237 research outputs found
Quality Control of Mass Rearing of Egg Parasitoids of Yellow Rice Stem Borer Scirpophaga Incertulas Walker
No full textThe study was conducted to find out: suitability of eggs of Corcyra cephlalonica Stainton as a factitious host of S. incertulas egg parasitoids and techniques of parasitoid stock provision, serially conducted from February 2011 to December 2011. The researches were carried out in four laboratory experiments, consisting of the study of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on C. cephalonica eggs; suitability of C. cephlalonica eggs as a factitious host of Telenomus rowani Gahan, Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead and Tetrastichus schoenobii Ferriere; storage method of C. cephalonica eggs; and storage method of parasitoids. The research design was suited to the research needs. The results showed that; The C. cephalonica eggs irradiated by the minimum of 28.48 minute 15 watt ultraviolet (UV) at a distance +15 cm between the lamp and the eggs could suppress the hatching eggs to zero (no emerged larvae). Among the three species of egg parasitoids of S. incertulas found in Jambi Province, only T. japonicum could be rearing on C. cephalonica eggs. The relationship between storage duration of C. cephalonica eggs irradiated by the 30 minutes 15 watts UV at 5oC and the emerged T. japonicum wasps was expressed by the equation of y = 31.04-1.151x, R²=0.865, P=0.000. The storage of T. japonicum pupae for six weeks at 5°C did not reduce the number of emerged T. japonicum wasps. The emerged wasps reduced significantly if the storage duration of T. japonicum pupae was increased to seven weeks or more
Biological control in Indonesian oil palm potentially enhanced by landscape context
No full textOil palm plantation expansion is occurring at a rapid pace. However, substantial yield losses from pest attacks are becoming major threats to the oil palm industry, while the potential role of conservation biological control, a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution for pest control, is still largely unknown. The type of vegetation surrounding oil palm plantations is likely to influence pest predation, and we tested this in Indonesia (Sumatra), the world's largest palm oil producer. We studied six different vegetation types adjacent to oil palm plantations: another oil palm plantation (control), weedy oil palm, weedy rubber, scrub, jungle rubber, and secondary forest. Each border type was replicated eight times. We quantified predation rates and predator occurrences using dummy caterpillars and mealworms 20 m inside of the adjacent vegetation (OUT 20) as well as 20 m (IN 20) and 50 (IN 50) m inside the oil palm plantation. Ants and bush crickets were the most prominent predators in the plantations, whereas birds, bats, monkeys, beetles, and molluscs played a minor role. Mean percentage of ant and cricket predation rate in control border OUT 20 were 16.39% and 7.16% respectively, IN 20 were 16.03% and 6.1%, and IN 50 were 14.47% and 7.48%, while for other borders other than control, mean percentages OUT 20 m were 28.90% and 12.26% respectively, IN 20 m were 26.61% and 12.40%, and IN 50 m were 22.93% and 10.58%. Predation rates were ∼70% higher in non-oil palm habitat, indicating the need for improved vegetation diversification inside plantations. Overall predation rates in oil palm decreased slightly but significantly with distance to the border. Our results suggest that maintaining non-oil palm vegetation in the areas adjacent to plantations and promoting weedy strips within the plantations are potentially effective management tools for conserving and developing biological control in oil palm in the future
Tree identity and canopy openness mediate oil palm biodiversity enrichment effects on insect herbivory and pollination
No full textAs the extent of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) cultivation has expanded at the expense of tropical rainforests, enriching conventional large-scale oil palm plantations with native trees has been proposed as a strategy for restoring biodiversity and ecosystem function. However, how tree enrichment affects insect-mediated ecosystem functions is unknown. We investigated impacts on insect herbivory and pollination in the fourth year of a plantation-scale, long-term oil palm biodiversity enrichment experiment in Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia. Within 48 plots systematically varying in size (25–1600 m2) and planted tree species richness (one to six species), we collected response data on vegetation structure, understory insect abundances, and pollinator and herbivore activity on chili plants (Capsicum annuum), which served as indicators of insect-mediated ecosystem functions. We examined the independent effects of plot size, tree species richness, and tree identity on these response variables, using the linear model for random partitions design. The experimental treatments were most associated with vegetation