsal segment ratio: approximately 1.0: 1.5: 1.7; mesocoxa length: 0.7; mesotrochanter length: 0.7; mesofemur length: 2.9; mesotibia length: 2.5; mesotibial fossula spongiosa length: 2.1; mesotarsi length: 1.4; mesotarsal segment ratio: approximately 1.0: 2.0: 1.5; metacoxa length: 1.0; metatrochanter length: 1.0; metafemur length: 4.1; metatibia length: 4.4; metatarsi length: 2.4; metatarsal segment ratio: approximately 1.0: 3.0: 2.0; abdomen length: 7.1; abdomen (widest) width: 4.1.</p> <p> <b>Material examined</b>: [THE BAHAMAS:] Grand Bahama Island: 27–28 December 1965, R. D. Alexander [1 female, holotype] (UMMZ).</p> <p> <b>Distribution</b>: Known only from the type locality (Fig. 4).</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b>: The specific epithet, a noun in apposition, comes from the Greek νησιώτης, Latinized <i>nesiotes</i>, ‘islander’ and references the type locality.</p> <p> <b>Remarks</b>: This species is easily referred to the complex of species with a circular macula well-contained in the medial cell of the hemelytral membrane (= <i>hamatus</i> group; see Key to Species of <i>Rasahus</i> and <i>Froeschnerisca</i>). This group consists of <i>R. amapaensis</i>, <i>R. angulatus</i>, <i>R. arcitenens</i>, <i>R. arcuiger</i>, <i>R. argentinensis</i>, <i>R. biguttatus</i>, <i>R. grandis</i>, <i>R. hamatus</i>, <i>R. limai</i>, <i>R. thoracicus</i>, and <i>R. scutellaris</i> <b>stat. rev.</b> (see next section).</p> <p> Among these, it seems that <i>R. nesiotes</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> is most closely related to <i>R. hamatus</i>, based on a more similar color pattern, including the lack of a pale arcuate spot of the cubital cell and the black costal margins, as well as close geographical proximity. However, <i>R. nesiotes</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> differs from <i>R. hamatus</i> in various ways. First, the female holotype of <i>R. nesiotes</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> (ca. 13 mm) is much smaller than females of <i>R. hamatus</i> (17–18 mm). The spots of the hemelytra differ subtly as well. In <i>R. nesiotes</i> <b>sp. nov.</b>, the postscutellar macula is limited to the apical third of the clavus and is essentially obsolete in the basal third of the adjacent part of the corium. Conversely, the postscutellar macula occupies the apical half of the clavus and reaches to the bases (although narrowed) in the adjacent region of the corium in <i>R. hamatus</i>. The round spot of the membranal medial cell also differs in size between the two species, being smaller and clearly not occupying most of the cell in <i>R. nesiotes</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> versus essentially filling the cell in <i>R. hamatus</i>. Lastly, the connexiva of <i>R. nesiotes</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> are wholly black, whereas they are either wholly stramineous (males) or distinctly bicolorous yellow-black (females) in <i>R. hamatus</i>.</p> <p>This is the only peiratine species currently known from the Bahamas.</p>Published as part of <i>Swanson, Daniel R., 2018, Three new species of Rasahus, with clarifications on the identities of three other Neotropical corsairs (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae), pp. 446-472 in Zootaxa 4471 (3)</i> on pages 450-451, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4471.3.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/1439906">http://zenodo.org/record/1439906</a>
supplementtables – Supplemental material for Can Difficulties in Language Acquisition and Specific Learning Disabilities Be Separated Among English Learners?
