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Behaviours related to milk intake in dairy calves
Get PDFDairy calves are usually raised by artificial milk feeding systems where their need to perform sucking is not fulfilled. This thesis investigated the effects of various milk feeding and weaning methods on the calves’ behaviour, intake and weight gain. In paper I calves were fed from an automatic milk feeder. It was found that gradual weaning over 14 days reduced the occurrence of cross-sucking immediately after weaning and it stimulated the calves to eat more concentrate during weaning compared to abrupt weaning. A high milk allowance (9.2 vs. 4.8 litres) reduced the number and duration of unrewarded visits and thus reduced individual calves’ occupancy of the feeder. In paper II calves were fed milk from teat-bars with either a common milk compartment for all teats or a separate milk compartments for every teat. The teat-bar design did not affect the variation in milk intake within the groups, but a teat-bar with separate compartments increased the teat switching while there was still milk left in one or more of the compartments. Gradual weaning over 10 days stimulated the calves to eat more concentrate during weaning as compared to weaning by diluting the milk. The occurrence of cross-sucking was low with this milk feeding system. In paper III calves were fed from automatic milk feeders and it was found that a large portion size (2.0 vs. 1.0 litres) increased the mean duration of rewarded visits. In combination with a slow flow (300 vs. 600 ml/min) it increased the number and daily duration of visits where the calves did not drink milk even though they could. The treatments did not influence the percentage of calves performing cross-sucking, but a large portion size or a slow milk flow reduced the percentage of calves performing cross-sucking 60 min or more after a visit. In paper IV calves were fed milk ad libitum from either one teat or five teats per group. Five teats per group increased the time manipulating the teats but lowered the time waiting for access to a teat, access to concentrate and the time eating concentrate. Five teats per group also increased the occurrence of cross-sucking directed towards the head of another calf. The conclusion of this thesis is that calves should be fed milk in large portions to provide an out-let for their sucking motivation and they should be weaned gradually over 10-14 days to stimulate the concentrate intake and reduce cross-sucking after weaning
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Automatic registration of grazing behaviour in dairy cows using 3D activity loggers
No full textAutomated systems for monitoring behaviour of cows within dairy production are increasing and developments in technology provide new opportunities in this area. This study aimed to validate the use of a 3D activity logger (HOBO® Pendant G Data Logger), that registers the cow's head positions during grazing, to distinguish grazing behaviour from non-grazing behaviour. 20 lactating dairy cows of the breed Swedish Red were included in the trial. All cows were observed for 30 min each day either in the morning or afternoon. The behavioural observations were conducted by two trained observers during 5 h a day for ten days, 2.5 h in the morning (9:30-12:00 am) and 2.5 h in the evening (06:00-08:30 pm). Each cow had a logger attached to the right bottom side of the halter and the logging interval was set to 5 s, which means that the head inclination was measured every fifth second. Furthermore an IceTag3DTM logger was attached to the right hind leg of each cow in order to evaluate if this information together with the information from the 3D activity sensor could increase the precision of the prediction. The DISCRIM procedure in SAS 9.12 was used to find the optimal value of a linear discrimination between grazing and non-grazing registrations and the 3D activity sensor was validated with 5 s, 5 min and 10 min logging intervals between observations points against the visual observation of grazing behaviour. The 5 and 10 min logging point was taken from the 5 s logging point occurring with 5 and 10 min interval. The sensitivity (recognizing grazing behaviour as grazing) of the 3D activity sensor without or with the information from the IceTag logger with 10 min interval was below 60% and thus not useful in determining grazing behaviour. However, the sensitivity of the 3D activity sensor alone was 83.6 and 85.5% for 5 s and 5 min respectively. The specificity (recognizing non-grazing behaviour as non-grazing) of the 3D activity sensor was 79.9 and 82.1% and the precision (proportion of calculated gracing behaviour that is real grazing behaviour) was 74.6 and 77.6% for 5 s and 5 min respectively. When the information from the IceTag3DTM was added to the data the sensitivity remained the same while the specificity increased to 90.2 and 90.5% and the precision was 85.8 and 86.8% for 5 s and 5 min respectively. It is concluded that a 3D activity logger is a useful tool for a continuous automatic registration of grazing behaviour in dairy cows.</p
Automatic registration of grazing behaviour in dairy cows using 3D activity loggers (vol 148, pg 179, 2013)
No full textVariations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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