10 research outputs found
Antibacterial Activity of Moringa Plants (Moringa oleifera Lam.) to Overcome Antibiotic Resistance: A Systematic Review
No full textAntibiotic resistance This causes the performance of synthetic antibiotics to decrease, so it is necessary to search for natural antibiotics. Moringa plant (Moringa oleifera Lam.) has antibacterial activity proven to inhibit and kill pathogenic bacteria and Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR)article review aims to collect data related to testing the antibacterial activity of Moringa plants as an effort to overcome antibiotic resistance. The method follows the PRISMA-2020 protocol by searching data on PubMed and ScienceDirect media using the keywords: "Antibacterial activity" and "Moringa oleifera". The data selection uses the Rayyan application by considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria that have been set. The final results obtained are 95 data which are experimental journals of the Randomized Control Trial (RCT) type published in 1981-2021. Moringa plants began to be investigated for their activity against MDR bacteria in 2012 and became a sign that research was already in the direction of finding solutions. Antibacterial testing was carried out in vitro (10 studies) and in vivo (1 study). The leaves have been thoroughly tested for their activity against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The results of in vitro study obtained the range of zone of inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum kill concentration, respectively: 8.3-12 mm; 0.25-20 mg/ml; 0.50-20 mg/ml study in vivo showed that there was the healing of MRSA infection wounds in test animals
Implementation of Drug Information Services at Colomadu II and Jaten II Health Centers, Karanganyar Regency
No full textDrug Information Service (DIS) is an activity provided by pharmacists to patients. However, some aspects of DIS are often not implemented, resulting in non-compliance and failure of therapy in patients. Health center pharmacists often do not explain to patients about the side effects, interactions and contraindications of drugs. This study aims to determine the implementation of drug information services in health care facilities in two health centers in Karanganyar Regency, namely Colomadu II and Jaten II Health Centers. This study is a cross-sectional study conducted in July and August 2023 at two health centers in Karanganyar Regency, Indonesia, namely Colomadu II and Jaten II Health Centers. This study used a survey questionnaire given to patients seeking treatment at Colomadu II and Jaten II Health Centers. This study involved a total of 50 participants, with the same number of respondents from both Colomadu II and Jaten II Health Centers. The results of this study indicate that the DIS given to patients at the Health Center, in six aspects of information, namely name, preparation, dosage, use, storage, drug indications have been (100%) conveyed, but four of the ten indicators, namely contraindications, stability, side effects, and drug interactions have not been provided optimally (below 100%). that there is no significant difference in the two health centers in each variable because the p value 0.05. Based on the results of statistical analysis, it was found that there was no significant difference in the implementation of Drug Information Services between Colomadu II and Jaten II Health Centers in the implementation of PIO drug storage (p = 1.00), drug contraindications (p = 0.556), drug stability (p = 0.728), drug side effects (p = 0.222), and drug interactions (p = 0.095). This needs to be a concern for Pharmacists and pharmacy staff at the Health Center to support the safety of drug use and successful treatment
EVALUATION AND DESIGN OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT IN COMPLETENESS OF RECIPE SCREENING IN AR-RASYID ISLAMIC HOSPITAL PALEMBANG
No full textErrors in prescribing and administering drugs are things that often occur in medicine, so in an effort to improve pharmaceutical performance, an evaluation and development of a SIM is carried out to support pharmaceutical services in hospitals. The aim of this research is to evaluate the Management Information System needs at RSI Ar-Rasyid Palembang and continue with the development of a design model. This research is descriptive research conducted through direct observation and documentation. The development of this research system uses a prototype method starting from needs analysis, system design and implementation of the EUCS (End User Computing Satisfaction) framework system, creating a system design using context diagrams, Data Flow Diagrams and Entity Relationship Data, the data analysis method used is qualitative analysis. The results of the research from direct observation on the completeness of the IFRS SIM show that the SIM at RSI Ar-Rasyid in pharmaceutical screening has been fulfilled, but in administrative screening and clinical screening it has not been fulfilled and the results of evaluation using a questionnaire distributed to pharmaceutical installation staff show an average the answer to each statement variable is satisfied. In making a draft design, there are suggestions that include clinical screening of prescriptions, it is hoped that this will help pharmacy installation staff in providing services to avoid medication errors. Based on system design, input design and output design, the patient prescription screening management information system design meets the criteria so it is ready to be implemented into the system
Aktivitas sitotoksik dan antiangiogenesis umbi mentimun papasan (Coccinia grandis L.Voight) terhadap sel kanker hela yang diinduksi protein bFGF
No full textBackground: Cancer is a leading cause of death in Indonesia and in the world. Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. One of the plants that has the potential to be developed as an alternative treatment for cancer is the papasan cucumber tuber (Coccinia grandis (L) Voight). This study aims to determine the activity of cytotoxic effects on Hela cancer cells and antiangiogenesis activity against Chorioallantoic membrane.
Method: In this study, papasan cucumber tubers were extracted with 96% ethanol solvent. The ethanol extract was then continued with fractionation using the liquid-liquid partition method, followed by thin-layer chromatography used to determine of compounds contained in the papasan cucumber tubers. Cytotoxic activity tests were carried out using the MTT assay method and antiangiogenesis tests were carried out using CAM methods of chicken embryos induced with bFGF protein.
Results: The results showed that the extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction had IC50 values 986,604 µg/ml, 208,776 µg/ml, 187,824 µg/ml and 553,393 µg/ml. The IC50 value of the n-hexane fraction was then continued with antiangiogenesis testing. The KLT analysis showed that the n-hexane fraction contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenes. Antiangiogenesis test result show that the inhibitory at concentration of 104 µg / ml was 17,56%, at a concentration of 208 µg / ml 43,23% and at a concentration of 418 µg / ml 56,78%.
Conclusion: n-hexane fraction and ethyl acetate fraction have moderate cytotoxic activity against Hela cancer cells and n-hexane fraction has antiangiogenesis activity.
