130,382 research outputs found
Kemiallisten prosessien ja tuotteiden kestävyyden arviointimenetelmien kehittäminen ja testaus : Tapaustutkimus – kriittisiä harvinaisia maametalleja sisältävät tuotteet
No full textAbstractThis thesis work aims to develop sustainability assessment tools for chemical processes, unit operations, catalysts, and products and to test the tools on products containing critical rare earth elements (REEs).This thesis is a part of the study where a Green Chemistry-based Sustainability Assessment Tool (SAT) was developed for the early design phase of chemical production processes. The SAT tool is comprised of indicators selected using the twelve principles of Green Chemistry as guidelines. It was tested on conventional and carbon dioxide-based formic acid production routes.Similarly, a sustainability assessment tool was developed based on the integration of Green Engineering principles and the multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) analytical hierarchy method (AHP). The developed tool is suitable for the assessment of catalysts in chemical processes. It was tested in ethanol steam reforming using four nickel (Ni)-catalysts (REEs and non-REEs). The Ni-catalysts were assessed and compared against each other to determine the substitution potential of REEs in catalysts.Thirdly, a Product Sustainability Assessment Tool (PSAT) was developed for assessing the sustainability of products. Here the principles of Green Chemistry, Industrial Ecology, and Green Engineering were used as guidelines in developing the assessment criteria. The developed PSAT tool also incoorporates life cycle impact categories and Circular Economy approach. It takes into account five life cycle stages of a product: design, materials selection, manufacturing, use, and end-of-life. The developed PSAT tool was tested on two 3 MW wind turbine generators; a) a doubly fed inductor generator (DFIG) without an REEs containing permanent magnet and b) a direct-drive Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) containing REEs.The results obtained from the assessment of ethanol steam reforming catalysts demonstrated that cerium and lanthanum oxide supported catalysts can be successfully substituted with an aluminium oxide supported catalyst while retaining the sustainability performance of the reaction. The results from the sustainability assessment of wind turbine generators revealed that the DFIG turbine had an overall better sustainability impact than the direct-drive PMSG generator.Original papersOriginal papers are not included in the electronic version of the dissertation.Saavalainen, P., Turpeinen, E., Omodara, L., Kabra, S., Oravisjärvi, K., Yadav, G. D., Keiski, R. L., & Pongrácz, E. (2017). Developing and testing a tool for sustainability assessment in an early process design phase – Case study of formic acid production by conventional and carbon dioxide-based routes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 168, 1636–1651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.145Self-archived versionOmodara, L., Pitkäaho, S., Turpeinen, E.-M., Saavalainen, P., Oravisjärvi, K., & Keiski, R. L. (2019). Recycling and substitution of light rare earth elements, cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, and praseodymium from end-of-life applications—A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 236, 117573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.07.048Self-archived versionOmodara, L., Turpeinen, E. M., Pitkäaho, S., & Keiski, R. L. (2020). Substitution potential of rare earth catalysts in ethanol steam reforming. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 26, e00237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2020.e00237Self-archived versionOmodara, L., Saavalainen, P., Pitkäaho, S., Pongrácz, E., & Keiski, R. L. (2023). Sustainability assessment of products—Case study of wind turbine generator types. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 98, 106943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2022.106943Self-archived versionTiivistelmäTämän väitöskirjatyön tavoitteena on kehittää kestävyyden arviointimenetelmiä kemiallisten prosessien, yksikköoperaatioiden, katalyyttien ja erilaisten tuotteiden arviointiin sekä testata menetelmiä kriittisiä harvinaisia maametalleja (REEs) sisältävien tuotteiden arviointiin.Väitöskirjatyö on osa tutkimusta, jossa kehitettiin Vihreän kemian periaatteisiin perustuva (Green Chemistry -based) kestävyyden arviointityökalu (SAT), joka soveltuu kemiallisten tuotantoprosessien varhaisen suunnittelun aikaiseen arviointiin. SAT-työkalu koostuu indikaattoreista, jotka valitaan Vihreän kemian kahdentoista periaatteen avulla. SAT-työkalua hyödyntämällä arvioidaan muurahaishapon kahden tuotantoreitin, teollisessa käytössä olevan ja hiilidioksidipohjaisen valmistusreitin, kestävyyttä.Tässä työssä kehitettiin myös Vihreän tekniikan periaatteisiin perustuva (Green Enggineering principles -based) ja katalyyttien kestävyyden arviointiin soveltuva arviointityökalu, joka pohjautuu Aspen Plus -prosessisimulaation, analyyttisen hierarkiamenetelmän (Analytical Hierarchy Method - AHP), min-max-normalisointitekniikan ja Likert-asteikon samanaikaiseen käyttöön. Kehitettyä työkalua testattiin vertailemalla etanolin höyryreformointia neljällä nikkelikatalyytillä, joista kaksi sisälsi ja kaksi ei sisältänyt REE-metalleja. Nikkelikatalyyttien vertailu tehtiin REE-katalyyttien korvausmahdollisuuden määrittämiseksi.Väitöskirjatyössä kehitettiin myös tuotteen kestävyyden arviointimenetelmä (PSAT). Tässä menetelmässä hyödynnetään indikaattoreiden valinnassa vihreän kemian, teollisen ekologian ja vihreän tekniikan periaatteita. PSAT-menetelmään integroitiin myös elinkaariarvioinnin (LCA) avulla saatavat vaikutukset. PSAT-menetelmässä arvioidaan viisi tuotteen elinkaaren vaihetta, jotka ovat tuotteen suunnittelu, materiaalien valinta, valmistus, käyttö ja käytöstä poistuminen. PSAT soveltuu tuotteiden kestävyysarviointiin ja toimii ohjeena vertailtaessa tuotevaihtoehtoja. PSAT-menetelmää käytettiin kahden 3 MW:n tuuliturbiinigeneraattorin eli a) kaksoissyöttöisen kelageneraattorin (DFIG) ilman REE-magneettia ja b) suorakäyttöisen kestomagneettisynkronisen generaattorin (PMSG), jossa on REE-kestomagneetti, kestävyyden arviointiin.Etanolin höyryreformointikatalyyttien arvioinnista saadut tulokset osoittivat, että cerium- ja lantaanioksidikatalyytit voidaan menestyksekkäästi korvata alumiinioksidituetulla katalyytillä säilyttäen samalla reaktioreitin kestävyysominaisuudet. Tuuliturbiinigeneraattoreiden kestävyysarviointien tulokset osoittavat puolestaan, että DFIG-turbiinin kestävyysvaikutus oli kokonaisuutena parempi kuin suoravetoisen PMSG-generaattorin vaikutus.OsajulkaisutOsajulkaisut eivät sisälly väitöskirjan elektroniseen versioon.Saavalainen, P., Turpeinen, E., Omodara, L., Kabra, S., Oravisjärvi, K., Yadav, G. D., Keiski, R. L., & Pongrácz, E. (2017). Developing and testing a tool for sustainability assessment in an early process design phase – Case study of formic acid production by conventional and carbon dioxide-based routes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 168, 1636–1651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.145Rinnakkaistallennettu versioOmodara, L., Pitkäaho, S., Turpeinen, E.-M., Saavalainen, P., Oravisjärvi, K., & Keiski, R. L. (2019). Recycling and substitution of light rare earth elements, cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, and praseodymium from end-of-life applications—A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 236, 117573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.07.048Rinnakkaistallennettu versioOmodara, L., Turpeinen, E. M., Pitkäaho, S., & Keiski, R. L. (2020). Substitution potential of rare earth catalysts in ethanol steam reforming. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 26, e00237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2020.e00237Rinnakkaistallennettu versioOmodara, L., Saavalainen, P., Pitkäaho, S., Pongrácz, E., & Keiski, R. L. (2023). Sustainability assessment of products—Case study of wind turbine generator types. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 98, 106943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2022.106943Rinnakkaistallennettu versioAcademic dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Doctoral Programme Committee of Technology and Natural Sciences of the University of Oulu for public defence in Auditorium TS101, Linnanmaa, on 2 December 2022, at 12 noonAbstract
This thesis work aims to develop sustainability assessment tools for chemical processes, unit operations, catalysts, and products and to test the tools on products containing critical rare earth elements (REEs).