No full textSupplemental material, supplementtables for Can Difficulties in Language Acquisition and Specific Learning Disabilities Be Separated Among English Learners? by H. Lee Swanson, Jennifer Kong, Stefania D. Petcu and Monica Fiorella Ascencio Pimental in Exceptional Children</p
Roots/Routes: Part II
No full texthis narrative acts as an articulation of a journey of many routes. Following Part I of the same research journey of rootedness/routedness, it debates the nature of transformation and transcendence beyond personal and political paradoxes informed by neoliberalism and related repressive globalizing discourses. Through a more personal, descriptive, and philosophical approach, the author seeks to move, in a reflexive manner, beyond the delimiting roots of deficit discourse and its unrootedness with the daily, local, and lived. Through the use of a nontraditional writing-research approach, the author explores other, less objectifying, ways of being in research and attempts to provide alternative pedagogies of possibility away from dichotomous and positivist research engagement. By confronting socially constructed knowledges and identities, and "(re)sourcing" these through "humble togetherness" (Ubuntu), the storying seeks to find a transcendent spirituality through the routes/roots of research and achieve the emergence of transformative possibilities through pedagogies of hope
Dynasty of the Holy Grail: Mormonism\u27s Sacred Bloodline
No full textWhat do the Virgin Mary, King Arthur, and Joseph Smith have in common? This is one of the questions that Vern Swanson attempts to answer in Dynasty of the Holy Grail: Mormonism\u27s Sacred Bloodline. Swanson, who has been director of the Springville Art Museum in Utah since 1980 and who has published extensively in art historical topics, applies his skills to a different body of material in this impressive, large-format volume of over five hundred pages.
The author refers to his own work as a scattershot miscellany of random thoughts (411). While some may find in this statement a self-effacing motif, most readers will acknowledge that the phrase provides a fair assessment of this unusual project. This book falls outside the parameters of traditional academic inquiry. It can be categorized neither as fictional narrative nor religious treatise. It is not history, theology, or science. It borrows from each of these disciplines as well as from a significant body of folklore to derive and to propagate myth. I use the term myth in its original sense of something that a group holds to be true, although I am not certain who constitutes the believers in this case. To be sure, Swanson\u27s arguments will be most intelligible to an educated LDS audience, but the degree of speculation required to accept them as fact will dissuade most from buying into the theories. The author does plainly state (at least four times in the front-matter sections) that his conclusions do not represent official LDS doctrine, although the tone throughout the book is matter-of-fact
Rasahus myrmecinus Swanson 2018, stat. rev. et comb. nov.
No full text<i>Rasahus myrmecinus</i> (Erichson, 1848) stat. rev. et comb. nov. <p>(Figs. 8, 9, 10A, 11A–B)</p> <p> <i>Pirates myrmecinus</i> Erichson, 1848: 613.</p> <p> <i>Rasahus scutellaris</i> (nec Fabricius, 1787): Champion, 1899: 215, 218.</p> <p> <b>Coloration</b>: Blackish, except apical spine of scutellum, apical half of clavus, adjacent part of corium from base to apex of clavus (with small interruption at midway), three spots on hemelytral membrane (ovoidal spot near base, narrow arcuate spot near apex of corium, and ovoidal spot at apex), anterior two-thirds of connexiva (dorsally and ventrally, with adjacent part of ventrite), base of trochanter and metafemur whitish. Tarsi and fossula spongiosa brownish. Head and pleura laterally with metallic blue-black tint.</p> <p> <b>Structure</b>: Anteocular region covered on all surfaces with short silvery pile, laterally with few long setae. Interocular region with width 1.5 times width of eye in male, 1.3 times width of eye in female, with silvery pile dorsally. Postocular region with short longitudinal sulcus reaching cephalad from transverse sulcus. Neck appearing glabrous.</p> <p> Antennae: as per description under <i>Rasahus</i>.</p> <p>Eyes in lateral view surpassing dorsal margin and nearly reaching ventral margin.</p> <p>Ocelli large, slightly raised on inconspicuous tubercle, separated from each other by twice width of one ocellus in male and 1.5 times width in female, separated from eye by slightly more than width of one ocellus in both but slightly more distant in male.