Key words: Coccnia grandis L. Voight, Cytotoxic, Antiangiogenesis, Hela, Chorioallantoic Membran
UJI AKTIVITAS MINYAK ATSIRI KULIT BUAH JERUK NIPIS (Citrus aurantifolia, Swingle) DALAM SEDIAAN LOTION SEBAGAI REPELAN TERHADAP NYAMUK Aedes aegypti
No full textKulit buah jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia, Swingle) merupakan salah satu familia Rutaceae yang mengandung minyak atsiri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas minyak atsiri sari kulit buah jeruk nipis sebagai penolak nyamuk (repelan) terhadap nyamuk Aedes aegepti yang dinyatakan denga EC90 dengan pembanding autan. Minyak atsiri kulit buah jeruk nipis diperoleh dengan cara destilasi air. Minyak atsiri yang didapat dari destilasi air kemudian dibuat lotion dengan konsentrasi 10%, 20% dan 40%. Pengamatan dilakukan selama 6 jam untuk mengetahui jumlah nyamuk yang hinggap pada ketiga konsentrasi, kemudian dihitung harga EC90 dengan menggunakan analisa probit. Pada penelitian ini diperoleh nilai EC90 67,00%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pada konsentrasi 67,00% minyak atsiri dari kulit jeruk nipis sudah dapat menolak nyamuk 90% hewan uji
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)
No full textnone2929siIn 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.openKlionsky, Daniel J; Abdel-Aziz, Amal Kamal; Abdelfatah, Sara; Abdellatif, Mahmoud; Abdoli, Asghar; Abel, Steffen; Abeliovich, Hagai; Abildgaard, Marie H; Abudu, Yakubu Princely; Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham; Adamopoulos, Iannis E; Adeli, Khosrow; Adolph, Timon E; Adornetto, Annagrazia; Aflaki, Elma; Agam, Galila; Agarwal, Anupam; Aggarwal, Bharat B; Agnello, Maria; Agostinis, Patrizia; Agrewala, Javed N; Agrotis, Alexander; Aguilar, Patricia V; Ahmad, S Tariq; Ahmed, Zubair M; Ahumada-Castro, Ulises; Aits, Sonja; Aizawa, Shu; Akkoc, Yunus; Akoumianaki, Tonia; Akpinar, Hafize Aysin; Al-Abd, Ahmed M; Al-Akra, Lina; Al-Gharaibeh, Abeer; Alaoui-Jamali, Moulay A; Alberti, Simon; Alcocer-Gómez, Elísabet; Alessandri, Cristiano; Ali, Muhammad; Alim Al-Bari, M Abdul; Aliwaini, Saeb; Alizadeh, Javad; Almacellas, Eugènia; Almasan, Alexandru; Alonso, Alicia; Alonso, Guillermo D; Altan-Bonnet, Nihal; Altieri, Dario C; Álvarez, Élida M C; Alves, Sara; Alves da Costa, Cristine; Alzaharna, Mazen M; Amadio, Marialaura; Amantini, Consuelo; Amaral, Cristina; Ambrosio, Susanna; Amer, Amal O; Ammanathan, Veena; An, Zhenyi; Andersen, Stig U; Andrabi, Shaida A; Andrade-Silva, Magaiver; Andres, Allen M; Angelini, Sabrina; Ann, David; Anozie, Uche C; Ansari, Mohammad Y; Antas, Pedro; Antebi, Adam; Antón, Zuriñe; Anwar, Tahira; Apetoh, Lionel; Apostolova, Nadezda; Araki, Toshiyuki; Araki, Yasuhiro; Arasaki, Kohei; Araújo, Wagner L; Araya, Jun; Arden, Catherine; Arévalo, Maria-Angeles; Arguelles, Sandro; Arias, Esperanza; Arikkath, Jyothi; Arimoto, Hirokazu; Ariosa, Aileen R; Armstrong-James, Darius; Arnauné-Pelloquin, Laetitia; Aroca, Angeles; Arroyo, Daniela S; Arsov, Ivica; Artero, Rubén; Asaro, Dalia Maria Lucia; Aschner, Michael; Ashrafizadeh, Milad; Ashur-Fabian, Osnat; Atanasov, Atanas G; Au, Alicia K; Auberger, Patrick; Auner, Holger W; Aurelian, Laure; Autelli, Riccardo; Avagliano, Laura; Ávalos, Yenniffer; Aveic, Sanja; Aveleira, Célia Alexandra; Avin-Wittenberg, Tamar; Aydin, Yucel; Ayton, Scott; Ayyadevara, Srinivas; Azzopardi, Maria; Baba, Misuzu; Backer, Jonathan M; Backues, Steven K; Bae, Dong-Hun; Bae, Ok-Nam; Bae, Soo Han; Baehrecke, Eric H; Baek, Ahruem; Baek, Seung-Hoon; Baek, Sung Hee; Bagetta, Giacinto; Bagniewska-Zadworna, Agnieszka; Bai, Hua; Bai, Jie; Bai, Xiyuan; Bai, Yidong; Bairagi, Nandadulal; Baksi, Shounak; Balbi, Teresa; Baldari, Cosima T; Balduini, Walter; Ballabio, Andrea; Ballester, Maria; Balazadeh, Salma; Balzan, Rena; Bandopadhyay, Rina; Banerjee, Sreeparna; Banerjee, Sulagna; Bánréti, Ágnes; Bao, Yan; Baptista, Mauricio S; Baracca, Alessandra; Barbati, Cristiana; Bargiela, Ariadna; Barilà, Daniela; Barlow, Peter G; Barmada, Sami J; Barreiro, Esther; Barreto, George E; Bartek, Jiri; Bartel, Bonnie; Bartolome, Alberto; Barve, Gaurav R; Basagoudanavar, Suresh H; Bassham, Diane C; Bast, Robert C; Basu, Alakananda; Batoko, Henri; Batten, Isabella; Baulieu, Etienne E; Baumgarner, Bradley L; Bayry, Jagadeesh; Beale, Rupert; Beau, Isabelle; Beaumatin, Florian; Bechara, Luiz R G; Beck, George R; Beers, Michael F; Begun, Jakob; Behrends, Christian; Behrens, Georg M N; Bei, Roberto; Bejarano, Eloy; Bel, Shai; Behl, Christian; Belaid, Amine; Belgareh-Touzé, Naïma; Bellarosa, Cristina; Belleudi, Francesca; Belló Pérez, Melissa; Bello-Morales, Raquel; Beltran, Jackeline Soares de Oliveira; Beltran, Sebastián; Benbrook, Doris Mangiaracina; Bendorius, Mykolas; Benitez, Bruno A; Benito-Cuesta, Irene; Bensalem, Julien; Berchtold, Martin W; Berezowska, Sabina; Bergamaschi, Daniele; Bergami, Matteo; Bergmann, Andreas; Berliocchi, Laura; Berlioz-Torrent, Clarisse; Bernard, Amélie; Berthoux, Lionel; Besirli, Cagri