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Orthography issues in Kơho: A Mon-Khmer language
Full text linkKơho [kəˈhɔ] is a Mon-Khmer (Austroasiatic) language, spoken by more than 207,000 people located in Lam Dong province, Viet Nam. Kơho is related to Khmer (Cambodian) and more distantly to Vietnamese (Author 1968).
Since the 1930s, French, and later American, missionaries, government agencies, and educators using several different alphabets have produced scripture, primers, grammars, and dictionaries. A romanized orthography based on the Vietnamese national alphabet (quốc ngữ) was developed in 1935 for the Sre dialect of Kơho by French colonial administrators and missionaries. That orthography was the most consistently (nearly phonemic) utilized to date (Smalley 1954). Many documents were published using that alphabet. Under pressure from Jacques Dournes, a French missionary/linguist, who was compiling a voluminous Sre-French dictionary (1950), a new orthography commission met in Dalat, in 1949, to devise an acceptable replacement (Martini 1952).
During the 1960s and 1970s, a series of pedagogical materials in Kơho was produced by the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL) under contract to the former Saigon government. Writing primers, science, and health books were used in classrooms where Kơho was the language of instruction in the primary grades; in the higher grades, Vietnamese was phased in.
Even among a newly literate people, attachment to a written tradition, lingers on. Recent proposals have gained acceptance only with difficulty. Subsequent orthographies were proposed in 1953 (Condominas 1954) and in the 1960s. The latter orthography, developed by SIL, was employed by the former Republic of Vietnam (Saigon) government for educational materials. The 1967 New Testament and 1993 Psalms were published in that orthography. After reunification in 1976, all previous (i.e., south Vietnamese) pedagogical materials were discarded. In 1983, the Vietnamese government introduced a quốc ngữ-based orthography (Vũ Bá Hùng and Tạ Văn Thông, 1983), and published a Vietnamese—Kơho dictionary (Hoàng Văn Hanh, et al. 1983). The Kơho people living in North Carolina have no use for that orthography. The complete Bible was published in 2010 in the SIL orthography.
In the preparation of a dictionary and a reference grammar for the Kơho language, a decision on which orthography to use is crucial. There are five potential orthographies that Kơho could be written in. Currently, in North Carolina, the orthography employed depends on which church or dialect one is affiliated with. This paper explores the inherent problem of matching speakers’ desires with a practical orthography that is acceptable to a majority of language users.
References
Condominas, Georges. 1954. Enquête linguistique parmi les populations montagnardes du sud indochinois. BEFEO 46:579-586. [Part 2: ‘the new mode of transcription for Kơho’]
Dournes, Jacques. 1950. Dictionnaire Srê (Kơho)--Français. Saigon: Imprimerie d’Extrême-Orient. 269 p.
Hoàng Văn Hanh, et al. 1983. Từ Điển Việt-Kơho [Vietnamese-Kơho dictionary]. T.P. Hố Chí Minh: Sở Văn Hóa và Tông Tin Xuất Bản.
Martini, François. 1952. Notes et melanges de la transcription du Sre (Kơho), à propos du dictionnaire du R. P. Jacques Dournes. BSEI 27,1:99-109.
Author. 1968. Basic Kơho: grammar and conversation guide. Bao-Loc. MACV.
Smalley, William A. 1954. A problem in orthography preparation. Bible Translator 5:170-176. [Discussion of various Sre orthographies.]
Smalley, William A. 1955. Sre phonemes and syllables. Journal of the American Oriental Society 74,4:217-222.
Vũ Bá Hùng and Tạ Văn Thông. 1983. Về hệ thống ngữ âm tiếng Kơho và sự sửa đồi chữ Kơho [The phonetic system of Kơho and the reform of Kơho writing]. Ngôn Ngữ 4(58):56-65
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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