3 research outputs found
Impact of the M184V/I Mutation on the Efficacy of Abacavir/Lamivudine/Dolutegravir Therapy in HIV Treatment-Experienced Patients
No full textObjective
The impact of the M184V/I mutation on the virological failure (VF) rate in HIV-positive patients with suppressed viremia switching to an abacavir/lamivudine/dolutegravir regimen has been poorly evaluated.
Method
This is an observational study from 5 European HIV cohorts among treatment-experienced adults with ≤50 copies/mL of HIV-1 RNA who switched to abacavir/lamivudine/dolutegravir. Primary outcome was the time to first VF (2 consecutive HIV-1 RNA >50 copies/mL or single HIV-1 RNA >50 copies/mL accompanied by change in antiretroviral therapy [ART]). We also analyzed a composite outcome considering the presence of VF and/or virological blips. We report also the results of an inverse probability weighting analysis on a restricted population with a prior history of VF on any ART regimen to calculate statistics standardized to the disparate sampling population.
Results
We included 1626 patients (median follow-up, 288.5 days; interquartile range, 154-441). Patients with a genotypically documented M184V/I mutation (n = 137) had a lower CD4 nadir and a longer history of antiviral treatment. The incidence of VF was 29.8 cases (11.2-79.4) per 1000 person-years in those with a previously documented M184V/I, and 13.6 cases (8.4-21.8) in patients without documented M184V/I. Propensity score weighting in a restricted population (n = 580) showed that M184V/I was not associated with VF or the composite endpoint (hazard ratio [HR], 1.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.35-4.59 and HR 1.66; 95% CI, 0.81-3.43, respectively).
Conclusions
In ART-experienced patients switching to an abacavir/lamivudine/dolutegravir treatment, we observed few VFs and found no evidence for an impact of previously-acquired M184V/I mutation on this outcome. Additional analyses are required to demonstrate whether these findings will remain robust during a longer follow-up
Rhachotropis chathamensis Lörz, 2010, sp. nov.
No full textRhachotropis chathamensis sp. nov. (Figs 1–4) Material examined. Holotype: NIWA 60479, female, 11.7 mm with 12 eggs, TAN0705/285, 43° 47.48´S, 175 ° 18.56´E, Brenke sled, 27 April 2007, 420 m, Chatham Rise, New Zealand. Paratypes: NIWA 60485, 6 specimens 10.4 mm, 11.4 mm, 10.6 mm, 8.7 mm, 8.6 mm, 12.8 mm, type locality; NIWA 60480, 3 specimens sequenced; NIWA 60485, 33 paratypes, type locality. Etymology. Rhachotropis chathamensis sp. nov. is named after the Chatham Rise, a marine area East of New Zealand where the species was collected. Diagnosis. Body delicate. Rostrum longer than head. Eyes absent. Head twice as long as pereonite 1, lateral lobes strongly produced. Pereonites smooth. Pereopod 7 longer than body. All pleonites bearing dorsal processes, pleonite 1 and 2 also bearing dorsolateral processes. Pereonite 3 posterior margin indented. Urosomite 1 bearing dorsolateral process, urosomites 2 and 3 smooth. Telson entire, triangular, long and narrow. Description. Antenna 1 and 2 equal in length. Antenna 1 article 2 of peduncle with several plumose setae, article 2 slightly shorter than article 1, twice as long as article 3; flagellum 10 -articulate. Antenna 2 peduncle article 3 and 4 subequal in length, several plumose setae on third article; flagellum 11 -articulate. Mandible with incisor process well developed, lacinia mobilis denticulate, molar process conical; palp article 1 short, about one-third length of article 2; article 3 as long as article 2; articles 2 and 3 with long slender setae. Maxilla 1 inner plate bearing 1 subterminal seta; outer plate with 9 denticulate spines; article 2 of palp with several slender setae at tip. Maxilla 2 inner and outer plate subequal in length, margins bearing stout and slender setae, inner plate wider than outer plate, with 1 plumose seta. Maxilliped with several epibionts. Maxilliped outer plate 2.5 times as long as inner plate, reaching half of article 2 of maxillipedal palp; inner margins of palp, outer plate and terminal end of inner plate setose. Labrum entire, smooth and broadly rounded. Hypopharynx setose, outer lobes separated by broad gap. Gnathopod 1 coxa 1 produced, reaching beyong the head; coxa 2 rounded; coxa 3 and 4 subquadrate. Gnathopods similar in shape, subchelate. Gnathopod 1 slighly smaller than gnathopod 2, basis bearing several small spines at anterior side; merus with long setae at posteroventral corner; carpus lobe extending width of propodus, spines at terminal end of lobe; propodus widened, oval; dactylus slender, not reaching end of palm. Pereopods 3 and 4 articles long and narrow, all articles except dactylus bearing slender setae. Gill at pereopod 4 nearly as long as basis, fully-developed oostegite extending length of basis. Pereopod 5 basis small, slightly pointed midventral margin; merus and carpus equal in length, bearing short setae; prododus longer than carpus, short seta. Pereopod 6 basis larger than that of pereopod 5, small notch midventrally; gill slightly longer than basis; proportion of articles as in pereopod 5. Pereopod 7 basis widened, posterior margin serrate; merus posteroventral angle produced; propodus longer than carpus. Pleopod 1 (right side) rami with 17 and 21 articles, respectively; rami more than twice as long as peduncle. Uropod 1 outer rami slightly shorter than inner rami; rami about as long as peduncle. Uropod 2 peducle shorter than rami; outer rami shorter than inner rami. Uropod 3 rami lanceolote, longer than peduncle, subequal in length; peduncle produced at inner margin. Telson entire, more than three times as long as wide. Remarks. Rhachotropis chathamensis sp. nov. from New Zealand differs from all other 55 Rhachotropis species by the combination of following characters: a long rostrum, eyes are absent, coxa 1 is anteroventrally produced, urosomite 1 has a pointed middorsal process, the telson is entire. Only five of the 55 known Rhachotropis