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Gemination Processes: Motivation, Form and Constraints
No full textGemination in Pulaar, a dialect of Fula, does not always follow typically known gemination processes, and previous attempts to analyze Pulaar gemination processes (McIntosh 1985, Paradis 1992, Bakovic 1995) were unsatisfactory. The proposed analyses fail to account for numerous exceptions and do not provide a comprehensive analysis of all gemination processes in Pulaar. In this paper I show the shortcomings of previous analyses and provide a satisfactory and comprehensive account of gemination processes in Pulaar
Syllable "Sonority" Hierarchy and Pulaar Stress: A Metrical Approach
No full text"Syllable weight is usually viewed as a binary opposition…' (Hayes 1989) . That is, syllable weight distinctions are claimed to be at most binary: heavy vs light; bimoraic vs monomoraic. This paper argues that further distinctions of syllable weight are necessary to account for certain phonological processes. I argue and show that Pulaar (a dialect of Fula), makes a four way weight distinction. In addition, the analysis adopted in this paper shows that previous analyses of Pulaar metrical structure are inadequate
Syllable "sonority" hierarchy and the stress patterns in Pulaar. A metrical approach
No full text"""Syllable weight is usually viewed as a binary opposition... "" (Hayes, 1989). That is, distinctions are seen in terms of heavy versus light, bimoraic versus monomoraic syllables. An analysis of the metrical structure and other phonological processes of Pulaar, a member of the West Atlantic branch of the Niger-Congo Language Family (Greenberg, 1955 & Niang, 1989), shows the need for further distinctions beyond the generally admitted binary distinctions. Also, in contrast to other views according to which only a two-way-weight distinction prevails in languages, I argue and show that Pulaar makes a four-way-weight distinction. I argue that word stress assignment in Pulaar is heavily dependent upon the ""sonority"" of the syllables in the string. Four sonority levels emerge: CV CVC CVV CVVC. CVVC is more ""sonorous"" than CVV which is more ""sonorous"" than CVC which in turn is more ""sonorous"" than CV. Using this ""sonority"" hierarchy among the syllables permitted in the language, I provide a comprehensive analysis of the metrical system of Pulaar at the word and sentence levels. Besides I argue and show that Pulaar stress patterns are highly predictable in contrast to other views according to which ""The identification of the stressed syllable in a word is not a simple matter."" (McIntosh, 1984) p. 20"Furthermore, I show the inadequacy of previous analyses proposed by Taylor (1953), Arnottt (1970), MacIntosh (1984), Prunet and Tellier (1984).Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-07T12:54:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Curr Environ Health Rep
Full text linkPurpose of review:The purpose of this review is to consolidate exposure assessment methods for occupational research on engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) published within the past five years (2015\u20132020).Recent findings:The three ENMs that generated the highest volume of new research include titanium dioxide, graphene, and aluminum oxide. A multi-metric approach, using both online and offline instruments and analyses has been found to be a useful method to characterize ENM workplace exposures and was commonly used in the recently published literature. Particle number concentration was the most common online exposure metric used, followed by the metrics of mass and surface area. There are currently no consensus methods for offline analyses of most ENMs. Researchers generally used gravimetric or elemental analyses for carbonaceous nanomaterials, titanium dioxide, and other nanometals, but there was little overlap between other ENM materials reviewed. Using biological markers of exposure, such as urinary oxidative stress biomarkers, as an indication of chronic exposure may also be useful for some ENMs and should be further researched.Summary:Generally, similar online instrumentation and offline electron microscopy methods were used for all ENMs. However, this consistency was not observed for offline mass analysis methods within specific ENMs. Consolidation of the most recent methods and results of exposure assessments within this broad material category can guide researchers towards future areas of study. Establishing consensus methods of exposure assessment for each individual ENM is crucial to characterizing workplace exposures, pooling data to fully understand their associated risks, and developing useful occupational exposure limits.CC999999/ImCDC/Intramural CDC HHSUnited States
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The pathogenesis of respiratory infection of lambs by mycoplasmas
No full textA chronic respiratory disease of lambs that we have termed the coughing syndrome is characterized by a paroxysmal cough that predisposes to rectal prolapses and secondary bacterial pneumonias. Initial experimentation suggested prevalence and association of mycoplasmas, in particular Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (MO), with outbreaks of the disease. Experimentation was therefore directed at identifying specific factors or activities of MO that may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease;A polysaccharide capsule was demonstrated on MO and may contribute to the colonization of ovine respiratory ciliated cells. Expression of the capsule is variable among isolates and is influenced by in vitro culture. Also, strain variation among isolates of the microorganism was associated with the reactivity of the capsule with different lectins. N-acetylglucosamine constitutes the predominant lectin-reactive sugar residue of this capsule;Cytopathic effects were elicited on ovine tracheal ring cultures by MO with loss of ciliary activity and sloughing of epithelial cells. Severity of the effects varied with different isolates of the microorganism and correlated with their ability to produce hydrogen peroxide. Also, the amount of calmodulin released varied between isolates and was directly correlated with ciliostatic activity of the strains of the organism;The experimentation provided evidence for mycoplasma-mediated modulating effects on immune responses of lambs. In lambs infected with mycoplasmas the specific humoral response to MO was delayed and associated with the recovery phase. Autoantibodies to cilia were detected in sera of affected lambs but not in sera from normal lambs. These autoantibodies were predominantly of the IgG isotype and were not cross-reactive with antigens of common bacterial pathogens of the sheep respiratory tract. Also, preliminary evidence suggests that an immediate hypersensitivity is induced to the MO organisms. The ability of MO to upregulate the expression of MHC molecules on sheep alveolar macrophages was demonstrated. This may enable the macrophages to present self antigens to autoreactive T cells during their attempt to eliminate the damaged host cells produced during the ciliostasis event;The findings of the experimentation suggest that aberrant immune responses play a major role in the pathogenesis of the disease.</p
Prise en charge des fractures ouvertes des deux os de la jambe par le double enclouage de Ender
No full textIl s'agissait d'une étude descriptive prospective qui s'est déroulée de Janvier 2016 à Décembre 2017 soit une période de 2 ans. Elle a concerné les malades présentant des fractures ouvertes des deux os de la jambe admises et pris en charge par l'enclouage de Ender dans le service de chirurgie orthopédique et traumatologique de l'hôpital de Sikasso. 20 patients ont été retenus selon les critères d'inclusion sur 464 patients durant la période d'étude. ; Au terme de notre étude, il en ressort : Une prévalence hospitalière de 4,31 p.100 ; La tranche d'âge de 21-40 ans a été la plus représentée ; Une nette prédominance du sexe masculin a été notée avec sexratio de 9 ; Le montage descendant (méthode B) a été utilisé dans 19 cas (95 p.100 ) ; L'évolution a été marquée par la survenue de complications dominées par les infections 5 cas (25 p.100 ), les cals vicieux 3 cas (15 p.100 ) et la pseudarthrose 1 cas (5 p.100 ) ; Le délai moyen de consolidation et de l'ablation du clou a été respectivement de 5,14 mois et 9,59 mois
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