G; Besteiro, Sebastien; Betin, Virginie M; Beyaert, Rudi; Bezbradica, Jelena S; Bhaskar, Kiran; Bhatia-Kissova, Ingrid; Bhattacharya, Resham; Bhattacharya, Sujoy; Bhattacharyya, Shalmoli; Bhuiyan, Md Shenuarin; Bhutia, Sujit Kumar; Bi, Lanrong; Bi, Xiaolin; Biden, Trevor J; Bijian, Krikor; Billes, Viktor A; Binart, Nadine; Bincoletto, Claudia; Birgisdottir, Asa B; Bjorkoy, Geir; Blanco, Gonzalo; Blas-Garcia, Ana; Blasiak, Janusz; Blomgran, Robert; Blomgren, Klas; Blum, Janice S; Boada-Romero, Emilio; Boban, Mirta; Boesze-Battaglia, Kathleen; Boeuf, Philippe; Boland, Barry; Bomont, Pascale; Bonaldo, Paolo; Bonam, Srinivasa Reddy; Bonfili, Laura; Bonifacino, Juan S; Boone, Brian A; Bootman, Martin D; Bordi, Matteo; Borner, Christoph; Bornhauser, Beat C; Borthakur, Gautam; Bosch, Jürgen; Bose, Santanu; Botana, Luis M; Botas, Juan; Boulanger, Chantal M; Boulton, Michael E; Bourdenx, Mathieu; Bourgeois, Benjamin; Bourke, Nollaig M; Bousquet, Guilhem; Boya, Patricia; Bozhkov, Peter V; Bozi, Luiz H M; Bozkurt, Tolga O; Brackney, Doug E; Brandts, Christian H; Braun, Ralf J; Braus, Gerhard H; Bravo-Sagua, Roberto; Bravo-San Pedro, José M; Brest, Patrick; Bringer, Marie-Agnès; Briones-Herrera, Alfredo; Broaddus, V Courtney; Brodersen, Peter; Brodsky, Jeffrey L; Brody, Steven L; Bronson, Paola G; Bronstein, Jeff M; Brown, Carolyn N; Brown, Rhoderick E; Brum, Patricia C; Brumell, John H; Brunetti-Pierri, Nicola; Bruno, Daniele; Bryson-Richardson, Robert J; Bucci, Cecilia; Buchrieser, Carmen; Bueno, Marta; Buitrago-Molina, Laura Elisa; Buraschi, Simone; Buch, Shilpa; Buchan, J Ross; Buckingham, Erin M; Budak, Hikmet; Budini, Mauricio; Bultynck, Geert; Burada, Florin; Burgoyne, Joseph R; Burón, M Isabel; Bustos, Victor; Büttner, Sabrina; Butturini, Elena; Byrd, Aaron; Cabas, Isabel; Cabrera-Benitez, Sandra; Cadwell, Ken; Cai, Jingjing; Cai, Lu; Cai, Qian; Cairó, Montserrat; Calbet, Jose A; Caldwell, Guy A; Caldwell, Kim A; Call, Jarrod A; Calvani, Riccardo; Calvo, Ana C; Calvo-Rubio Barrera, Miguel; Camara, Niels Os; Camonis, Jacques H; Camougrand, Nadine; Campanella, Michelangelo; Campbell, Edward M; Campbell-Valois, François-Xavier; Campello, Silvia; Campesi, Ilaria; Campos, Juliane C; Camuzard, Olivier; Cancino, Jorge; Candido de Almeida, Danilo; Canesi, Laura; Caniggia, Isabella; Canonico, Barbara; Cantí, Carles; Cao, Bin; Caraglia, Michele; Caramés, Beatriz; Carchman, Evie H; Cardenal-Muñoz, Elena; Cardenas, Cesar; Cardenas, Luis; Cardoso, Sandra M; Carew, Jennifer S; Carle, Georges F; Carleton, Gillian; Carloni, Silvia; Carmona-Gutierrez, Didac; Carneiro, Leticia A; Carnevali, Oliana; Carosi, Julian M; Carra, Serena; Carrier, Alice; Carrier, Lucie; Carroll, Bernadette; Carter, A Brent; Carvalho, Andreia Neves; Casanova, Magali; Casas, Caty; Casas, Josefina; Cassioli, Chiara; Castillo, Eliseo F; Castillo, Karen; Castillo-Lluva, Sonia; Castoldi, Francesca; Castori, Marco; Castro, Ariel F; Castro-Caldas, Margarida; Castro-Hernandez, Javier; Castro-Obregon, Susana; Catz, Sergio D; Cavadas, Claudia; Cavaliere, Federica; Cavallini, Gabriella; Cavinato, Maria; Cayuela, Maria L; Cebollada Rica, Paula; Cecarini, Valentina; Cecconi, Francesco; Cechowska-Pasko, Marzanna; Cenci, Simone; Ceperuelo-Mallafré, Victòria; Cerqueira, João J; Cerutti, Janete M; Cervia, Davide; Cetintas, Vildan Bozok; Cetrullo, Silvia; Chae, Han-Jung; Chagin, Andrei S; Chai, Chee-Yin; Chakrabarti, Gopal; Chakrabarti, Oishee; Chakraborty, Tapas; Chakraborty, Trinad; Chami, Mounia; Chamilos, Georgios; Chan, David W; Chan, Edmond Y W; Chan, Edward D; Chan, H Y Edwin; Chan, Helen H; Chan, Hung; Chan, Matthew T V; Chan, Yau Sang; Chandra, Partha K; Chang, Chih-Peng; Chang, Chunmei; Chang, Hao-Chun; Chang, Kai; Chao, Jie; Chapman, Tracey; Charlet-Berguerand, Nicolas; Chatterjee, Samrat; Chaube, Shail K; Chaudhary, Anu; Chauhan, Santosh; Chaum, Edward; Checler, Frédéric; Cheetham, Michael E; Chen, Chang-Shi; Chen, Guang-Chao; Chen, Jian-Fu; Chen, Liam L; Chen, Leilei; Chen, Lin; Chen, Mingliang; Chen, Mu-Kuan; Chen, Ning; Chen, Quan; Chen, Ruey-Hwa; Chen, Shi; Chen, Wei; Chen, Weiqiang; Chen, Xin-Ming; Chen, Xiong-Wen; Chen, Xu; Chen, Yan; Chen, Ye-Guang; Chen, Yingyu; Chen, Yongqiang; Chen, Yu-Jen; Chen, Yue-Qin; Chen, Zhefan Stephen; Chen, Zhi; Chen, Zhi-Hua; Chen, Zhijian J; Chen, Zhixiang; Cheng, Hanhua; Cheng, Jun; Cheng, Shi-Yuan; Cheng, Wei; Cheng, Xiaodong; Cheng, Xiu-Tang; Cheng, Yiyun; Cheng, Zhiyong; Chen, Zhong; Cheong, Heesun; Cheong, Jit Kong; Chernyak, Boris V; Cherry, Sara; Cheung, Chi Fai Randy; Cheung, Chun Hei Antonio; Cheung, King-Ho; Chevet, Eric; Chi, Richard J; Chiang, Alan Kwok Shing; Chiaradonna, Ferdinando; Chiarelli, Roberto; Chiariello, Mario; Chica, Nathalia; Chiocca, Susanna; Chiong, Mario; Chiou, Shih-Hwa; Chiramel, Abhilash I; Chiurchiù, Valerio; Cho, Dong-Hyung; Choe, Seong-Kyu; Choi, Augustine M K; Choi, Mary E; Choudhury, Kamalika Roy; Chow, Norman S; Chu, Charleen T; Chua, Jason