1,720,967 research outputs found
Insider and outsider support for unions across advanced industrial democracies: Paradoxes of solidarity
No full textWhy do workers support trade unions? For insider-outsider analysts, unions display limited concern with representing interests beyond the full-time labour force. However, recent research on union revitalization and inclusionary practices stresses new initiatives towards labour market outsiders. We use multilevel regression models, employing data from the 2005 and 2015 International Social Survey Programme, in order to study how workers perceive the role of unions. We develop a four-quadrant categorization of insiders and outsiders that captures both current labour market status and vulnerability. We find that outsiders, and more specifically all categories of non-insiders, are more likely to agree with the need for strong unions than insiders. These results hold both before and after the Great Recession.Published articl
Second generation bioenergy crops and climate change: a review of the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2and drought on water use and the implications for yield
No full textSecond-generation, dedicated lignocellulosic crops for bioenergy are being hailed as the sustainable alternative to food crops for the generation of liquid transport fuels, contributing to climate change mitigation and increased energy security. Across temperate regions they include tree species grown as short rotation coppice and intensive forestry (e.g. Populus and Salix species) and C4 grasses such as miscanthus and switchgrass. For bioenergy crops it is paramount that high energy yields are maintained in order to drive the industry to an economic threshold where it has competitive advantage over conventional fossil fuel alternatives. Therefore, in the face of increased planting of these species, globally, there is a pressing need for insight into their responses to predicted changes in climate to ensure these crops are 'climate proofed' in breeding and improvement programmes. In this review, we investigate the physiological responses of bioenergy crops to rising atmospheric CO2 ([Ca]) and drought, with particular emphasis on the C3Salicaceae trees and C4 grasses. We show that while crop yield is predicted to rise by up to 40% in elevated [Ca], this is tempered by the effects of water deficit. In response to elevated [Ca] stomatal conductance and evapotranspiration decline and higher leaf–water potentials are observed. However, whole-plant responses to [Ca] are often of lower magnitude and may even be positive (increased water use in elevated [Ca]). We conclude that rising [Ca] is likely to improve drought tolerance of bioenergy crop species due to improved plant water use, consequently yields in temperate environments may remain high in future climate scenario
Assessing the impact of internal conductance to CO2 in a land-surface scheme: measurement and modelling of photosynthesis in Populus nigra
Full text linkVegetation plays a key role in both the global carbon and water cycles. Therefore, the representation of leaf-level fluxes of carbon and water in process-based land-surface schemes is central to accurately predicting these surface exchanges on a larger scale. Leaf-level models of photosynthesis used in such schemes are commonly based on the equations of Farquhar et al. (1980), which were founded on the assumption that differences in the drawdown of CO2 from sub-stomatal cavities (ci) to the site of carboxylation inside chloroplasts (cc) were negligible. Recent research, however, indicates an important role for this additional internal pathway of CO2 transfer (gi) in photosynthesis. This work therefore combined fieldwork and modelling to assess the impact of gi on estimation of key photosynthetic parameters, and on the accuracy of simulated photosynthesis (Anet) and stomatal conductance (gs) in a coupled model of leaf-level Anet and gs embedded in a land-surface scheme. It was shown that, in a fast growing poplar genotype (Populus nigra), the photosynthetic parameter Vmax was sensitive to gi. Determination of Vmax under the assumption of finite gi led to estimates of Vmax in well-watered trees that were, on average, 52% higher than values calculated on a ci basis. Drought induced declines in all key photosynthetic parameters measured were observed (Vmax, Jmax and gi), in addition to a two-fold increase in photosynthetic biochemical capacity upon re-watering. Reasons for this and the implications for land-surface modelling are discussed. It was shown that inclusion of a constant (non-water stressed) internal conductance to CO2 in a coupled model of leaf-level Anet and gs did not improve the accuracy of these simulated fluxes. It was concluded that, for application within a land-surface scheme, currently, accurate calibration of Vmax potentially has a greater impact on simulated Anet and gs than the inclusion of additional, fine-scale leaf-level processes such as gi
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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