This thesis is a part of the study where a Green Chemistry-based Sustainability Assessment Tool (SAT) was developed for the early design phase of chemical production processes. The SAT tool is comprised of indicators selected using the twelve principles of Green Chemistry as guidelines. It was tested on conventional and carbon dioxide-based formic acid production routes.
Similarly, a sustainability assessment tool was developed based on the integration of Green Engineering principles and the multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) analytical hierarchy method (AHP). The developed tool is suitable for the assessment of catalysts in chemical processes. It was tested in ethanol steam reforming using four nickel (Ni)-catalysts (REEs and non-REEs). The Ni-catalysts were assessed and compared against each other to determine the substitution potential of REEs in catalysts.
Thirdly, a Product Sustainability Assessment Tool (PSAT) was developed for assessing the sustainability of products. Here the principles of Green Chemistry, Industrial Ecology, and Green Engineering were used as guidelines in developing the assessment criteria. The developed PSAT tool also incoorporates life cycle impact categories and Circular Economy approach. It takes into account five life cycle stages of a product: design, materials selection, manufacturing, use, and end-of-life. The developed PSAT tool was tested on two 3 MW wind turbine generators; a) a doubly fed inductor generator (DFIG) without an REEs containing permanent magnet and b) a direct-drive Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) containing REEs.
The results obtained from the assessment of ethanol steam reforming catalysts demonstrated that cerium and lanthanum oxide supported catalysts can be successfully substituted with an aluminium oxide supported catalyst while retaining the sustainability performance of the reaction. The results from the sustainability assessment of wind turbine generators revealed that the DFIG turbine had an overall better sustainability impact than the direct-drive PMSG generator.Tiivistelmä
Tämän väitöskirjatyön tavoitteena on kehittää kestävyyden arviointimenetelmiä kemiallisten prosessien, yksikköoperaatioiden, katalyyttien ja erilaisten tuotteiden arviointiin sekä testata menetelmiä kriittisiä harvinaisia maametalleja (REEs) sisältävien tuotteiden arviointiin.
Väitöskirjatyö on osa tutkimusta, jossa kehitettiin Vihreän kemian periaatteisiin perustuva (Green Chemistry -based) kestävyyden arviointityökalu (SAT), joka soveltuu kemiallisten tuotantoprosessien varhaisen suunnittelun aikaiseen arviointiin. SAT-työkalu koostuu indikaattoreista, jotka valitaan Vihreän kemian kahdentoista periaatteen avulla. SAT-työkalua hyödyntämällä arvioidaan muurahaishapon kahden tuotantoreitin, teollisessa käytössä olevan ja hiilidioksidipohjaisen valmistusreitin, kestävyyttä.
Tässä työssä kehitettiin myös Vihreän tekniikan periaatteisiin perustuva (Green Enggineering principles -based) ja katalyyttien kestävyyden arviointiin soveltuva arviointityökalu, joka pohjautuu Aspen Plus -prosessisimulaation, analyyttisen hierarkiamenetelmän (Analytical Hierarchy Method - AHP), min-max-normalisointitekniikan ja Likert-asteikon samanaikaiseen käyttöön. Kehitettyä työkalua testattiin vertailemalla etanolin höyryreformointia neljällä nikkelikatalyytillä, joista kaksi sisälsi ja kaksi ei sisältänyt REE-metalleja. Nikkelikatalyyttien vertailu tehtiin REE-katalyyttien korvausmahdollisuuden määrittämiseksi.
Väitöskirjatyössä kehitettiin myös tuotteen kestävyyden arviointimenetelmä (PSAT). Tässä menetelmässä hyödynnetään indikaattoreiden valinnassa vihreän kemian, teollisen ekologian ja vihreän tekniikan periaatteita. PSAT-menetelmään integroitiin myös elinkaariarvioinnin (LCA) avulla saatavat vaikutukset. PSAT-menetelmässä arvioidaan viisi tuotteen elinkaaren vaihetta, jotka ovat tuotteen suunnittelu, materiaalien valinta, valmistus, käyttö ja käytöstä poistuminen. PSAT soveltuu tuotteiden kestävyysarviointiin ja toimii ohjeena vertailtaessa tuotevaihtoehtoja. PSAT-menetelmää käytettiin kahden 3 MW:n tuuliturbiinigeneraattorin eli a) kaksoissyöttöisen kelageneraattorin (DFIG) ilman REE-magneettia ja b) suorakäyttöisen kestomagneettisynkronisen generaattorin (PMSG), jossa on REE-kestomagneetti, kestävyyden arviointiin.