species have an uncleft telson. Rhachotropis caeca Ledoyer, 1977; R. integricauda Carausu, 1948 and R. flamina Bellan-Santini 2006 from the Atlantic, R. northriana d’Ukem, Vader & Legezinska, 2007 from the North Sea and R. glorisae Ledoyer, 1982 from the Indian Ocean, Glorious Islands North of Madagascar. Therefore Rhachotropis chathamensis sp. nov. is the first Rhachotropis species reported from the Pacific bearing an entire telson, and the sixth species worldwide. Of the Rhachotropis species having an entire telson, only R. gloriosae bears a long rostrum and no eyes. Rhachotropis chathamensis sp. nov. differs from R. gloriosae amongst several less obvious differences in: bearing dorsal lateral spines (next to the middorsal process) on pereonites 1 and 2; coxa 1 is pointed anteroventrally; the basis of pereopod 7 is widened; urosomite 1 has a longer dorsal process and at the posterior end, whilst R. gloriosae bears a small middorsal process on urosomite 1. The holotype has an empty “sack” attached to the inside of the basis of the right pereopod 7. The author does not know the origin or function of this unit. This structure was not found on any of the paratypes. It might be an artefact, but mentioned here in case it has a functional unit related to the epibionts (it is not a rhizocephalan structure). Epibionts. The holotype and some paratypes had epibionts on their maxillipeds. One female paratype had a total of 43 epibionts on the maxilliped, distributed as: 9 on the left palp, 5 on the left outer lobe, 1 on the left inner lobe, 18 on the right palp, 8 on the outer lobe, 3 on the inner lobe. Molecular data. COI sequences were obtained from three paratypes of R. chathamensis sp. nov. (BOLD Accession nos: AMPNZ 09809, AMPNZ 10009, AMPNZ 10109). Morphological variation. Males of Rhachotropis chathamensis sp. nov. have a slight length increase of the first flagellum of antenna 1. No other morphological variation was observed amongst the 43 paratypes of Rhachotropis chathamensis sp. nov., except that the “sack” on P 7 was only present on the holotype, and only few specimens had the epibionts on their maxilliped. Distribution. New Zealand, Chatham Rise, 420 m.Published as part of Lörz, Anne-Nina, 2010, Deep-sea Rhachotropis (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Eusiridae) from New Zealand and the Ross Sea with key to the Pacific, Indian Ocean and Antarctic species, pp. 22-48 in Zootaxa 2482 on pages 28-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19545
Constructing Spiritual Landscapes: Aspects of Centrality and Peripherality in Anglo- Saxon England and Early Medieval Ireland
No full textAnglo-Saxon ecclesiastical identity is firmly rooted in the isolation of Britain from the Continent, but especially from Rome. In order to demonstrate this, many Anglo-Saxon texts will be examined, among these are Bede's writings, Stephen of Ripon's Life of Wilfrid, and several others. This perception was founded both in the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons and factors directly stemming from the conversion. Because of the nature of the conversion, that is, a direct mission from Gregory the Great, the Anglo-Saxons naturally felt a connection to Rome, while at the same time they felt isolated and peripheral because the reason that they were being converted was that they were a peripheral people. The factors originating in the conversion include the importation of Latin as both the language of learning and as the language of culture among the learned. Having brought home Classical and Patristic texts from the Continent, especially histories, Anglo-Saxon authors became aware of the Mediterranean perspective of Britain. That is, the belief that Britain was a cold, frozen island in the far northwestern corner of the world. The Anglo-Saxons internalized this connection and isolation and it is demonstrable both through their writings and through their actions. For example, pilgrimage to Rome appears to have been an important aspect of Anglo-Saxon religious life for secular people, as well as those in the ecclesiastic world. One might consider that all peoples living on islands in the ocean would react to their conversion in this fashion, however, as will be demonstrated, the Irish provide a counter example to the Anglo-Saxons.
The Irish conception of their ecclesiastic identity was founded on Ireland itself. Rather than acknowledge isolation and peripherality as the Anglo-Saxons did, the Irish constructed their homeland to be holy and central in much the same way that the early Christians constructed the holiness of Jerusalem and its environs. That is, they created a landscape full of holy places and holy people. The method that these Irish authors used to create this landscape was to denote the specific location where each particular miracle was performed. This had several effects beyond the overall creation of Ireland as a holy and central place. One of these was that it connected the reader, who most likely would have been local to the miracle being described, more closely to these holy figures, as well as to the physical and spiritual landscape that they lived in. A second function, which was perhaps an unintended consequence, was to force those wishing to live the ascetic life into peregrinatio, that is, lifelong wandering outside of Ireland. Because Ireland itself had become holy in the minds of the early Irish monks, they were unable to effectively be ascetic in the same model as early Christian ascetics, that is, there was no spiritual desert in Ireland for them to retreat into. Thus, they had to leave and go to the Continent or go in search of a 'desert in the ocean'. In addition, an examination of the sources demonstrates that Irish authors used similar language when describing Jerusalem as they did Ireland, which, implies that they regarded the two as significant in holiness. Having constructed Ireland and Jerusalem in these terms, early medieval Irish authors made a strong statement of imagined centrality
