1,720,965 research outputs found
Contribution of a Novel Obligatory Heterofermentative Nonstarter Lactobacillus Species to Late Gassy Defect in Cheddar Cheese
Get PDFCheddar cheese is usually aged for 3 to 24 months at temperatures ranging from 5 to 13°C. Ripening at elevated temperatures hastens the process, reducing manufacturing costs and enabling manufacturers to bring the product to market more quickly. However, cheeses ripened at elevated temperatures sometimes exhibit late gassy defect that may cause a textural defect, commonly referred to as slit defect. This results in crumbling andlosses during cutting of as much as 50%, making slit defect a major economic issue in the cheese industry. Moreover, loose or blown cheese packages are unsuitable for sale in the supermarkets due to the consumer rejection.
Recently, a previously unnamed lactic acid bacterium was isolated from an aged blown USU Cheddar cheese. The bacterium is named Lactobacillus wasatchii sp. nov., after the Wasatch mountain range in Northern Utah. The current research demonstrates that Lb. wasatchii, whose presence was unsuspected before, is a likely cause of late gassy defect in Cheddar cheese. Three experiments were conducted to explore this problem.
The first experiment showed that Lb. wasatchii grows well on sugars available in cheese (ribose, galactose) under conditions that mimic cheese ripening, namely a high salt and low pH environment. It also survives high temperature short time pasteurization (72°C for 15 sec), which further implicates it in the late gassy defect in cheese.
A second experiment was conducted in which Cheddar cheese was manufactured with or without added Lb. wasatchii to cheese milk. Cheeses with added Lb. wasatchii had significantly higher gas formation compared to control cheeses, and the defect was greater at the elevated ripening temperature.
Finally, since cheesemakers often use a blend of starter cultures containing Streptococcus thermophilus to shorten the time required to make cheese, a third experiment was conducted to show that a gas-forming bacterium such as Lb. wasatchii can also produce gas in cheese made using St. thermophilus by utilizing accumulated galactose. Compared to control Cheddar cheese (no added Lb. wasatchii), cheese containing added Lb. wasatchii ripened at 12°C exhibited major textural defects and produced prodigious amounts of gas when St. thermophilus was included in the starter culture.
This research advances our understanding of late gassy defect in Cheddar cheese, implicating Lb. wasatchii as a likely contributor to late gas formation. Cheese manufacturers now must consider slow-growing, obligatory heterofermentative nonstarter lactic acid bacteria as a potential source of late gassy defect in Cheddar cheese
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Comparative Genome Analysis of Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum
No full textLactiplantibacillus paraplantarum is a lactic acid bacteria species that is associated with food microbiomes and has been found to be either detrimental or beneficial to specific food processes. In this study, an in-silico genomic approach was applied using JGI’s IMG/MER and PATRIC to compare the genomes of the L. paraplantarum DSM10667, L-ZS9, and AS-7 strains to uncover metabolic differences and lifestyle adaptations between these isolates, and better utilizing these species in food bioprocesses. Bacteriocin and prophage screenings were performed using Bagel4 and PHASTER software, respectively. BRIG was used to identify alignments of strains with each other for visual inspection of each genome. KEGG was used to predict putative carbohydrate, pyruvate, and aminoacid metabolisms. Genome sizes of DSM10667, L-ZS9, and AS-7 were 3.36, 3.14, and 3.01 Mbp, respectively. Unique genes were found to predict the evolutionary adaptation of strains against their corresponding microniche. For example, the gene encoding arginase was only found in sausage isolate L-ZS9, while the dextran-sucrase- encoding gene was unique to beer contaminant DSM10667. Three strains were pre- dicted to carry the plnAEFJ operon for plantaricin biosynthesis, and the AS-7 genome contains leucocin K. Although DSM 10667 harbors four intact prophages, both L-ZS9 and AS-7 carried one prophage region, still showing the plasticity of the genome. Genome analysis predicted that isolation sources might potentially affect the metabolic capabilities of strains as part of the adaptation of the strains to their habitats
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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