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The formation of visitation costs in Estonian commerial ports
No full textKäesoleva lõputöö eesmärgiks oli koostada ülevaade Eesti kaubasadamate sadamakülastuse maksumuse kujunemist, seejuures näidata ära ka, kui suure osa laevakülastuse maksumusest moodustavad riiklikud lootsitasud ja veeteetasu erinevate laevatüüpide ja –suuruste korral. Autor koostas ülevaate nelja võimalikult reaalse näite abil ning võrdles saadud tulemusi teiste Uus-Hansa olulisimate kaubasadamate omadega. Empiirilise osa kirjutamise jaoks lõi autor Microsoft Exceli keskkonda sadamakülastuse maksumuse arvutamise kalkulaatori, mis näitab ära kõik konkreetses sadamas võetavad tasud ning nende suurused ja kogumaksumuse. Selgus, et vaadeldud viiest kaubasadamast kolmel- Muuga, Sillamäe ja Vene-Balti sadamal, oli sarnane sadamatasude struktuur. Samal ajal võetakse Kunda ja Pärnu sadamas teistest erinevalt näiteks kanalitasu, lisaks Kundas veel ka kaitasu ning Pärnu sadamas külastustasu. Viimased nimetatud tasud on selgelt seotud sadama iseärasustega. Oluline on ka asjaolu, et ainsana Pärnu sadamas võetakse sildumistasu laeva mõõtmete, mitte kogumahutavuse järgi. Autor jõudis järeldusele, et Eesti kaubasadamates oleks võimalik luua ühist sadamatasude struktuuri, kuid esmalt peaksid sadamad jõudma ühisele arusaamisele, millistel alustel (kas siis laeva kogumahutavuse või laeva mõõtmete järgi) tasusid määrata. Seejärel peaksid sadamad kokku leppima, millised tasud jäävad sadamakülastuse maksumuse arvutamiseks alles ning tegema ümberarvutusi sadamatasude määrade osas, et kõik tehtavad kulud siiski kaetud saaksid. Eesti kaubasadamad on käesolevas lõputöös erilised tänu sellele, et ainsana on sadamakülastuse üheks oluliseks osaks ka riiklikud sadamatasud – lootsi- ja veeteetasu. Uurides lähemalt nelja sadamakülastuse näidet, selgus, et riiklike sadamatasude suuruse osatähtsus jääb vahemikku 23% - 33%. Tegu on küll märkimisväärselt ligi kolmandikuga kogu sadamakülastuse maksumusest, kuid autor leiab, et Eesti geograafilise asukoha tõttu on riiklike sadamatasude olemasolu vajalik, et tagada meresõiduohutus ning selline osatähtsus ei ole viinud Eesti sadamaid teiste Uus-Hansa kaubasadamate konkurentsist välja. Võrreldes sadamakülastuse maksumusi omavahel, sai selgeks, et konkurents Eesti kaubasadamates on küllaltki tihe. Esimese näite puhul, kus autor arvutas teravilja ekspordiks kasutatava kuivlastilaeva MV Tanja sadamakülastuse maksumust, oli konkurents kõige teravam, kuid odavaimaks variandiks osutus laeva suunamine Vene-Balti sadamasse. Ka ümarpuidu ekspordil ja graniitkillustiku impordil kuivlastilaevaga osutus kõige soodsamaks valikuks suunata laev just Vene-Balti sadamasse. Vaid vedelkütuste impordi näites oli sadamakülastuse maksumus kõige madalam Pärnu sadamas. Samas tänu tihedale konkurentsile, ei saa sadamad tõsta sadamatasusid teistest oluliselt kõrgemale ning see hoiab Eesti kaubasadamaid stabiilselt konkurentsis ka teiste Uus-Hansa sadamate hulgas. Sadamatasud ei ole aga ainsaks aspektiks, mida kaubaomanikud sadamat valides arvestavad. Väga oluliseks on Eesti väikse pindala tõttu vahemaa lähte- või sihtkoha ning sadama vahel ehk teisisõnu maanteetranspordi maksumus. Kui sadamad asuvad kaubaomanikust samal kaugusel, on järgmiseks oluliseks asjaoluks sadamas pakutavate teenuste olemasolu ja kvaliteet. Selleks aga et sadam suudaks pakkuda kvaliteetseid teenuseid on tarvis hoida sadamakülastuse maksumus piisavalt kõrgel, kuid konkurentsivõimelisel tasemel.Many ports have been built in Estonia throughout history, the biggest of which can provide services to vessels with significant amount of cargo. Today the most important commercial ports in Estonia are Muuga Harbour, Port of Sillamäe, Port of Pärnu, Port of Kunda Port and Vene-Balti Port. All these ports have numerous similarities, but the main difference is in the cost of the port visitation. The theme of the thesis “The formation of visitation costs in Estonian commercial ports” is chosen due to the author’s personal interest towards the area. The main goal of the thesis is to compile a survey how the port visitation costs are formed in Estonian commercial ports, by indicating the formation of the pilotage dues and the waterway dues in case of different vessel types and sizes. One of the results of the thesis is the comparison of dues in Estonian commercial ports with the dues in other New-Hanseatic commercial ports. In the theoretical part the author gives an overview of all New-Hanseatic commercial ports included in the sample such as Muuga Harbour, Port of Sillamäe, Port of Kunda, Port of Pärnu and Vene-Balti Port in Estonia, Freeport of Riga in Latvia, Port of Klaipeda in Lithuania and Port of Gdansk in Poland. In addition, the author gives an overview of all port dues charged in all mentioned ports and concludes the theoretical part with the explanation and justification of the choice of the research strategy and methods. To achieve the goal of the thesis the author brings four examples with different vessel types and sample cargoes and explains the formation of the port visitation costs, by bringing out also the importance of the state port dues in total expenses. Furthermore, the author creates a special tool in the Microsoft Excel environment, which enables to see all charged port dues when the data of the vessel is entered and to calculate the amount of charges. During the preparation of the survey it appeared that three of the five Estonian commercial ports have a similar structure of port dues. Port of Pärnu and Port of Kunda charge different dues, which are mainly related to the peculiarities of the port. The author is convinced that the structure of port dues can be harmonised, but then the ports have to agree to the basis on which the dues are charged and which kind of dues have to be charged altogether. It is clear that if one or another due disappears, there will be no gaps in the budget of the port as recalculation enable to find possibilities to cover all necessary costs. In the comparison of port dues it comes out that competition in Estonian ports is rather intense. The empirical part of the thesis shows that the state fees charged in Estonian ports have not excluded the ports from competition. However, the port dues are not the only factors which the cargo owners have to consider when choosing a port. Due to the small area of Estonia, an important factor is the distance between the point of departure and destination and the port or in other words the cost of road transport. When ports are at the same distance from the cargo owner, the next important factor is the availability and quality of services provided in the port. If the port wants to provide high quality services, it is necessary to maintain the number of visitation on an adequately high level while keeping up with the competition
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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