structure: tree identity mattered, as the species Peronema canescens strongly decreased (by approximately one standard deviation) both canopy openness and understory vegetation cover; whereas tree richness only decreased understory flower density. Further, the smallest plots had the lowest understory flower density and richness, presumably because of lower light availability and colonization rates, respectively. Enrichment influenced herbivorous insects and natural enemies in the understory to a lesser extent: both groups had higher abundances in plots with two enrichment species planted, possibly because higher associated tree mortality created more habitat, while herbivores decreased with increasing tree species richness, in line with the resource concentration hypothesis. Linking relationships in structural equation models showed that the negative association between P. canescens and understory vegetation cover was mediated through canopy openness. Likewise, canopy openness mediated increases in herbivore and pollinator insect abundances. Higher pollinator visitation increased phytometer yield, while impacts of insect herbivores on yield were not apparent. Our results demonstrate that even at an early stage, different levels of ecological restoration influence insect-mediated ecosystem functions, mainly through canopy openness. These findings suggest that maintaining some canopy gaps while enrichment plots develop may be beneficial for increasing habitat heterogeneity and insect-mediated ecosystem functions.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/50110000165
The role of ants, birds and bats for ecosystem functions and yield in oil palm plantations
No full textOne of the world's most important and rapidly expanding crops, oil palm, is associated with low levels of biodiversity. Changes in predator communities might alter ecosystem services and subsequently sustainable management but these links have received little attention to date. Here, for the first time, we manipulated ant and flying vertebrate (birds and bats) access to oil palms in six smallholder plantations in Sumatra (Indonesia) and measured effects on arthropod communities, related ecosystem functions (herbivory, predation, decomposition and pollination) and crop yield. Arthropod predators increased in response to reductions in ant and bird access, but the overall effect of experimental manipulations on ecosystem functions was minimal. Similarly, effects on yield were not significant. We conclude that ecosystem functions and productivity in oil palm are, under current levels of low pest pressure and large pollinator populations, robust to large reductions of major predators
Video Installation as a Language: an Interpretation of Mohd Fuad Arif’s Artworks
No full textThis paper is focused on the language and the music in Mohd Fuad Arif’s artworks especially in his installations. Language is a powerful tool that can be used as a source of inspiration for contemporary artists. For Malaysian conceptual artist Mohd Fuad Arif the Language plays a significant role in particular in his installations. Indeed for Mohd Fuad Arif the Language itself can be seen as artwork. Also, the specific question which investigated was the relationship between artist or artist intent, artwork, and spectator. The purpose of this paper was to provide a deeper insight into Mohd Fuad Arif’s artworks. This study attempted to decode some of his installations such as Pembukaan (The opening), Ya Allah Selamatkan Bumi Singapura (O Allah, Save Singapore). The different interpretations of the same subject are the main characteristic of the postmodern era. The author of this paper had his own interpretation of Mohd Fuad Arif’s installations.
Keywords: installation, Mohd Fuad Arif, language, postmodern era, conceptual ar
Local and Landscape Management of Biological Pest Control in Oil Palm Plantations
No full textOil palm is the highest yielding vegetable oil crop per unit area and plantations expand at a rapid pace. Large-scale expansion of oil palm plantations, transformed from natural habitat, results in huge biodiversity losses. Biodiversity loss affects ecosystem services such as pest control, pollination and soil processes. We present a review of the pests, diseases and biocontrol in oil palm plantations, the influence of management practices and recommendations for developing sustainable pest and disease management through conservation biological control. We systematically reviewed the literature using the ISI Web of Science, Ebscohost and Google Scholar. In addition, we investigated the effects of six types of boundaries of oil palm plantations (another oil palm plantation (control), weedy oil palm, weedy rubber, scrub, jungle rubber, and secondary forest) and the distance from the adjacent boundary vegetation on predation of oil palm caterpillar pests. Finally, by using agent-based models (NetLogo), we extend the previous study on the enhancement of predation by adjacent vegetation by simulating the role of