</p> <p> Rostrum: as per description under <i>Rasahus</i>.</p> <p>Pronotum: Anterior pronotal lobe with sulci present and hirsute, integument of sulci with inconspicuous granules, short and long setae in sulci, deep foveolar sulcus on midline in front of transverse suture. Posterior pronotal lobe with long wrinkles emanating from transverse suture, lots of setae along lateral and posterior regions.</p> <p>Scutellum with minute granules, with long and short pile on disc, apex prolonged in dorsally-setose spine.</p> <p>Pleura: Propleuron smooth. Metapleuron slightly transversely wrinkled, glabrous, metapleural sulcus wide between carinae.</p> <p>Sterna: Metasternum evenly convex, slightly pustulate.</p> <p>Hemelytra slightly but distinctly exceeding abdominal apex in male, not but nearly reaching apex in female, veins of corium bearing semi-erect setae.</p> <p>Forelegs: Profemur with ventral setae arranged in two rows. Protibial fossula spongiosa present, about halflength of tibia.</p> <p>Middle legs: Mesoibia generally more pilose and with fewer distinct dorsal setae, mesotibial fossula spongiosa relatively shorter, slightly less than one-third length of tibia, more densely setose ventrally. All else as forelegs.</p> <p>Hind legs: Metatibia densely setose apicolaterally although less so in female. All else as middle legs.</p> <p>Abdomen connexiva with long thin seta at posterolateral angle, sutures poorly indicated, third ventrite also carinate medially in male. Apex of seventh ventrite strongly pilose.</p> <p>Male genitalia: Eighth ventrite extended caudad as median triangular spine. Pygophore sparsely pilose, posterior margin concave between median process and base of parameres, median apical process tall, strongly sinuate (left margin strongly curved, right margin weakly so), broad and bent sinistral in basal half, curving dextral in apical half, apex broadly triangular with acute point. Parameres large, asymmetrical, both spade-shaped and with apices acutely rounded, densely pilose on outer surface, left paramere slightly larger, basal lobe more shallow, with attenuated, mesally-bent, somewhat flattened apex, right paramere slightly broader, deeply lobate with greatest width skewed to basal-third, with non-attenuated tectiform apex. Aedeagus not examined.</p> <p>Female genitalia: Of general peiratine form. Visible portion of eighth tergite short, posterior margin convex. Ninth tergite trapezoidal. Tenth tergite trapezoidal, apices subrounded. Lobes of valvifer 1 (= part of eighth segment) hemispherical. Valvulae 1 somewhat elongate, convex apicolaterally, apex roundly acute. All segments with integument smooth (except few rugulae ventrally on valvifer 1), lacking spines or tubercles, with abundant short pale appressed pubescence and sparse scattered long semi-erect setae. Tenth tergite with long golden setae of moderate length, more densely so along lateral and apical margins.</p> <p>Measurements (in mm): total length (apex of head to apex of hemelytra): male: 11.2, female: 11.7; head length: 1.6; head width (across eyes): male: 1.5, female: 1.6; anteocular length: male: 0.6, female: 0.7; postocular length: 0.3; neck length: 0.7; scape length: male: 0.9, female: 1.0; pedicel length: male: 2.4, female: 2.3; basiflagellum length: [male: 2.4, female: 2.1; distiflagellum length: male: 2.4, female: 2.1; antennal segment ratio: 1.0: 2.5: 2.3: 2.3; eye length: 0.4; eye width: 0.3; rostral segment 1 length: 0.6; rostral segment 2 length: 0.9; rostral segment 3 length: 0.5; rostral segment ratio: 1.0: 1.5: 0.8; prothorax length: male: 2.5, female: 2.6; prothorax width (across humeri): male: 2.8, female: 3.0; anterior pronotal lobe length: 1.6; posterior pronotal lobe length: male: 0.9, female: 1.0; scutellum length: male: 1.4, female: 1.5; scutellum width (at base): male: 1.3, female: 1.5; hemelytra length: male: 7.5, female: 8.0; procoxa length: 1.4; protrochanter length: 0.7; profemur length: 2.6; protibia length: male: 2.2, female: 2.4; protibial fossula spongiosa length: male: 1.1, female: 1.0; protarsi length: male: 1.2, female: 1.3; protarsal segment ratio: 1.0: 1.8: 2.5; mesocoxa length: 0.7; mesotrochanter length: 0.7; mesofemur length: male: 2.4, female: 2.8; mesotibia length: male: 2.3, female: 2.7; mesotibial fossula spongiosa length: male: 0.7, female: 0.8; mesotarsi length: male: 1.2, female: 1.4; mesotarsal segment ratio: male: 1.0: 2.0: 2.0, female: 1.0: 2.1: 2.3; metacoxa length: male: 0.7, female: 0.8; metatrochanter length: male: 0.6, female: 0.7; metafemur length: male: 3.9, female: 4.0; metatibia length: male: 4.2, female: 4.4; metatarsi length: 1.8; metatarsal segment ratio: male: 1.0: 2.6: 3.0, female: 1.0: 2.3: 2.3; abdomen length: male: 5.6, female: 6.2; abdomen (widest) width: male: 3.1, female: 3.8; pygophore length: 1.5; pygophore width (across widest point): 0.9.