94 research outputs found
The Concept of originality of a work in the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union
No full textThe article is devoted to the analysis of the content of key judgements of the Court of Justice of the European Union concerning the interpretation of the legal category of a work’s originality, namely: Infopaq International A/S v. Danske Dagblades Forening (C-5/08), Eva-Maria Painer v. Standard VerlagsGmbH and Others (C-145/10), Football Dataco Ltd v. Yahoo! UK Ltd (C-604/10), and Cofemel – Sociedade de Vestuário SA v. G-Star Raw CV (C-683/17). The significance of these judgements for the development of a coherent concept of originality is outlined. It is emphasized that the interpretative function of the Court is fundamental and plays an essential role in shaping the legal order in a global sense by harmonizing
the mechanisms of legal enforcement within the EU.
The author draws attention to the evolution and refinement of the substantive understanding of the notion of originality in the course of the Court’s interpretative practice. The article substantiates the close connection between a work’s originality and creative activity. Particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of the essential elements of originality, such as free and creative choices, the personal contribution of the author, and intellectual creative activity.
The author formulates scholarly conclusions regarding the key components of the concept of originality. A critical analysis is conducted on the adequacy of the current legal model for determining the protectability of a work within the EU legal space. It is concluded that the existing flexible legal framework allows for the assessment of originality in each individual case, taking into account the specific characteristics of the object and the nature of the activity that led to its creation.
The article emphasizes that the foundation of originality lies in creative activity, which is the quintessence of imagination and the author’s individual vision, based on personal preferences and resulting in a unique object of copyright. Thus, the specific work embodies an idea of the author that originates from their creative search, realized through intellectual creative activity
The resale right in the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union
No full textThe article is devoted to the analysis of judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union concerning the interpretation of the provisions of Directive 2001/84/EC of 27 September 2001 on the resale right for the benefit of the author of an original work of art. To achieve the objectives of the article, the content of the following judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union has been examined: Fundación Gala-Salvador Dalí (C-518/08, 2010) and Christie’s France SNC v Syndicat national des antiquaires (C-41/14, 2015). The study examines the main trends in harmonising the mechanisms for applying the resale right within the European legal space. Particular attention is paid to the concept of ’’distorting effect’’ as understood in the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the context of the resale right. Conclusions are drawn regarding the main directions of unifying the procedure for exercising the resale right in the European Union. It is established that the harmonisation mechanism
under study is aimed at ensuring broad legal opportunities within national legal systems for developing local models for the implementation of the resale right. It is also noted that harmonisation of resale right legislation is limited to unifying provisions of national laws that have a direct and immediate effect on the functioning of the art market. Based on the analysis of the Court of Justice's rulings, the article concludes that determining the specific circle of persons who inherit the resale right, or the persons responsible for paying royalties, remains within the competence of the legislator in each Member State and, according to the Court's case law, does not have a direct impact on the functioning of the art market.
