1,721,010 research outputs found
Data and Codes for Exploring Directional and Fluctuating Asymmetry in the human palate during growth
No full textThe present digital archive is the outcome of the paper: Oxilia, G., Menghi Sartorio JC., Bortolini, E. et al. Exploring Directional and Fluctuating Asymmetry in the human palate during growth. The american Journal of Physical Anthropology. The dataset included in this repository provides a collection of palatal arches of 183 individuals from two Italian identified human skeletal collections (Bologna and Florence) aged from 1 to 72 years. The individuals from the Bologna collection (n=87), housed at the Museum of Anthropology of the University of Bologna, are from the Certosa cemetery (Bologna). The collection includes a total of 425 individuals of known sex, name and age at death (range 0-91 years), most of whom belonged to the less-advantaged urban classes of late 19th and early 20th Century (Belcastro et al. 2017). The sample from the Florence collection (n=96), hosted in the Natural History Museum (Anthropology and Ethnology section), University of Florence, belongs to unclaimed indigents from the Florence hospital and comprises lower-class citizens of known sex, name and age at death (range 1-57 years), who lived in the town of Florence in the 19th century (industrialized only after 1890). Paleopathological information of the Bologna individuals was sourced from archival data, which indicated that most of the individuals died following infections diseases (Belcastro et al. 2017) while the Florence individuals health profiles indicated a tendency to breastfeed children until 12-18 months of age and an unbalanced dietary intake induced by poor living conditions (Moggi-Cecchi et al., 1994). Both these findings were consistent with pre- and post-unification Italy in Bologna and pre-industrialised Florence. For the study, male and female individuals from Bologna and Florence were separated into six groups (Table 1) based on direct observation of skeletal remains. Age groups were subdivided considering mixed dentition until permanent dentition based on the time of eruption/occlusion of the molars. The groups have been divided based on eruption of the dm2 (Group I; 1, 3-1.7 years old – yo), permanent first molar (Group II; 2-6 yo), permanent second molar (Group III; 7-12 yo) and third molar (Groups IV; 13-18 y.o) in occlusion (Groups V; 19-35 y.o) and showing worn crown (Group VI; 36-72 yo). Individuals with damaged maxillae or presenting pathological conditions such as abscesses and extended alveolar bone absorption were excluded to avoid any spurious measurement of asymmetry
Direct evidence that late Neanderthal occupation precedes a technological shift in southwestern Italy (data templates and R script)
No full textDuring the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition (50,000 and 40,000 years ago), interaction between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens varied across Europe. In southern Italy, the association between Homo sapiens fossils and non-Mousterian material culture, as well as the mode and tempo of Neanderthal demise, are still vividly debated. This work presents two lower deciduous molars uncovered at Roccia San Sebastiano (Mondragone-Caserta, Italy), stratigraphically associated with Mousterian (RSS1) and Uluzzian (RSS2) artefacts. Using virtual morphometric methods and supervised learning algorithms we show that RSS1, whose Mousterian context appears more recent than 44,800-44,230 cal BP, can be attributed to a Neanderthal, while RSS2, found in an Uluzzian context that we dated to 42,640-42,380 cal BP, is attributed to Homo sapiens. This site therefore yields the most recent direct evidence for a Neanderthal presence in southern Italy and confirms a later shift to Early Upper Palaeolithic technology in southwestern Italy compared to the earliest Uluzzian evidence at Grotta del Cavallo (Puglia, Italy)
Diet of Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens from macrowear analysis of mandibular molars
Full text linkNeanderthal diet has been on the spotlight of paleoanthropological research for many years. The majority of
studies that tried to reconstruct the diet of Neanderthals were based on the analysis of zooarchaeological remains,
stable isotopes, dental calculus and dental microwear patterns. In the past few years, there have been a
few studies that linked dental macrowear patterns of Neanderthals and modern humans to diet and cultural
habits. However, they mostly focused on maxillary molars. Although mandibular molars have been widely used
in microwear dietary research, little is known about their usage at the macroscopic scale to detect information
about human subsistence strategies. In this study, we compare the macrowear patterns of Neanderthal (NEA),
fossil Homo sapiens (FHS), modern hunter-gatherers (MHG), pastoralists, early farmers and Australian Aborigines
from Yuendumu mandibular molars in order to assess their utility in collecting any possible information about
dietary and cultural habits among diverse human groups. We use the occlusal fingerprint analysis method, a
quantitative digital approach that has been successfully employed to reconstruct the diet of living non-human
primates and past human populations. Our results show macrowear pattern differences between meat-eater
MHG and EF groups. Moreover, while we did not find eco-geographical differences in the macrowear patterns
of the fossil sample, we found statistically significant differences between NEA and FHS inhabiting steppe/
coniferous forest. This latter result could be associated with the use of distinct technological complexes in these
two species, which ultimately could have allowed modern humans to exploit natural resources in a different way
compared to NEA
Virtual Analysis of a Concretioned Skullcap From S'Omu e S'Orku, an Early Holocene Mesolithic Site of Sardinia
No full textFunctional relationship between dental macrowear and diet in Late Pleistocene and recent modern human populations
Full text linkMany aspects of diet and behaviour can be gleaned from dental wear, including environmental conditions, food-fracture properties, food processing techniques, and cultural habits. Specifically, the angulation (flat vs. steep) of molar wear has been used as an indicator of food toughness and has also been implicated in the use of grinding stones and pottery in food processing. In this work, we focus on the sequential phases of the power stroke of mastication in a functional way, measuring the inclination of molar wear facets through the occlusal fingerprint analysis method. Specifically, we have calculated the angulation of wear facets in upper and lower molars of Palaeolithic humans, extant hunter-gatherers, and proto-farmers to discern differences between groups with different diets. Contrary to previous analyses, our study shows that the molars of Late Pleistocene specimens are characterized by significantly steeper angles than those of modern hunter-gatherers. The flat molar wear found in the latter group could be related to the excessive mixture of exogenous materials accidentally introduced into their foods, as indicated by ethnographic evidence. On the contrary, the steep wear angles characterizing the Palaeolithic group are probably associated with the consumption of a less abrasive diet, which could be ultimately due to food preparation techniques that incorporated less dust and grit into their diets
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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