P; Chua, John Jia En; Chung, Hyewon; Chung, Kin Pan; Chung, Seockhoon; Chung, So-Hyang; Chung, Yuen-Li; Cianfanelli, Valentina; Ciechomska, Iwona A; Cifuentes, Mariana; Cinque, Laura; Cirak, Sebahattin; Cirone, Mara; Clague, Michael J; Clarke, Robert; Clementi, Emilio; Coccia, Eliana M; Codogno, Patrice; Cohen, Ehud; Cohen, Mickael M; Colasanti, Tania; Colasuonno, Fiorella; Colbert, Robert A; Colell, Anna; Čolić, Miodrag; Coll, Nuria S; Collins, Mark O; Colombo, María I; Colón-Ramos, Daniel A; Combaret, Lydie; Comincini, Sergio; Cominetti, Márcia R; Consiglio, Antonella; Conte, Andrea; Conti, Fabrizio; Contu, Viorica Raluca; Cookson, Mark R; Coombs, Kevin M; Coppens, Isabelle; Corasaniti, Maria Tiziana; Corkery, Dale P; Cordes, Nils; Cortese, Katia; Costa, Maria do Carmo; Costantino, Sarah; Costelli, Paola; Coto-Montes, Ana; Crack, Peter J; Crespo, Jose L; Criollo, Alfredo; Crippa, Valeria; Cristofani, Riccardo; Csizmadia, Tamas; Cuadrado, Antonio; Cui, Bing; Cui, Jun; Cui, Yixian; Cui, Yong; Culetto, Emmanuel; Cumino, Andrea C; Cybulsky, Andrey V; Czaja, Mark J; Czuczwar, Stanislaw J; D'Adamo, Stefania; D'Amelio, Marcello; D'Arcangelo, Daniela; D'Lugos, Andrew C; D'Orazi, Gabriella; da Silva, James A; Dafsari, Hormos Salimi; Dagda, Ruben K; Dagdas, Yasin; Daglia, Maria; Dai, Xiaoxia; Dai, Yun; Dai, Yuyuan; Dal Col, Jessica; Dalhaimer, Paul; Dalla Valle, Luisa; Dallenga, Tobias; Dalmasso, Guillaume; Damme, Markus; Dando, Ilaria; Dantuma, Nico P; Darling, April L; Das, Hiranmoy; Dasarathy, Srinivasan; Dasari, Santosh K; Dash, Srikanta; Daumke, Oliver; Dauphinee, Adrian N; Davies, Jeffrey S; Dávila, Valeria A; Davis, Roger J; Davis, Tanja; Dayalan Naidu, Sharadha; De Amicis, Francesca; De Bosscher, Karolien; De Felice, Francesca; De Franceschi, Lucia; De Leonibus, Chiara; de Mattos Barbosa, Mayara G; De Meyer, Guido R Y; De Milito, Angelo; De Nunzio, Cosimo; De Palma, Clara; De Santi, Mauro; De Virgilio, Claudio; De Zio, Daniela; Debnath, Jayanta; DeBosch, Brian J; Decuypere, Jean-Paul; Deehan, Mark A; Deflorian, Gianluca; DeGregori, James; Dehay, Benjamin; Del Rio, Gabriel; Delaney, Joe R; Delbridge, Lea M D; Delorme-Axford, Elizabeth; Delpino, M Victoria; Demarchi, Francesca; Dembitz, Vilma; Demers, Nicholas D; Deng, Hongbin; Deng, Zhiqiang; Dengjel, Joern; Dent, Paul; Denton, Donna; DePamphilis, Melvin L; Der, Channing J; Deretic, Vojo; Descoteaux, Albert; Devis, Laura; Devkota, Sushil; Devuyst, Olivier; Dewson, Grant; Dharmasivam, Mahendiran; Dhiman, Rohan; di Bernardo, Diego; Di Cristina, Manlio; Di Domenico, Fabio; Di Fazio, Pietro; Di Fonzo, Alessio; Di Guardo, Giovanni; Di Guglielmo, Gianni M; Di Leo, Luca; Di Malta, Chiara; Di Nardo, Alessia; Di Rienzo, Martina; Di Sano, Federica; Diallinas, George; Diao, Jiajie; Diaz-Araya, Guillermo; Díaz-Laviada, Inés; Dickinson, Jared M; Diederich, Marc; Dieudé, Mélanie; Dikic, Ivan; Ding, Shiping; Ding, Wen-Xing; Dini, Luciana; Dinić, Jelena; Dinic, Miroslav; Dinkova-Kostova, Albena T; Dionne, Marc S; Distler, Jörg H W; Diwan, Abhinav; Dixon, Ian M C; Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan; Dobrinski, Ina; Dobrovinskaya, Oxana; Dobrowolski, Radek; Dobson, Renwick C J; Đokić, Jelena; Dokmeci Emre, Serap; Donadelli, Massimo; Dong, Bo; Dong, Xiaonan; Dong, Zhiwu; Dorn Ii, Gerald W; Dotsch, Volker; Dou, Huan; Dou, Juan; Dowaidar, Moataz; Dridi, Sami; Drucker, Liat; Du, Ailian; Du, Caigan; Du, Guangwei; Du, Hai-Ning; Du, Li-Lin; du Toit, André; Duan, Shao-Bin; Duan, Xiaoqiong; Duarte, Sónia P; Dubrovska, Anna; Dunlop, Elaine A; Dupont, Nicolas; Durán, Raúl V; Dwarakanath, Bilikere S; Dyshlovoy, Sergey A; Ebrahimi-Fakhari, Darius; Eckhart, Leopold; Edelstein, Charles L; Efferth, Thomas; Eftekharpour, Eftekhar; Eichinger, Ludwig; Eid, Nabil; Eisenberg, Tobias; Eissa, N Tony; Eissa, Sanaa; Ejarque, Miriam; El Andaloussi, Abdeljabar; El-Hage, Nazira; El-Naggar, Shahenda; Eleuteri, Anna Maria; El-Shafey, Eman S; Elgendy, Mohamed; Eliopoulos, Aristides G; Elizalde, María M; Elks, Philip M; Elsasser, Hans-Peter; Elsherbiny, Eslam S; Emerling, Brooke M; Emre, N C Tolga; Eng, Christina H; Engedal, Nikolai; Engelbrecht, Anna-Mart; Engelsen, Agnete S T; Enserink, Jorrit M; Escalante, Ricardo; Esclatine, Audrey; Escobar-Henriques, Mafalda; Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa; Espert, Lucile; Eusebio, Makandjou-Ola; Fabrias, Gemma; Fabrizi, Cinzia; Facchiano, Antonio; Facchiano, Francesco; Fadeel, Bengt; Fader, Claudio; Faesen, Alex C; Fairlie, W Douglas; Falcó, Alberto; Falkenburger, Bjorn H; Fan, Daping; Fan, Jie; Fan, Yanbo; Fang, Evandro F; Fang, Yanshan; Fang, Yognqi; Fanto, Manolis; Farfel-Becker, Tamar; Faure, Mathias; Fazeli, Gholamreza; Fedele, Anthony O; Feldman, Arthur M; Feng, Du; Feng, Jiachun; Feng, Lifeng; Feng, Yibin; Feng, Yuchen; Feng, Wei; Fenz Araujo, Thais; Ferguson, Thomas A; Fernández, Álvaro F; Fernandez-Checa, Jose C; Fernández-Veledo, Sonia; Fernie, Alisdair R; Ferrante, Anthony