The incorporation of the resale right into the national legislation of the EU Member States plays a fundamentally important role in ensuring proper conditions for the protection of the economic rights of authors of artistic works and in establishing fair competition within the art market. The resale right serves as a tool for maintaining a balance between the rights of artists across different jurisdictions within the EU, and, as a result, contributes to the creation of an effective mechanism for preventing infringements and avoiding unfair competition
Chicago Lakeside Health City Conference Centre
No full textMy graduation project is a part of Chicago Lakeside graduation studio in the Chair of Complex Projects. The goal of the studio was to develop a complex architectural solution based on analysis and economic and social strategies, integrated within existing fabric on different scales. The result of the first stage of my thesis work is an urban strategy for the South Chicago neighbourhood revitalization through the development of the Health City cluster on the former South Works site. Based on the extensive research done in a group of 4 people, we have chosen healthcare related functions as potentially the most applicable to create a brand, attract investments and provide essential facilities for the neighbourhood. In my individual design research I aimed to develop a building that will become a linking element between the functional elements in the research/ education cluster, existing neighbourhood and the public facilities, developed within the Health City master plan. I believe that a Conference Centre could become a link, providing collaboration space for the Science Cluster and attracting the public by facilities, exhibitions, public events and not last – an architectural quality. My project is based on the relationship of old and new: a new multifunctional space within the historical framework. Situated at the beginning of the long strip of the linear park, connecting the South Chicago neighbourhood & Lake Michigan, the conference centre plays an important role in the composition of the campus. Connecting the pedestrian routes, spanning from west to east and from north to south, the building becomes a linking element not only functionally, but also spatially. The building is concealed behind the walls, with only the external envelope visible, reflecting the sky above. The conference centre represents a multifunctional space- a centre of public activity both for the campus and the neighbourhood.Complex ProjectsArchitectureArchitecture and The Built Environmen
Who smokes in Europe? Data from 12 European countries in the TackSHS survey (2017-2018)
No full textBackground: Population data on tobacco use and its determinants require continuous monitoring and careful inter-country comparison. We aimed to provide the most up-to-date estimates on tobacco smoking from a large cross-sectional survey, conducted in selected European countries. Methods: Within the TackSHS Project, a face-to-face survey on smoking was conducted in 2017-2018 in 12 countries: Bulgaria, England, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Romania and Spain, representing around 80% of the 432 million European Union (EU) adult population. In each country, a representative sample of around 1,000 subjects aged 15 years and older was interviewed, for a total of 11,902 participants. Results: Overall 25.9% of participants were current smokers (31.0% among men and 21.2% among women, pAdditional co-authors: Gergana Geshanova, Giuseppe Gorini, Sheila Keogan, Hristo Ivanov, Maria-José Lopez, Angel Lopez-Nicolas, José Precioso, Krzysztof Przewozniak, Cornel Radu-Loghin, Ario Ruprecht, Joan B Soriano, Polina Starchenko, Marta Trapero-Bertran, Olena Tigova, Anna S Tzortzi, Constantine Vardavas, Vergina K Vyzikidou, Paolo Colombo, Esteve Fernandez, The TackSHS Project Investigator
Napisać przestępstwo lub odróżnić „sprawę kryminalną” od „krzywdy prostej” (Wołyń w ostatnim trzydziestoleciu XVI – na początku XVII wieku)
No full textThe article analyzes the rhetoric of Volhynian court records based on accusations of criminal offences. The focus is on how these sources were constructed by the interested parties, and on how the szlachta culture of violence affected this process. The author explores the arguments that the noblemen presented to reclassify criminal offences as “regular offences.” Concomitantly, she analyzes the performativity of trials as the public stage where the values treasured by the community were articulated, debated and relayed to the interested parties. This constructed “reality” formed the vision of the norm and possible life strategies of noblemen. Circulating in the court and the community, it affected the proceedings of trials and the actors’ actions outside courtroom, for example, by forcing the accused whose honor was insulted by the accusations to react according to the conventions accepted by the community. In the culture where any offence, be it real or imagined, demanded defending one’s honor, a trial was just a part of a conflict and its resolution