</p> <p> <b>Material examined</b>: BELIZE: Toledo District, Midway Village, collected under bark, 16° 07.3"N, 88° 57' 37.3"W, 16–17 July 2005, P. W. Kovarik, det. D. R. Swanson 2017 [1 male, 1 female] (UMMZ).</p> <p> <b>Distribution</b>: Belize, Panama, Guyana.</p> <p> <b>Remarks</b>: The specimens on which this redescription is based were initially identified as <i>Rasahus scutellaris</i>, then placed in an undescribed genus owing to conspicuous differences in the length of the protibial fossula spongiosa, the length and segmental ratio of the protarsi, and the metapleural sulcus. These morphologies match those found in <i>Pirates myrmecinus</i>, as observed in images of the holotype (despite the missing abdomen, the sex of the holotype of <i>Pirates myrmecinus</i> appears to be male, based on the thickness of the protibia compared with the Belizean male and female) (Fig. 9). These discrepancies with the generic diagnosis or, in the very least the protibial fossula spongiosa, seem to have gone unnoticed by Coscarόn (1983a), as she purportedly examined Erichson’s holotype.</p> <p> The length of the protibial fossula spongiosa is the most conspicuous morphological difference between <i>Pirates myrmecinus</i> and species of <i>Rasahus</i>. In both the male and the female from Belize, the fossula spongiosa covers at most half of the length of the protibia (Fig. 10A). The protibial fossula spongiosa also appears to be a similar length in Erichson’s holotype (Fig. 8D). This contrasts other species of <i>Rasahus</i>, which have the protibial fossula spongiosa occupying three-fourths of the tibial length (Fig. 10B). The state of this character is heavily relied upon for segregating peiratine genera (e.g., Stål 1872, 1874; Villiers 1948; Gil-Santana & Costa 2003). However, some genera well-delimited by other morphologies (i.e., <i>Sirthenea</i> Spinola, 1837; <i>Tydides</i> Stål, 1866) are known to possess limited degrees of intrageneric variation in the length of the protibial fossula spongiosa (Willemse 1985, Lent 1955, Lent & Jurberg 1967). Among the known species of <i>Rasahus</i>, this is the only known case of such variation.</p> <p> The protarsi differ markedly as well. In the Belizean specimens, the protarsi are long, being 1.2–1.3 mm, with a relatively longer apical tarsomere (segmental ratio: 1.0: 1.8: 2.5) (Fig. 9C, F); again, this is present in the Erichson’s holotype (Fig. 8D). This contrasts the ratio in some similar-sized <i>Rasahus</i>, such as <i>R. abolitus</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> (Fig. 10B) and <i>R. nesiotes</i> <b>sp. nov.</b>, in which the penultimate and ultimate tarsomere are subequal (segmental ratio: 1.0: 1.6: 1.6) and the protarsi are shorter, being only 0.6 mm (other appendages remain similar in size). However, the segmentation ratio of the protarsi differs interspecifically in ways previously unappreciated; for example, <i>R. deliquus</i> <b>sp. nov.,</b> despite being much larger, shares a similar ratio with the Belizean specimens. Additionaly, the metatarsal ratios also vary, with the second tarsomere being the longest in <i>R. abolitus</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> and <i>R. nesiotes</i> <b>sp. nov.</b>, whereas the second and third tarsomere are subequal in <i>R. deliquus</i> <b>sp. nov.</b>, and <i>R. setosus</i>, as well as the Belizean specimens. Tarsal differences have been used to delimit genera in Peiratinae (i.e., <i>Fusius</i> Stål, 1862: Villiers 1948); yet, further study is needed to assess the utility of this variation in <i>Rasahus</i> and related genera.</p> <p> Lastly, the form of the metapleural sulcus has been an important character for generic diagnoses, albeit exclusively for New World taxa. Most genera, including <i>Rasahus</i>, possess a curved marginally-positioned metapleural sulcus. However, in the Belizean specimens, the sulcus appears wider and the anterior end starts higher on the metapleuron (Fig. 11A, B) than in examined species of <i>Rasahus</i> (Fig. 11C–G) and other genera (Fig. 11H, I). Despite being out of focus, this appears to be the form of the sulcus in Erichson’s holotype too (Fig. 8E). However, this structure has largely been characterized bimodally (straight/medially-positioned vs. curved/laterallypositioned), and it remains questionable to what extent this character varies in other peiratine genera.