W; Ferraresi, Alessandra; Ferrari, Merari F; Ferreira, Julio C B; Ferro-Novick, Susan; Figueras, Antonio; Filadi, Riccardo; Filigheddu, Nicoletta; Filippi-Chiela, Eduardo; Filomeni, Giuseppe; Fimia, Gian Maria; Fineschi, Vittorio; Finetti, Francesca; Finkbeiner, Steven; Fisher, Edward A; Fisher, Paul B; Flamigni, Flavio; Fliesler, Steven J; Flo, Trude H; Florance, Ida; Florey, Oliver; Florio, Tullio; Fodor, Erika; Follo, Carlo; Fon, Edward A; Forlino, Antonella; Fornai, Francesco; Fortini, Paola; Fracassi, Anna; Fraldi, Alessandro; Franco, Brunella; Franco, Rodrigo; Franconi, Flavia; Frankel, Lisa B; Friedman, Scott L; Fröhlich, Leopold F; Frühbeck, Gema; Fuentes, Jose M; Fujiki, Yukio; Fujita, Naonobu; Fujiwara, Yuuki; Fukuda, Mitsunori; Fulda, Simone; Furic, Luc; Furuya, Norihiko; Fusco, Carmela; Gack, Michaela U; Gaffke, Lidia; Galadari, Sehamuddin; Galasso, Alessia; Galindo, Maria F; Gallolu Kankanamalage, Sachith; Galluzzi, Lorenzo; Galy, Vincent; Gammoh, Noor; Gan, Boyi; Ganley, Ian G; Gao, Feng; Gao, Hui; Gao, Minghui; Gao, Ping; Gao, Shou-Jiang; Gao, Wentao; Gao, Xiaobo; Garcera, Ana; Garcia, Maria Noé; Garcia, Verónica E; García-Del Portillo, Francisco; Garcia-Escudero, Vega; Garcia-Garcia, Aracely; Garcia-Macia, Marina; García-Moreno, Diana; Garcia-Ruiz, Carmen; García-Sanz, Patricia; Garg, Abhishek D; Gargini, Ricardo; Garofalo, Tina; Garry, Robert F; Gassen, Nils C; Gatica, Damian; Ge, Liang; Ge, Wanzhong; Geiss-Friedlander, Ruth; Gelfi, Cecilia; Genschik, Pascal; 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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)
No full textIn 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this
topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base
and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular
basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews,
there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in
multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret
methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and
reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant
to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question
being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation,
calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting.
Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block
autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in
distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also
regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for
bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and
the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical
innovation in the field.Authors: Daniel J. Klionsky, Amal Kamal Abdel-Aziz, Sara Abdelfatah, Mahmoud
Abdellatif, Asghar Abdoli, Steffen Abel, Hagai Abeliovich, Marie H.
Abildgaard, Yakubu Princely Abudu, Abraham Acevedo-Arozena, Iannis E.
Adamopoulos, Khosrow Adeli, Timon E. Adolph, Annagrazia Adornetto, Elma
Aflaki, Galila Agam, Anupam Agarwal, Bharat B. Aggarwal, Maria Agnello,
Patrizia Agostinis, Javed N. Agrewala, Alexander Agrotis, Patricia V. Aguilar,
S. Tariq Ahmad, Zubair M. Ahmed, Ulises Ahumada-Castro, Sonja Aits, Shu
Aizawa, Yunus Akkoc, Tonia Akoumianaki, Hafize Aysin Akpinar, Ahmed M.
Al-Abd, Lina Al-Akra, Abeer Al-Gharaibeh, Moulay A. Alaoui-Jamali, Simon
Alberti, Elísabet Alcocer-Gómez, Cristiano Alessandri, Muhammad Ali,
M. Abdul Alim Al-Bari, Saeb Aliwaini, Javad Alizadeh, Eugènia Almacellas,
Alexandru Almasan, Alicia Alonso, Guillermo D. Alonso, Nihal Altan-Bonnet,
Dario C. Altieri, Élida M. C. Álvarez, Sara Alves, Cristine Alves da Costa,
Mazen M. Alzaharna, Marialaura Amadio, Consuelo Amantini, Cristina
Amaral, Susanna Ambrosio, Amal O. Amer, Veena Ammanathan, Zhenyi
An, Stig U. Andersen, Shaida A. Andrabi, Magaiver Andrade-Silva, Allen
M. Andres, Sabrina Angelini, David Ann, Uche C. Anozie, Mohammad Y.
Ansari, Pedro Antas, Adam Antebi, Zuriñe Antón, Tahira Anwar, Lionel
Apetoh, Nadezda Apostolova, Toshiyuki Araki, Yasuhiro Araki, Kohei Arasaki,
Wagner L. Araújo, Jun Araya, Catherine Arden, Maria-Angeles Arévalo,
Sandro Arguelles, Esperanza Arias, Jyothi Arikkath, Hirokazu Arimoto,
Aileen R. Ariosa, Darius Armstrong-James, Laetitia Arnauné-Pelloquin,
Angeles Aroca, Daniela S. Arroyo, Ivica Arsov, Rubén Artero, Dalia Maria
Lucia Asaro, Michael Aschner, Milad Ashrafizadeh, Osnat Ashur-Fabian,
Atanas G. Atanasov, Alicia K. Au, Patrick Auberger, Holger W. Auner, Laure
Aurelian, Riccardo Autelli, Laura Avagliano, Yenniffer Ávalos, Sanja Aveic,
Célia Alexandra Aveleira, Tamar Avin-Wittenberg, Yucel Aydin, Scott Ayton,
Srinivas Ayyadevara, Maria Azzopardi, Misuzu Baba, Jonathan M. Backer,
Steven K. Backues, Dong-Hun Bae, Ok-Nam Bae, Soo Han Bae, Eric H.
Baehrecke, Ahruem Baek, Seung-Hoon Baek, Sung Hee Baek, Giacinto
Bagetta, Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna, Hua Bai, Jie Bai, Xiyuan Bai,
Yidong Bai, Nandadulal Bairagi, Shounak Baksi, Teresa Balbi, Cosima T.