border type, plantation size and plantation shape. In the review, whilst direct studies on the effects of the local and landscape managements on pests, diseases and biocontrol are missing, information from published studies can be used to estimate the relative important of management type. For instance, pesticide applications tend to produce problems such as damage on non-target organisms and pest resistance. Fertilizer application accompanied with burying oil-palm waste as compost around oil palms, and together with Trichoderma spp., appears to be the best method for promoting biocontrol of diseases. Studies on vegetation surrounding oil palm plantations focus on butterflies and wild pigs, whereas pest, disease, and biocontrol organisms have not been studied yet. Oil palm understory has a positive influence, but more likely if specific flowering plants. The field investigation revealed that ants and bush crickets were the most prominent predators of caterpillar pest in the plantations. Predation rates in oil palm decreased slightly but significantly with distance to the border, indicating the need for improved vegetation diversification inside plantations. Further tests with simulation models show that complex vegetation surrounding the plantation can enhance pest predation levels, even doubling predation rates inside the plantation. Increasing plantation size led to considerable decrease in pest predation, while changing the plantation geometry in a way that perimeter-area ratios increase can compensate the loss of predation. In conclusion, there is a lack of research how pests, diseases and biocontrol are determined by local management. Further, we recommend a broader perspective, considering also landscape management and its potential for biocontrol conservation in future studies
Nef‘î’yi Tanzîren Keçecizâde Fuad Paşa’ya Yazılmış Manzum Mektup Örneği
No full textMakalemizin konusu “Hâdî” mahlaslı bir şair tarafından yazılmış “Manzum Mektup” örneğidir. Eser müellif hattı olup tek nüsha halindedir. Hâdî, eserin başlangıcında “Fuâd Paşa” ya sunulan bir mektup ve aynı zamanda “Nef’î” merhuma nazîre olduğunu ifade eden mensur bir giriş yapmıştır. Fuâd Paşa’nın hayatı hakkındaki tarihsel bilgilerden hareketle eserin şairinin kimliği ve yazılış tarihi saptanmaya çalışılmıştır. Metin incelemesinden hareketle, eserin Türk Edebiyatı’ndaki yeri, şekil ve tür, dil, ifade ve üslûp özellikleri hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Zemin şiir olan Nef’î’ye ait Genç Osman Kasîdesi’nin de tamamı nakledilmiştir. Ayrıca orijinal metnin transkripsiyon yöntemi ile metin neşri yapılmıştır. Çalışmamızın konusu olan Nef’î’nin Genç Osman Kasîdesi’ne nazîre olan Hâdî’nin manzum mektup örneği, Fuâd Paşa'ya hitaben yazılmıştır. Araştırmalarımız neticesinde manzum mektup örneğinin Hâdî mahlaslı şairin Tanzîmat döneminde yaşamış “Ali Hâdî” isimli bir şair ve müellif olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Manzum mektup türüne de örnek teşkil eden Hâdî’nin eseri, klasik kasîde tertibinde kaleme alınmış bir nazîredir. Eserin Dîvân Edebiyatı’nın kullandığı şekil ve tür özelliklerinin yanı sıra mazmunlar, edebî sanatlar gibi dil, ifade ve üslûp bakımından Klasik dönemin ve Nef’î’nin şiirine yaklaştığını söylemek mümkündür.The aim of this study is to present the manuscript "Manzum Mektup" written by a poet with the pseudonym "Hâdî”. The manuscript, which is a single copy and author's own handwriting, consists of a prose introduction and a poem written in kasîde verse style. In the introduction, it is mentioned that this letter was presented to "Fuad Pasha" and was written as a nazîre to the poet "Nef'î", who had passed away before. There is no information about this work and its poet, other than the ones given above. Another purpose of this article is to determine the real name of the poet with the pseudonym Hâdî, who is the author of the manuscript, and to answer the question of who Fuad Pasha is, to whom the work is presented. As a result, based on some clues given in the letter about Fuad Pasha's life, it has been determined that the work was written for Keçecizâde Fuad Pasha, one of the great statesmen of the Tanzîmat period, and that Hâdî was a poet named Ali Hâdî, who lived in the same period. In addition, in our study, we focused on manzum mektup in Turkish literature and gave some information about its style, genre, language, expression and style. We also quoted the entire Young Osman Kasîda by Nef'î, which we determined to be the ground poem for the manzum mektup, and we wrote the original text of the letter with the transcription method.</div
Predation Rates (Dummy Caterpillar)
No full textpredation rate value (%) quantified from dummy caterpillar (NA=not available
Predation Rates on Dummy Caterpillars
No full textthe predation rate value which were quatified from dummy caterpilla
Predation Rates on Dummy Caterpillar
No full textthe predation rate value which were quatified from dummy caterpilla
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