</p> <p> The color pattern of the Belizean specimens strongly mirrors that of <i>R. abolitus</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> However, it is true that a similar color pattern, viz. postscutellar spot + median corial discal spot + apical corial marginal spot + apical membranal spot, is found in multiple species of <i>Rasahus</i> (e.g., <i>R. brasiliensis</i>, <i>R. castaneus</i>; <i>R. sulcicollis</i>), and small variations thereof are found in other genera of New World Peiratinae (e.g., <i>Phorastes</i>, <i>Tydides</i>). Vestiges of the postscutellar spot and spot of the hemelytral cubital cell are visible in Erichson’s damaged holotype (Fig. 8B). Additionally, the metallic atrocyaneous tint of the head and pleura in the Belizean specimens is absent in the similarly-patterned <i>R. abolitus</i> <b>sp. nov.</b>, although metallic tints are known in other species of <i>Rasahus</i>, i.e., <i>R. maculipennis</i>, as well as other New World genera (i.e., <i>Phorastes</i> Kirkaldy, 1900). In Erichson’s holotype, the metallic tint is not conspicuous, given the low level of lighting, but it is plausible that it is present. The Belizean male and female match in color pattern, although this leaves the level of intraspecific variation completely unknown.</p> <p> The generic placement of <i>Pirates myrmecinus</i> thus becomes clear. <i>Rasahus</i> is the only described genus to which <i>P. myrmecinus</i> might belong, based on keys in Gil-Santana & Costa (2003), Cai & Taylor (2006), and Gil- Santana <i>et al</i>. (2015). As the tarsal ratios vary intragenerically and the metapleural sulcus differs only in minor degree, only the length of the protibial fossula spongiosa is found to differ markedly from other species of <i>Rasahus</i>. As a few other genera in the New World show intrageneric variation in this character, I have refrained from erecting a monotypic genus for a species that shows such strong similarity to as speciose and potentially morphologically variable a genus as <i>Rasahus</i>.</p> <p> Regarding its specific identity, <i>Pirates myrmecinus</i> Erichson, 1848, remains distinct. It clearly differs from <i>Rasahus scutellaris</i> <b>stat. rev.</b> in size, length of the anteocular region, and hemelytral color pattern; therefore, it is resurrected from synonymy (<b>stat. rev.</b>) and transferred, becoming <i>Rasahus myrmecinus</i> (Erichson, 1848) <b>comb. nov.</b> <i>Rasahus myrmecinus</i> <b>stat. rev. et comb. nov.</b> is easily diagnosed among its congeners by the small size (10– 13 mm), the color pattern (atrocyaneous tint of the head and pronotum and postscutellar spot + median cubital spot + apical corial marginal spot + apical membranal spot), and the protibial fossula spongiosa occupying only half of the length of the protibia in both sexes. The external genitalia of the male are distinctive in the strongly-bent, moderately-broad median process of the pygophore (Fig. 5G–I); it is somewhat similar in the median process to <i>R. setosus</i> (but differs in many other characters) and very similar in both process and parameres to <i>R. scutellaris</i> auct. figured by Coscarόn (1983a). Additionally, the generic diagnosis of <i>Rasahus</i> has been modified to include species with the protibial fossula spongiosa occupying half or more the length of the protibia.</p> <p> A final note: the erection of <i>R. abolitus</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> and the revised status of <i>R. myrmecinus</i> <b>stat. rev. et comb. nov.</b> almost completely confound records of <i>Rasahus scutellaris</i> auct. (nec Fabricius). Only those specimens collected and examined by Champion (1899) from Bugaba District, Panama seem to belong unambiguously to <i>R. myrmecinus</i> <b>stat. rev. et comb. nov.</b>, as he mentioned the the aeneous coloration, short protibial fossula spongiosa, long apical metatarsomere, and small size. It seems likely that some records of other authors might apply to the former and some to the latter, given the strong similarity in habitus and the probable overlap in geographic distribution. Furthermore, it is unclear whether Coscarόn’s (1983a) description of <i>R. scutellaris</i> corresponds to <i>R. abolitus</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> or <i>R. myrmecinus</i> <b>stat. rev. et comb. nov.</b>, as both are small (10–13 mm), similarly-patterned species known from Central America and/or northern South America, although it seems more likely that the description corresponds to the latter, given the obsolete condition of the pronotal sulci and granules in <i>R. abolitus</i> <b>sp. nov.