350 research outputs found
Profit as Social Rent: Embeddedness and Stratification in Markets
No full textThis article shows how research on the social structure of markets may contribute to the analysis the growing income inequality in contemporary capitalist economies. The author proposes a theoretical link between embeddedness and social stratification by discussing the role of institutions and networks in markets for the distribution of economic profits between firms. The author claims that we must understand profit and free competition as opposites, as economic theory does. In the main part of the article the author illustrates six typical mechanisms of rent extraction from networks or formal and symbolic rules that embed markets. They emerge from material as well as symbolical access to and influence on the orientation of other market actors. Social structures in markets lead to unequal chances for rent extraction, even if actors produce them for coordination rather than for accumulation purposes. This is how market sociology and theory of capitalism can be linked more closely
Hybrid threats, cyber warfare and NATO's comprehensive approach for countering 21st century threats - mapping the new frontier of global risk and security management
No full textThe author examines NATO's comprehensive conceptual framework (the Capstone Concept) for identifying and discussing emerging threats to international peace and security including cyber war and possible multi-stakeholder responses. Article by Sascha-Dominik bachmann, Senior Lectuer in Law, School of Law, University of Portsmouth
Hybrid threats, cyber warfare and NATO's comprehensive approach for countering 21st century threats - mapping the new frontier of global risk and security management
No full textThe author examines NATO's comprehensive conceptual framework (the Capstone Concept) for identifying and discussing emerging threats to international peace and security including cyber war and possible multi-stakeholder responses. Article by Sascha-Dominik bachmann, Senior Lectuer in Law, School of Law, University of Portsmouth
Identification of regulators and effectors of single-cell C4 morphology by comparative transcriptomics of dark-grown cotyledons of the single-cell C4 plant Bienertia sinuspersici and the related C3 plant Suaeda heterophylla
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Regulation of phosphate and sugar transporters during the mycorrhizal symbiosis in response to phosphate availability and accessibility
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Regulation of plant carbon transport mechanisms during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis
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The epigenetic regulation of C4-photosynthesis genes from Zea mays heterologously expressed in Oryza sativa indica in response to different stimuli
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Emissions trading systems with cap adjustments
No full textAbstractEmissions Trading Systems (ETSs) with fixed caps lack provisions to address systematic imbalances in the supply and demand of permits due to changes in the state of the regulated economy. We propose a mechanism which adjusts the allocation of permits based on the current bank of permits. The mechanism spans the spectrum between a pure quantity instrument and a pure price instrument. We solve the firms׳ emissions control problem and obtain an explicit dependency between the key policy stringency parameter—the adjustment rate—and the firms׳ abatement and trading strategies. We present an analytical tool for selecting the optimal adjustment rate under both risk-neutrality and risk-aversion, which provides an analytical basis for the regulator׳s choice of a responsive ETS policy
Analysis of subcellular protein targeting mechanisms in the single-cell C4 species Bienertia sinuspersici
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A xanthine monophosphate-specific phosphatase is involved in ureide biosynthesis in nodules of tropical legumes and initiates purine nucleotide catabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana in dark-induced carbon starvation and in plant defense
No full textPurine metabolism is a fundamental pathway of plant primary metabolism and is also known to be used in tropical legumes like soybean and common bean to produce ureides for long-distance nitrogen transport. Some enzymes and transporters involved in ureide biosynthesis are yet unknown. This work describes the identification of a novel xanthosine monophosphate-specific phosphatase, XMPP. By LC-MS-based metabolite analysis of XMPP-deficient nodules generated using CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis, it was demonstrated that this phosphatase is involved in ureide biosynthesis. XMPP is conserved in vascular plants so that another aim of this thesis was its characterization in Arabidopsis thaliana. Metabolite analysis of XMPP mutants in context of other mutants of the purine catabolism showed that XMP dephosphorylation represents an entry point into purine catabolism and that it is operative in seeds, seedlings, vegetative and reproductive rosettes and that it is of special importance in extended darkness and likely also under biotic stress. It was found that the expression of XMPP protein is under tight control and that it is strongly induced in the extended night and under plant defense-related conditions like methyl jasmonate treatment and infiltration with Pseudomonas syringae. In the context of the extended night a new model is proposed which suggests that nucleotides, in particular adenylates, may serve as transient alternative energy source at the beginning of the extended night when the starch reservoir is depleted and amino acids are not yet available as alternative respiratory substrates. In the context of plant defense, it is suggested that XMPP and purine catabolism could be part of the innate immune response to contain oxidative bursts to the infection sites and thereby protect the surrounding plant tissue
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