Baldari, Walter Balduini, Andrea Ballabio, Maria Ballester, Salma Balazadeh,
Rena Balzan, Rina Bandopadhyay, Sreeparna Banerjee, Sulagna Banerjee,
Ágnes Bánréti, Yan Bao, Mauricio S. Baptista, Alessandra Baracca, Cristiana
Barbati, Ariadna Bargiela, Daniela Barilà, Peter G. Barlow, Sami J. Barmada,
Esther Barreiro, George E. Barreto, Jiri Bartek, Bonnie Bartel, Alberto
Bartolome, Gaurav R. Barve, Suresh H. Basagoudanavar, Diane C. Bassham,
Robert C. Bast Jr, Alakananda Basu, Henri Batoko, Isabella Batten, Etienne
E. Baulieu, Bradley L. Baumgarner, Jagadeesh Bayry, Rupert Beale, Isabelle
Beau, Florian Beaumatin, Luiz R.G. Bechara, George R. Beck Jr., Michael
F. Beers, Jakob Begun, Christian Behrends, Georg M.N. Behrens, Roberto
Bei, Eloy Bejarano, Shai Bel, Christian Behl, Amine Belaid, Naïma BelgarehTouzé, Cristina Bellarosa, Francesca Belleudi, Melissa Belló Pérez, Raquel
Bello-Morales, Jackeline Soares de Oliveira Beltran, Sebastián Beltran, Doris
Mangiaracina Benbrook, Mykolas Bendorius, Bruno A. Benitez, Irene BenitoCuesta, Julien Bensalem, Martin W. Berchtold, Sabina Berezowska, Daniele
Bergamaschi, Matteo Bergami, Andreas Bergmann, Laura Berliocchi,
Clarisse Berlioz-Torrent, Amélie Bernard, Lionel Berthoux, Cagri G. Besirli,
Sebastien Besteiro, Virginie M. Betin, Rudi Beyaert, Jelena S. Bezbradica,
Kiran Bhaskar, Ingrid Bhatia-Kissova, Resham Bhattacharya, Sujoy
Bhattacharya, Shalmoli Bhattacharyya, Md. Shenuarin Bhuiyan, Sujit Kumar
Bhutia, Lanrong Bi, Xiaolin Bi, Trevor J. Biden, Krikor Bijian, Viktor A. Billes,
Nadine Binart, Claudia Bincoletto, Asa B. Birgisdottir, Geir Bjorkoy, Gonzalo
Blanco, Ana Blas-Garcia, Janusz Blasiak, Robert Blomgran, Klas Blomgren,
Janice S. Blum, Emilio Boada-Romero, Mirta Boban, Kathleen BoeszeBattaglia, Philippe Boeuf, Barry Boland, Pascale Bomont, Paolo Bonaldo,
Srinivasa Reddy Bonam, Laura Bonfili, Juan S. Bonifacino, Brian A. Boone,
Martin D. Bootman, Matteo Bordi, Christoph Borner, Beat C. Bornhauser,
Gautam Borthakur, Jürgen Bosch, Santanu Bose, Luis M. Botana, Juan Botas,
Chantal M. Boulanger, Michael E. Boulton, Mathieu Bourdenx, Benjamin
Bourgeois, Nollaig M. Bourke, Guilhem Bousquet, Patricia Boya, Peter V.
Bozhkov, Luiz H. M. Bozi, Tolga O. Bozkurt, Doug E. Brackney, Christian
H. Brandts, Ralf J. Braun, Gerhard H. Braus, Roberto Bravo-Sagua, José
M. Bravo-San Pedro, Patrick Brest, Marie-Agnès Bringer, Alfredo BrionesHerrera, V. Courtney Broaddus, Peter Brodersen, Jeffrey L. Brodsky, Steven
L. Brody, Paola G. Bronson, Jeff M. Bronstein, Carolyn N. Brown, Rhoderick
E. Brown, Patricia C. Brum, John H. Brumell, Nicola Brunetti-Pierri, Daniele
Bruno, Robert J. Bryson-Richardson, Cecilia Bucci, Carmen Buchrieser,
Marta Bueno, Laura Elisa Buitrago-Molina, Simone Buraschi, Shilpa Buch, J.
Ross Buchan, Erin M. Buckingham, Hikmet Budak, Mauricio Budini, Geert
Bultynck, Florin Burada, Joseph R. Burgoyne, M. Isabel Burón, Victor Bustos,
Sabrina Büttner, Elena Butturini, Aaron Byrd, Isabel Cabas, Sandra CabreraBenitez, Ken Cadwell, Jingjing Cai, Lu Cai, Qian Cai, Montserrat Cairó, Jose A.
Calbet, Guy A. Caldwell, Kim A. Caldwell, Jarrod A. Call, Riccardo Calvani, Ana
C. Calvo, Miguel Calvo-Rubio Barrera, Niels OS Camara, Jacques H. Camonis,
Nadine Camougrand, Michelangelo Campanella, Edward M. Campbell,
François-Xavier Campbell-Valois, Silvia Campello, Ilaria Campesi, Juliane C.
Campos, Olivier Camuzard, Jorge Cancino, Danilo Candido de Almeida, Laura
Canesi, Isabella Caniggia, Barbara Canonico, Carles Cantí, Bin Cao, Michele
Caraglia, Beatriz Caramés, Evie H. Carchman, Elena Cardenal-Muñoz, Cesar
Cardenas, Luis Cardenas, Sandra M. Cardoso, Jennifer S. Carew, Georges
F. Carle, Gillian Carleton, Silvia Carloni, Didac Carmona-Gutierrez, Leticia
A. Carneiro, Oliana Carnevali, Julian M. Carosi, Serena Carra, Alice Carrier,
Lucie Carrier, Bernadette Carroll, A. Brent Carter, Andreia Neves Carvalho,
Magali Casanova, Caty Casas, Josefina Casas, Chiara Cassioli, Eliseo F.
Castillo, Karen Castillo, Sonia Castillo-Lluva, Francesca Castoldi, Marco
Castori, Ariel F. Castro, Margarida Castro-Caldas, Javier Castro-Hernandez,
Susana Castro-Obregon, Sergio D. Catz, Claudia Cavadas, Federica Cavaliere,
Gabriella Cavallini, Maria Cavinato, Maria L. Cayuela, Paula Cebollada Rica,
Valentina Cecarini, Francesco Cecconi, Marzanna Cechowska-Pasko, Simone
Cenci, Victòria Ceperuelo-Mallafré, João J. Cerqueira, Janete M. Cerutti,
Davide Cervia, Vildan Bozok Cetintas, Silvia Cetrullo, Han-Jung Chae, Andrei
S. Chagin, Chee-Yin Chai, Gopal Chakrabarti, Oishee Chakrabarti, Tapas
Chakraborty, Trinad Chakraborty, Mounia Chami, Georgios Chamilos, David
W. Chan, Edmond Y. W. Chan, Edward D. Chan, H.Y. Edwin Chan, Helen H.
Chan, Hung Chan, Matthew T.V. Chan, Yau Sang Chan, Partha K. Chandra,
Chih-Peng Chang, Chunmei Chang, Hao-Chun Chang, Kai Chang, Jie Chao,
Tracey Chapman, Nicolas Charlet-Berguerand, Samrat Chatterjee, Shail
K. Chaube, Anu Chaudhary, Santosh Chauhan, Edward Chaum, Frédéric
Checler, Michael E. Cheetham, Chang-Shi Chen, Guang-Chao Chen, Jian-Fu
Chen, Liam L. Chen, Leilei Chen, Lin Chen, Mingliang Chen, Mu-Kuan Chen,
Ning Chen, Quan Chen, Ruey-Hwa Chen, Shi Chen, Wei Chen, Weiqiang Chen,
Xin-Ming Chen, Xiong-Wen Chen, Xu Chen, Yan Chen, Ye-Guang Chen, Yingyu
Chen, Yongqiang Chen, Yu-Jen Chen, Yue-Qin Chen, Zhefan Stephen Chen,
Zhi Chen, Zhi-Hua Chen, Zhijian J. Chen, Zhixiang Chen, Hanhua Cheng, Jun
Cheng, Shi-Yuan Cheng, Wei Cheng, Xiaodong Cheng, Xiu-Tang Cheng, Yiyun
Cheng, Zhiyong Cheng, Zhong Chen, Heesun Cheong, Jit Kong Cheong, Boris
V. Chernyak, Sara Cherry, Chi Fai Randy Cheung, Chun Hei Antonio Cheung,
King-Ho Cheung, Eric Chevet, Richard J. Chi, Alan Kwok Shing Chiang,
Ferdinando Chiaradonna, Roberto Chiarelli, Mario Chiariello, Nathalia Chica,
Susanna Chiocca, Mario Chiong, Shih-Hwa Chiou, Abhilash I. Chiramel,
Valerio Chiurchiù, Dong-Hyung Cho, Seong-Kyu Choe, Augustine M.K. Choi,
Mary E. Choi, Kamalika Roy Choudhury, Norman S. Chow, Charleen T. Chu,
Jason P. Chua, John Jia En Chua, Hyewon Chung, Kin Pan Chung, Seockhoon
Chung, So-Hyang Chung, Yuen-Li Chung, Valentina Cianfanelli, Iwona A.