</b>, as well as a few genitalic details. Regardless, a careful inventory and re-evaluation of previous records will be needed to disentangle the distributions of these species. Currently, <i>R. abolitus</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> is known only from the type locality in French Guiana and <i>R. myrmecinus</i> <b>stat. rev. et comb. nov.</b> is known from Guyana (type locality), Panama (Champion 1899), and Belize (present study).</p> <p> <b> Key to species of <i>Rasahus</i> and <i>Froeschnerisca</i>.</b> The following key will facilitate separation of the species included in <i>Rasahus</i> and <i>Froeschnerisca</i>. This key is more reliant on color pattern, as differences in the macular pattern of the hemelytra are more conspicuous than those of the genitalia. As a result, this updated key was loosely informed by the iteration provided by Coscarόn’s (1983a), although her habitus plates will still greatly aide in identification.</p> <p> The species of <i>Rasahus</i> fall into two distinctive groups. This is strongly suggested by two corresponding sets of characters: Group 1, the <i>sulcicollis</i> group, has the pale macula of the hemelytral apex absent or not contained by medial cell and males with expanded to deeply lobate parameres, whereas Group 2, the <i>hamatus</i> group, has the round pale macula well-contained in medial cell of the hemelytral membrane and males with slender, clavate parameres. Monophyly of these groups was supported by Morrone & Coscarόn’s (1998) cladistic analysis (although <i>F. vittata</i> was not included). This division occurs at couplet 5 in the key below, although all species in couplets 1–4 belong to the <i>sulcicollis</i> group. Of the new species erected herein, <i>R. deliquus</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> and <i>R. abolitus</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> undoubtedly belong to the <i>sulcicollis</i> group. Although only the female is known, it seems very likely that <i>R. nesiotes</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> belongs to the <i>hamatus</i> group.</p> <p> It should be noted that the coloration of the connexiva requires additional study regarding its diagnostic use. In some species, notably <i>R. biguttatus</i> and <i>R. hamatus</i>, this color pattern is sexually dimorphic, with males having predominantly yellow connexiva and females having distinctly bicolorous (yellow-black) connexiva (Swanson, pers. obs.). In cases where connexival color is used in the key, consulting other characters in the current and subsequent couplets should relieve difficulty in segregating pairs or clusters of species.</p> <p> The monotypic genus <i>Froeschnerisca</i> Coscarόn, 1996 strongly resembles species in <i>Rasahus</i>, with the single species being originally erected within that genus by Coscarόn (1983a). Diagnostic characters of <i>Froeschnerisca</i> include a “very accuminated” scutellum (vs. not accuminated in <i>Rasahus</i>), a subrectangular pygophore (vs. quadrangular to rounded in <i>Rasahus</i>), a complex basal plate of the male genitalia (vs. simple in <i>Rasahus</i>), and female tenth tergites with a projection (vs. without a projection in <i>Rasahus</i>) (Coscarόn 1990, 1995). This generic diagnosis might easily be based on characters that are either autapomorphic (basal plate, tenth tergite) and/or variable (scutellum, shape of pygophore) within the context of <i>Rasahus</i>, and like the general case of <i>R. myrmecinus</i> <b>stat. rev. et comb. nov.</b>, the taxon easily fits within the diagnosis of <i>Rasahus</i>, despite slight morphological variability. Thus, the genus should probably be subsumed into <i>Rasahus</i>. As I lack any examined material of this species or the means to test this in a phylogenetic context, I have refrained from doing so at this time. However, the single species is included in the key to <i>Rasahus</i> to facilitate identification of this clearly closely-related taxon.</p>Published as part of <i>Swanson, Daniel R., 2018, Three new species of Rasahus, with clarifications on the identities of three other Neotropical corsairs (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae), pp. 446-472 in Zootaxa 4471 (3)</i> on pages 459-467, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4471.3.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/1439906">http://zenodo.org/record/1439906</a>
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