Визначення основних характеристик стабілізаторних мікрофакельних пальникових пристроїв при спалюванні забаластованих паливних газів
No full textThis paper reports an experimental study into the combustion of alternative gases in the form of a mixture of propane-butane with air and carbon dioxide after a stabilizing flat module whose both sides are flown around with an airflow. The ballasted fuel was fed by jets into the airflow from the holes located on the side walls of the stabilizer. In this case, the fuel and air were partially premixed. It was established that when ballasting fuel with inert admixtures, the length of the torch and the maximum temperature gradually decreased while nitrogen oxide emissions decreased. With an increase in the content of ballast in fuel, combustion breaks. The dependence of torch stability on the relative consumption of ballast has been established. To stabilize the combustion, highly reactive fuel is supplied to the recirculation zone after a stabilizer from a separate collector. Ballasted fuel passes through the next torches of high-temperature fuel; the all fuel combustion process takes place. The combined scheme of mixture formation makes it possible to adjust fuel consumption in the zones and thus maintain a stable burner power. In the case of supplying all fuel to the recirculation zone after the stabilizer, a so-called "rich" detachment is possible when the torch is detached from the stabilizer. When working under such modes, highly reactive fuel is supplied from the holes on the side walls of the stabilizer, which are placed closer to its detachment edges than the holes for the supply of ballasted fuel. At the same time, the jets of ballasted fuel also pass between the torches of highly reactive fuel so there is joint combustion of all fuelБыли проведены экспериментальные исследования по сжиганию альтернативных газов в виде смеси пропан-бутана с воздухом и двуокисью углерода за стабилизаторным плоским модулем, который обтекался с обеих сторон воздушным потоком. Забалластированное топливо подавалось струями в воздушный поток из отверстий, которые размещались на боковых стенках стабилизатора. При этом происходило частичное предварительное перемешивание топлива и воздуха. Установлено, что при балластировке топлива инертными примесями длина факела и максимальная температура постепенно уменьшаются, а выбросы оксидов азота снижаются. При увеличении содержания балласта в топливе происходит срыв горения. Установлена зависимость устойчивости факела от относительного расхода балласта. Для стабилизации горения в зону рециркуляции за стабилизатором из отдельного коллектора подается высоко реакционное топливо. При этом забалластированное топливо проходит через дежурные факела высокотемпературного топлива и происходит процесс горения всего топлива. Комбинированная схема смесеобразования позволяет регулировать расходы топлива по зонам и таким образом поддерживать постоянную мощность горелки. При подаче всего топлива в зону рециркуляции за стабилизатором возможно появление так званного «богатого» срыва, при котором происходит отрыв факела от стабилизатора. При необходимости работы на таких режимах высоко реакционное топливо подается из отверстий на боковых стенках стабилизатора, которые размещаются ближе к его срывным кромкам, чем отверстия подачи забалластированного топлива. При этом струи забалластированного топлива также проходят между факелами высоко реакционного топлива и происходит совместное горение всего топлива.Були проведені експериментальні дослідження щодо спалювання альтернативних газів у вигляді суміші пропан-бутану з повітрям і двоокисом вуглецю за стабілізаторним плоским модулем, який обтікався з обох боків повітряним потоком. Забаластоване паливо подавалось струменями в повітряний потік із отворів, що розміщувались на бокових стінках стабілізатора. При цьому відбувалось часткове попереднє перемішування палива і повітря. Встановлено, що при баластуванні палива інертними домішками довжина факелу і максимальна температура поступово зменшуються, а викиди оксидів азоту знижуються. При збільшенні вмісту баласту в паливі відбувається зрив горіння. Встановлена залежність стійкості факелу від відносної витрати баласту. Для стабілізації горіння в зону рециркуляції за стабілізатором з окремого колектора подається високо реакційне паливо. Забаластоване паливо проходить через чергові факели високотемпературного палива і відбувається процес горіння всього палива. Комбінована схема сумішеутворення дозволяє регулювати витрату палива по зонах і таким чином підтримувати стабільну потужність пальника. У разі подачі всього палива в зону рециркуляції за стабілізатором можлива поява так званого «багатого» зриву, при якому відбувається відрив факелу від стабілізатора. При роботі на таких режимах високо реакційне паливо подається з отворів на бокових стінках стабілізатора, які розміщуються ближче до його зривних кромок, ніж отвори подачі забаластованого палива. При цьому струмені забаластованого палива також проходять між факелами високо реакційного палива і відбувається сумісне горіння всього палива
