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KONTRIBUSI ILMUAN MUSLIM TERHADAP KEMAJUAN SAINS DI BARAT
Full text linkAbstrak
Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan sains tidak terlepas dari pengaruh ilmuan muslim atas sumbangsih pemikiran yang sangata mendalam. Masa kegelapan di barat yang di barengi dengan masa keemasan di timur menjadi sebuah catatan sejarah fenomenal akan sumbangsih pemikiran islam terhadap dunia barat. Masa keemasan timur yang identik dengan kejayaan islam dengan lahirkan penemuan-penemuan di berbagai bidang. Karya-karya sastra yang menjadi rujukan para pelajar barat dan filsafat ilmu menjadi alasan utama tingginya peradaban timur pada saat itu. Pada penelitian ini penulis akan mencoba mengkaji lebih dalam tentang sumbangsih pemikir atau ilmuan muslim terhadap kemajuan Ilmu Pengatahuan dan Sains di Barat dengan menggunakan pendekatan studi literature dan library research serta upaya penggabungan beberapa pandangan yang kaitannya dengan kemajuan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Sains di Barat.
Kata Kunci : Ilmuan Muslim, Ilmu Pengatahuan dan Sains, Barat
Abstract
The development of science and science cannot be separated from the influence of Muslim scientists for the contribution of very deep thoughts. The dark ages in the west which were accompanied by the golden ages in the east became a phenomenal historical record for the contribution of Islamic thought to the western world. The golden age of the east which was synonymous with the glory of Islam by giving birth to discoveries in various fields. Literary works that became a reference for western students and philosophy of science were the main reasons for the high civilization of the East at that time. In this study the author will try to examine more deeply the contribution of Muslim thinkers or scientists to the advancement of knowledge and science in the West by using a literature study and library research approach as well as efforts to combine several views related to the progress of science and science in the West.
Keywords: Muslim Scientists, Knowledge and Science, Wes
Keefektifan Limbah Tanaman Brassicaceae Sebagai Pengendali Nematoda Puru Akar (Meloidogyne Spp.)
No full textMeloidogyne spp. merupakan salah satu patogen tular tanah yang menyerang bagian akar tanaman dengan menimbulkan gejala puru. Tanaman yang terinfeksi berat oleh nematoda puru akar (NPA) dapat menyebabkan sistem perakaran mengalami disfungsi secara total. Apabila tanaman terinfeksi berat oleh nematoda, sistem perakaran dalam menyerap unsur hara akan berkurang dan menyebabkan jaringan pengangkut mengalami gangguan, sehingga tanaman mudah layu dalam keadaan kering, tanaman menjadi kerdil, pertumbuhan terhambat dan mengalami klorosis. Nematoda puru akar dapat menurunkan produksi 15 % sampai 95 % sehingga diperlukan upaya pengendalian. Tanaman dari famili Brassicaceae dilaporkan dapat digunakan sebagai biofumigan karena mengandung glukosinolat (GSL). GSL mengandung senyawa nitrogen (N) dan belerang (S) dari hasil metabolit sekunder pada tanaman. Proses hidrolisis GSL terjadi jika senyawa ini kontak dengan enzim mirosinase. Kontak antara GSL dan enzim mirosinase terjadi ketika jaringan tanaman robek dan tersedianya air. Hidrolisis glukosinolat menghasilkan senyawa isothiosianat (ITS) yang sangat toksik terhadap organisme tanah termasuk nematoda.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keefektifan limbah Brassicaceae sebagai biofumigasi untuk mengendalikan Meloidogyne spp. pada tanaman tomat pada skala mikroplot di lapangan. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Nematologi Tumbuhan dan Kebun Percobaan IPB Pasir Sarongge, Desa Ciputri, Kecamatan Pacet, Kebupaten Cianjur. Mikroplot disiapkan dengan ukuran satu meter persegi dengan tinggi mikroplot 18-20 cm dan jarak antar setiap mikroplot 50 cm. Limbah kubis, lobak, brokoli, sawi putih, dan pakcoy dikumpulkan dari tempat pengemasan sayur di sekitar tempat penelitian. Limbah Brassicaceae yang telah dikumpulkan dicacah dengan menggunakan peralatan tradisional kurang lebih 1 cm, kemudian dicampur dengan tanah mikroplot yang telah dibuat. Tanah yang telah dicampur dengan lima jenis limbah Brassicaceae ditutup dengan menggunakan mulsa plastik yang telah disiapkan. Sebelum pemberian limbah Brassicaceae diambil tanah sebanyak 400 ml pada 25 titik setiap mikroplot untuk mengukur efek perlakuan limbah Brassicaceae terhadap nematoda. Pengambilan sampel kedua 10 hari setelah pemberian limbah Brassicaceae. Sebelum pembukaan mulsa plastik dilakukan pengukuran suhu tanah dengan menggunakan termometer batang yang ditancapkan kedalam tanah 15-20 cm selama 5 menit. Setelah pemberian limbah Brassicaceae, mikroplot dibiarkan terbuka dan ditanami bibit tomat berumur 4 minggu. Percobaan disusun menggunakan rancangan dua faktorial dalam rancangan acak lengkap. Faktor pertama adalah jenis limbah Brassicaceae dan factor kedua adalah dosis limbah / mikroplot. Percobaan disusun terdiri dari 6 ulangan.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi limbah Brassicaceae efektif dalam menurunkan populasi NPA dan nematoda parasit tumbuhan (NPT) lain pada tanah. Keefektifan lima jenis limbah Brassicaceae dalam menurunkan NPA pada kubis 41.68 %, sawi putih 47.63 %, pakcoy 52.95 %, brokoli 53.98 % dan lobak 58.30% sedangkan pada NPT kubis 52.53 %, sawi putih 55.91 %, pakcoy 50.54 %, brokoli 56.38 % dan lobak 55.21%. Dosis limbah Brassicaceae menurunkan populasi NPA pada kontrol 20.70 %, 0+mp 38.50 %, 10%+mp 69.96 %, dan 20%+mp 74.92% sedangkan untuk NPT pada kontrol 42.78 %, 0+mp 45.62 %, 10%+mp 64.71 % dan 20%+mp 63.32%. Limbah Brassicaceae meningkatkan suhu tanah sebesar 2 hingga 4 oC. Limbah Brassicaceae meningkatkan bobot kering tajuk dan akar pada dosis 10%+mp dan 20%+mp. Limbah lobak dengan dosis 10%+mp dan 20%+mp meningkatkan bobot akar dan tajuk yang lebih baik pada tanaman tomat. Limbah Brassicaceae dengan dosis 10%+mp dan 20%+mp meningkatkan jumlah buah tanaman tomat pada sebesar 53-64 buah. Perlakuan lima jenis limbah Brassicaceae dengan dosis 10%+mp dan 20%+mp memberikan pengaruh terhadap bobot buah tanaman tomat sebesar 5.51 hingga 5.04 kg. Aplikasi limbah Brassicaceae efektif menurunkan populasi NPA, NPT dan meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman tomat pada mikroplot di lapangan
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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