Etanolin höyryreformointikatalyyttien arvioinnista saadut tulokset osoittivat, että cerium- ja lantaanioksidikatalyytit voidaan menestyksekkäästi korvata alumiinioksidituetulla katalyytillä säilyttäen samalla reaktioreitin kestävyysominaisuudet. Tuuliturbiinigeneraattoreiden kestävyysarviointien tulokset osoittavat puolestaan, että DFIG-turbiinin kestävyysvaikutus oli kokonaisuutena parempi kuin suoravetoisen PMSG-generaattorin vaikutus
MeSH term explosion and author rank improve expert recommendations
No full textInformation overload is an often-cited phenomenon that reduces the productivity, efficiency and efficacy of scientists. One challenge for scientists is to find appropriate collaborators in their research. The literature describes various solutions to the problem of expertise location, but most current approaches do not appear to be very suitable for expert recommendations in biomedical research. In this study, we present the development and initial evaluation of a vector space model-based algorithm to calculate researcher similarity using four inputs: 1) MeSH terms of publications; 2) MeSH terms and author rank; 3) exploded MeSH terms; and 4) exploded MeSH terms and author rank. We developed and evaluated the algorithm using a data set of 17,525 authors and their 22,542 papers. On average, our algorithms correctly predicted 2.5 of the top 5/10 coauthors of individual scientists. Exploded MeSH and author rank outperformed all other algorithms in accuracy, followed closely by MeSH and author rank. Our results show that the accuracy of MeSH term-based matching can be enhanced with other metadata such as author rank
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Scholarly Communication and Publishing Lunch and Learn Talk #11: The ULS Open Access Author Fee Fund
No full textAt the May 2014 talk, you will learn about the ULS Open Access Author Fee Fund--what it is, why we do it, how it works, and how the program is going so far
The R&D Tax Incentives
No full textThis article sets out some background information and reflections of the author on the R&D tax incentive schemes included in the Common Corporate Tax Base (CCTB) Proposal. In particular the author analyzes the stimulus to private R&D through ad hoc tax incentives included in the CCTB Proposal and dives into the actual provisions included in the Proposal highlighting the most relevant issues connected with their design and interpretation. Moreover, the author explores the interaction between the CCTB Proposal and the granting by Member States of domestic R&D tax incentives
Morphologic and functional correlates of synaptic pathology in the cathepsin D knockout mouse model of congenital neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis
No full textMutations in the cathepsin D (CTSD) gene cause an aggressive neurodegenerative disease (congenital neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis) that leads to early death. Recent evidence suggests that presynaptic abnormalities play a major role in the pathogenesis of CTSD deficiencies. To identify the early events that lead to synaptic alterations, we investigated synaptic ultrastructure and function in presymptomatic CTSD knockout (Ctsd) mice. Electron microscopy revealed that there were significantly greater numbers of readily releasable synaptic vesicles present in Ctsd mice than in wild-type control mice as early as postnatal day 16. The size of this synaptic vesicle pool continued to increase with disease progression in the hippocampus and thalamus of the Ctsd mice. Electrophysiology revealed a markedly decreased frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) with no effect on paired-pulse modulation of the evoked excitatory post synaptic potentials in the hippocampus of Ctsd mice. The reduced mEPSCs frequency was observed before the appearance of epilepsy or any morphologic sign of synaptic degeneration. Taken together, these data indicate that CTSD is required for normal synaptic function and that a failure in synaptic trafficking or recycling may bean early and important pathologic mechanism in Ctsd mice; these presynaptic abnormalities may initiate synaptic degeneration in advance of subsequent neuronal loss
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