Ciechomska, Mariana Cifuentes, Laura Cinque, Sebahattin Cirak, Mara
Cirone, Michael J. Clague, Robert Clarke, Emilio Clementi, Eliana M. Coccia,
Patrice Codogno, Ehud Cohen, Mickael M. Cohen, Tania Colasanti, Fiorella
Colasuonno, Robert A. Colbert, Anna Colell, Miodrag Čolić, Nuria S. Coll,
Mark O. Collins, María I. Colombo, Daniel A. Colón-Ramos, Lydie Combaret,
Sergio Comincini, Márcia R. Cominetti, Antonella Consiglio, Andrea Conte,
Fabrizio Conti, Viorica Raluca Contu, Mark R. Cookson, Kevin M. Coombs,
Isabelle Coppens, Maria Tiziana Corasaniti, Dale P. Corkery, Nils Cordes,
Katia Cortese, Maria do Carmo Costa, Sarah Costantino, Paola Costelli, Ana
Coto-Montes, Peter J. Crack, Jose L. Crespo, Alfredo Criollo, Valeria Crippa,
Riccardo Cristofani, Tamas Csizmadia, Antonio Cuadrado, Bing Cui, Jun
Cui, Yixian Cui, Yong Cui, Emmanuel Culetto, Andrea C. Cumino, Andrey V.
Cybulsky, Mark J. Czaja, Stanislaw J. Czuczwar, Stefania D’Adamo, Marcello
D’Amelio, Daniela D’Arcangelo, Andrew C. D’Lugos, Gabriella D’Orazi, James
A. da Silva, Hormos Salimi Dafsari, Ruben K. Dagda, Yasin Dagdas, Maria
Daglia, Xiaoxia Dai, Yun Dai, Yuyuan Dai, Jessica Dal Col, Paul Dalhaimer,
Luisa Dalla Valle, Tobias Dallenga, Guillaume Dalmasso, Markus Damme,
Ilaria Dando, Nico P. Dantuma, April L. Darling, Hiranmoy Das, Srinivasan
Dasarathy, Santosh K. Dasari, Srikanta Dash, Oliver Daumke, Adrian N.
Dauphinee, Jeffrey S. Davies, Valeria A. Dávila, Roger J. Davis, Tanja Davis,
Sharadha Dayalan Naidu, Francesca De Amicis, Karolien De Bosscher,
Francesca De Felice, Lucia De Franceschi, Chiara De Leonibus, Mayara
G. de Mattos Barbosa, Guido R.Y. De Meyer, Angelo De Milito, Cosimo De
Nunzio, Clara De Palma, Mauro De Santi, Claudio De Virgilio, Daniela De
Zio, Jayanta Debnath, Brian J. DeBosch, Jean-Paul Decuypere, Mark A.
Deehan, Gianluca Deflorian, James DeGregori, Benjamin Dehay, Gabriel
Del Rio, Joe R. Delaney, Lea M. D. Delbridge, Elizabeth Delorme-Axford, M.
Victoria Delpino, Francesca Demarchi, Vilma Dembitz, Nicholas D. Demers,
Hongbin Deng, Zhiqiang Deng, Joern Dengjel, Paul Dent, Donna Denton,
Melvin L. DePamphilis, Channing J. Der, Vojo Deretic, Albert Descoteaux,
Laura Devis, Sushil Devkota, Olivier Devuyst, Grant Dewson, Mahendiran
Dharmasivam, Rohan Dhiman, Diego di Bernardo, Manlio Di Cristina, Fabio
Di Domenico, Pietro Di Fazio, Alessio Di Fonzo, Giovanni Di Guardo, Gianni
M. Di Guglielmo, Luca Di Leo, Chiara Di Malta, Alessia Di Nardo, Martina Di
Rienzo, Federica Di Sano, George Diallinas, Jiajie Diao, Guillermo Diaz-Araya,
Inés Díaz-Laviada, Jared M. Dickinson, Marc Diederich, Mélanie Dieudé,
Ivan Dikic, Shiping Ding, Wen-Xing Ding, Luciana Dini, Jelena Dinić, Miroslav
Dinic, Albena T. Dinkova-Kostova, Marc S. Dionne, Jörg H.W. Distler, Abhinav
Diwan, Ian M.C. Dixon, Mojgan Djavaheri-Mergny, Ina Dobrinski, Oxana
Dobrovinskaya, Radek Dobrowolski, Renwick C.J. Dobson, Jelena Đokić,
Serap Dokmeci Emre, Massimo Donadelli, Bo Dong, Xiaonan Dong, Zhiwu
Dong, Gerald W. 2nd Dorn, Volker Dotsch, Huan Dou, Juan Dou, Moataz
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Sónia P. Duarte, Anna Dubrovska, Elaine A. Dunlop, Nicolas Dupont, Raúl
V. Durán, Bilikere S. Dwarakanath, Sergey A. Dyshlovoy, Darius EbrahimiFakhari, Leopold Eckhart, Charles L. Edelstein, Thomas Efferth, Eftekhar
Eftekharpour, Ludwig Eichinger, Nabil Eid, Tobias Eisenberg, N. Tony Eissa,
Sanaa Eissa, Miriam Ejarque, Abdeljabar El Andaloussi, Nazira El-Hage,
Shahenda El-Naggar, Anna Maria Eleuteri, Eman S. El-Shafey, Mohamed
Elgendy, Aristides G. Eliopoulos, María M. Elizalde, Philip M. Elks, Hans-Peter
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Jorrit M. Enserink, Ricardo Escalante, Audrey Esclatine, Mafalda EscobarHenriques, Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen, Lucile Espert, Makandjou-Ola Eusebio,
Gemma Fabrias, Cinzia Fabrizi, Antonio Facchiano, Francesco Facchiano,
Bengt Fadeel, Claudio Fader, Alex C. Faesen, W. Douglas Fairlie, Alberto
Falcó, Bjorn H. Falkenburger, Daping Fan, Jie Fan, Yanbo Fan, Evandro F.