Optimización de las comunicaciones en proyectos innovadores de infraestructura social orientados a mejorar la salud pública
No full textThis study examines the importance of innovations in social infrastructure and community engagement, in this approach with a particular focus on the healthcare sector. As support for the reflection the project CHRONOlight project is presented as a way to innovation that optimizes conditions for patients and medical staff, enhancing service quality and reducing costs. The significance of effective communication and interaction among internal and external stakeholders at all project stages is emphasized. Furthermore, the study addresses the management of communication risks using modern technologies such as NFC tags and caption-videos. The research includes recommendations for evaluating the readiness of managers to implement innovative projects in the healthcare sector. Findings indicate that strategic communication fosters trust, cooperation, and sustainable social impact. A stakeholder interaction model is also introduced to streamline relationships and maximize project outcomes. This model can be applied to various contexts related to social infrastructure and public health. The study highlights the need for comprehensive strategies for risk management and communication in innovative projects. It concludes that innovation, collaboration, and communication are essential pillars for sustainable development in social infrastructure.Este trabajo analiza la importancia de las innovaciones en la infraestructura social y su conexión con la comunidad, en este caso, con un enfoque particular en el ámbito de la salud y la atención comunitaria. Como base se apoya en el proyecto CHRONOlight, el cual es aporta un acercamiento de innovación que optimiza las condiciones para pacientes y personal médico, mejorando la calidad de los servicios y reduciendo costos. Se subraya la relevancia de la comunicación efectiva y la interacción entre stakeholders internos y externos en todas las etapas del proyecto. Además, se aborda la gestión de riesgos comunicativos mediante tecnologías modernas como las etiquetas NFC y los caption-videos. La investigación incluye recomendaciones para evaluar la preparación de los gestores para implementar proyectos innovadores en el ámbito de la salud. Los resultados indican que la comunicación estratégica fomenta la confianza, la cooperación y el impacto social sostenible. También se presenta un modelo de interacción entre stakeholders que racionaliza sus relaciones y maximiza los resultados del proyecto. Este modelo puede aplicarse en diversos contextos relacionados con la infraestructura social y la salud pública. El trabajo destaca la necesidad de estrategias integrales para la gestión de riesgos y la comunicación en proyectos innovadores. Concluye que la innovación, la colaboración y la comunicación son pilares fundamentales para el desarrollo sostenible en la infraestructura social
Ethylmethylhydroxypyridine Succinate Effects in the Management of Acute Ultraviolet Skin Damage
No full textBurden of disease from exposure to secondhand smoke in children in Europe
No full textBackground Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure at home and fetal SHS exposure during pregnancy are a major cause of disease among children. The aim of this study is quantifying the burden of disease due to SHS exposure in children and in pregnancy in 2006–2017 for the 28 European Union (EU) countries. Methods Exposure to SHS was estimated using a multiple imputation procedure based on the Eurobarometer surveys, and SHS exposure burden was estimated with the comparative risk assessment method using meta-analytical relative risks. Data on deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were collected from National statistics and from the Global Burden of Disease Study. Results Exposure to SHS and its attributable burden stalled in 2006–2017; in pregnant women, SHS exposure was 19.8% in 2006, 19.1% in 2010, and 21.0% in 2017; in children it was 10.1% in 2006, 9.6% in 2010, and 12.1% in 2017. In 2017, 35,633 DALYs among children were attributable to SHS exposure in the EU, mainly due to low birth weight. Conclusions Comprehensive smoking bans up to 2010 contributed to reduce SHS exposure and its burden in children immediately after their implementation; however, SHS exposure still occurs, and in 2017, its burden in children was still relevant.TackSHS Project Investigators: Esteve Fernández, Yolanda Castellano, Marcela Fu, Montse Ballbè, Beladenta Amalia, Olena Tigova, Maria José López, Xavier Continente, Teresa Arechavala, Elisabet Henderson, Silvano Gallus, Alessandra Lugo, Xiaoqiu Liu, Elisa Borroni, Paolo Colombo, Sean Semple, Rachel O’Donnell, Ruaraidh Dobson, Luke Clancy, Sheila Keogan, Hannah Byrne, Panagiotis Behrakis, Anna Tzortzi, Constantine Vardavas, Vergina Konstantina Vyzikidou, Gerasimos Bakelas, George Mattiampa, Roberto Boffi, Ario Ruprecht, Cinzia De Marco, Alessandro Borgini, Chiara Veronese, Martina Bertoldi, Andrea Tittarelli, Giuseppe Gorini, Giulia Carreras, Barbara Cortini, Simona Verdi, Alessio Lachi, Elisabetta Chellini, Ángel López-Nicolás, Marta Trapero-Bertran, Daniel Celdrán Guerrero, Cornel Radu-Loghin, Dominick Nguyen, Polina Starchenko, Joan B. Soriano, Julio Ancochea, Tamara Alonso, María Teresa Pastor, Marta Erro, Ana Roca, Patricia Pérez and Elena García-Castill
Measurement of airborne nicotine, as a marker of secondhand smoke exposure, in homes with residents who smoke in 9 European countries
No full textObjective Smoke-free policies are effective in preventing secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, but their adoption at home remains largely voluntary. This study aimed to quantify SHS exposure in homes with residents who smoke in Europe according to households’ characteristics, tobacco consumption habits, and national contextual factors. Methods Cross-sectional study (March 2017–September 2018) based on measurements of air nicotine inside 162 homes with residents who smoke from nine European countries. We installed passive samplers for seven consecutive days to monitor nicotine concentrations. Through self-administered questionnaires, we collected sociodemographic information and the number of individuals who smoke, smoking rules, frequency, location, and quantity of tobacco use in households. Country-level factors included the overall score in the Tobacco Control Scale 2016, the smoking prevalence, and self-reported SHS exposure prevalence. Nicotine concentrations were analyzed as continuous and dichotomous variables, categorized based on the limit of quantification of 0.02 μg/m3. Results Overall, median nicotine concentration was 0.85 μg/m3 (interquartile range (IQR):0.15–4.42), and there was nicotine presence in 93% of homes. Participants reported that smoking was not permitted in approximately 20% of households, 40% had two or more residents who smoked, and in 79% residents had smoked inside during the week of sampling. We found higher nicotine concentrations in homes: with smell of tobacco smoke inside (1.45 μg/m3 IQR: 0.32–6.34), where smoking was allowed (1.60 μg/m3 IQR: 0.68–7.63), with two or more residents who smoked (2.42 μg/m3 IQR: 0.58–11.0), with more than 40 cigarettes smoked (2.92 μg/m3 IQR: 0.97–10.61), and where two or more residents smoked inside (4.02 μg/m3 IQR: 1.58–11.74). Household nicotine concentrations were significantly higher in countries with higher national smoking prevalence and self-reported SHS exposure prevalence (p < 0.05). Conclusions SHS concentrations in homes with individuals who smoke were approximately twenty times higher in homes that allowed smoking compared to those reporting smoke-free household rules. Evidence-based interventions promoting smoke-free homes should be implemented in combination with strengthening other MPOWER measures.Additional co-authors: José Precioso, Ramona Brad, Maria J. López, Yolanda Castellano, Marcela Fu, Montse Ballbè, Beladenta Amalia, Olena Tigova, Xavier Continente, Teresa Arechavala , Silvano Gallus, Alessandra Lugo, Xiaoqiu Liu, Elisa Borroni, Paolo Colombo, Luke Clancy, Sheila Keogan, Hannah Byrne, Panagiotis Behrakis, Constantine Vardavas, Vergina Konstantina Vyzikidou, Gerasimos Bakelas, George Mattiampa, Roberto Boffi, Ario Ruprecht, Cinzia De Marco, Alessandro Borgini, Chiara Veronese, Martina Bertoldi, Andrea Tittarelli, Giuseppe Gorini, Giulia Carreras, Barbara Cortini, Simona Verdi, Alessio Lachi, Elisabetta Chellini, Ángel López Nicolás, Marta Trapero-Bertran, Daniel Celdrán Guerrero, Cornel Radu-Loghin, Dominick Nguyen, Polina Starchenko, Joan B. Soriano, Julio Ancochea, Tamara Alonso, María Teresa Pastor, Marta Erro, Ana Roca, Patricia Pérez, Elena García Castill
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