Fang, Yanshan Fang, Yognqi Fang, Manolis Fanto, Tamar Farfel-Becker,
Mathias Faure, Gholamreza Fazeli, Anthony O. Fedele, Arthur M. Feldman,
Du Feng, Jiachun Feng, Lifeng Feng, Yibin Feng, Yuchen Feng, Wei Feng, Thais
Fenz Araujo, Thomas A. Ferguson, Álvaro F. Fernández, Jose C. FernandezCheca, Sonia Fernández-Veledo, Alisdair R. Fernie, Anthony W. Ferrante
Jr, Alessandra Ferraresi, Merari F. Ferrari, Julio C.B. Ferreira, Susan FerroNovick, Antonio Figueras, Riccardo Filadi, Nicoletta Filigheddu, Eduardo
Filippi-Chiela, Giuseppe Filomeni, Gian Maria Fimia, Vittorio Fineschi,
Francesca Finetti, Steven Finkbeiner, Edward A. Fisher, Paul B. Fisher, Flavio
Flamigni, Steven J. Fliesler, Trude H. Flo, Ida Florance, Oliver Florey, Tullio
Florio, Erika Fodor, Carlo Follo, Edward A. Fon, Antonella Forlino, Francesco
Fornai, Paola Fortini, Anna Fracassi, Alessandro Fraldi, Brunella Franco,
Rodrigo Franco, Flavia Franconi, Lisa B. Frankel, Scott L. Friedman, Leopold
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Carmela Fusco, Michaela U. Gack, Lidia Gaffke, Sehamuddin Galadari,
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Rodrigo Gomez, Rubén Gómez-Sánchez, Maria Catalina Gomez-Puerto,
Raquel Gomez-Sintes, Qingqiu Gong, Felix M. Goni, Javier González-Gallego,
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Nikolai V. Gorbunov, Kıvanç Görgülü, Roxana M. Gorojod, Sharon M. Gorski,
Sandro Goruppi, Cecilia Gotor, Roberta A. Gottlieb, Illana Gozes, Devrim
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Shashi Kumar Gupta, Swapnil Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Gupta, Asa
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Rui Kang, Sang S
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)
No full textnone2929sìIn 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. 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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)
No full text2929siIn 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.reservedmixedKlionsky, Daniel J; Abdel-Aziz, Amal Kamal; Abdelfatah, Sara; Abdellatif, Mahmoud; Abdoli, Asghar; Abel, Steffen; Abeliovich, Hagai; Abildgaard, Marie H; Abudu, Yakubu Princely; Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham; Adamopoulos, Iannis E; Adeli, Khosrow; Adolph, Timon E; Adornetto, Annagrazia; Aflaki, Elma; Agam, Galila; Agarwal, Anupam; Aggarwal, Bharat B; Agnello, Maria; Agostinis, Patrizia; Agrewala, Javed N; Agrotis, Alexander; Aguilar, Patricia V; Ahmad, S Tariq; Ahmed, Zubair M; Ahumada-Castro, Ulises; Aits, Sonja; Aizawa, Shu; Akkoc, Yunus; Akoumianaki, Tonia; Akpinar, Hafize Aysin; Al-Abd, Ahmed M; Al-Akra, Lina; Al-Gharaibeh, Abeer; Alaoui-Jamali, Moulay A; Alberti, Simon; Alcocer-Gómez, Elísabet; Alessandri, Cristiano; Ali, Muhammad; Alim Al-Bari, M Abdul; Aliwaini, Saeb; Alizadeh, Javad; Almacellas, Eugènia; Almasan, Alexandru; Alonso, Alicia; Alonso, Guillermo D; Altan-Bonnet, Nihal; Altieri, Dario C; Álvarez, Élida M C; Alves, Sara; Alves da Costa, Cristine; Alzaharna, Mazen M; Amadio, Marialaura; Amantini, Consuelo; Amaral, Cristina; Ambrosio, Susanna; Amer, Amal O; Ammanathan, Veena; An, Zhenyi; Andersen, Stig U; Andrabi, Shaida A; Andrade-Silva, Magaiver; Andres, Allen M; Angelini, Sabrina; Ann, David; Anozie, Uche C; Ansari, Mohammad Y; Antas, Pedro; Antebi, Adam; Antón, Zuriñe; Anwar, Tahira; Apetoh, Lionel; Apostolova, Nadezda; Araki, Toshiyuki; Araki, Yasuhiro; Arasaki, Kohei; Araújo, Wagner L; Araya, Jun; Arden, Catherine; Arévalo, Maria-Angeles; Arguelles, Sandro; Arias, Esperanza; Arikkath, Jyothi; Arimoto, Hirokazu; Ariosa, Aileen R; Armstrong-James, Darius; Arnauné-Pelloquin, Laetitia; Aroca, Angeles; Arroyo, Daniela S; Arsov, Ivica; Artero, Rubén; Asaro, Dalia Maria Lucia; Aschner, Michael; Ashrafizadeh, Milad; Ashur-Fabian, Osnat; Atanasov, Atanas G; Au, Alicia K; Auberger, Patrick; Auner, Holger W; Aurelian, Laure; Autelli, Riccardo; Avagliano, Laura; Ávalos, Yenniffer; 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On evildoers: A Foucaultian analysis of the discursive structuring of contemporary terrorism
No full textTerrorism is routinely portrayed in the twenty first century as an evil perpetrated by Arab/Muslim barbarians—Evildoers—waging a holy war against the Western civilisation. This study challenges not just this present understanding of terrorism, but the very existence of a ding an sich of terrorism. Using a combination of Foucault’s archaeological and genealogical methods it provides an alternative history of the phenomenon in the form of a history of its discursive structuring: the regimes of practices that governed what could and could not be thought of, identified, defined, known, judged and punished as ‘terrorism’ during particular epochs, and particular places. It asserts that the conceptual anchor point of the present Evildoer-terrorist is the rebel who opposes established order, and identifies the first such figure in modern Western history as the Devil who rebelled against God and came to play a significant politico religious role in Western societies of the Middle Ages. The discourse of ‘terrorism’ emerged from the epistemic spaces created from the separation of religion and politics in the eighteenth century, from when onwards rebellion was no longer a sin but a crime. Since then, various other rebels have been brought under the domain of terrorism during different epochs, the latest of whom is the Evildoer. This is not to say that the Devil remained a blatant constant in the forefront of Western terrorism discourse, but that the various rebels share a conceptual history that made it possible for the contemporary terrorist to be the Evildoer that he is. How the rebels came to be known as terrorists during various epochs and the various mechanisms implemented to defend societies against them, it is argued, are irrevocably linked: one could not exist without the other. The contemporary terrorist cannot be known as an Evildoer without the War on Terror; at the same time, the War on Terror cannot be waged without the knowledge of the terrorist as an Evildoer. To demonstrate this power/knowledge dyad at work, this study analyses what was said and done about terrorism by the United States and the United Kingdom, the foremost allies in the War on Terror, during its first ten years. In the differences in their discourses emerges not just the ontological uncertainty of terrorism but also how these mechanisms for establishing the ‘truth’ of terrorism function as mechanisms of power. It is asserted that the Evildoer has made possible, and was made possible by, some of the most significant changes in how power is exercised in Western societies since the separation of religion and politics in the eighteenth century
