3,432 research outputs found
Relationship between biodistribution of a novel thymidine phosphorylase (TP) imaging probe and TP expression levels in normal mice
No full textObjective: Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is a key enzyme in the pyrimidine nucleoside salvage pathway and its expression is upregulated in a wide variety of solid tumors. In mice, we previously observed high and specific accumulation levels of our TP imaging probe, radioiodinated 5-iodo-6-[(2-iminoimidazolidinyl)methyl]uracil (IIMU) not only in high-TP-expressing tumors, but also in the liver and small intestine. To clarify the reason for the high accumulation levels of radioiodinated IIMU in the liver and small intestine, we investigated the expression levels of TP in mice in comparison with the biodistribution of radioiodinated IIMU (123I-IIMU). Methods: BALB/cCrSlc mice were injected with 123I-IIMU, and the radioactivity levels [%ID/g (normalized to a mouse of 25 g body weight)] in the tissues of interest were determined 0.5, 1, 3 and 24 h after the injection (n = 5, each time point). To determine the expression levels of TP, BALB/cCrSlc and ddy mice (n = 3/each strain) were euthanized, and the heart, liver, lung, spleen, kidney, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and brain were collected. The mRNA and protein expression levels of TP in these organs were examined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses, respectively. Results: In BALB/cCrSlc mice administered 123I-IIMU, markedly high radioactivity levels were observed in the liver [1.568 ± 0.237 (%ID/g)] and small intestine [0.506 ± 0.082 (%ID/g)], whereas those in the other tissues were fairly low [<0.010 ± 0.003 (%ID/g)] 30 min after the injection. The highest expression levels of TP mRNA were also observed in the liver and small intestine among the tissues tested. Immunoblotting showed intense immunoreactive bands of the TP protein for the liver and small intestine, whereas no notable bands were detected for other tissues. Similar expression profiles of TP mRNA and protein were observed in ddy mice. Conclusion: We confirmed TP expression in various tissues of mice at the mRNA and protein levels: high TP expression levels were observed in the liver and small intestine. These high TP expression levels are consistent with the high accumulation levels of 123I-IIMU in these tissues. Our results may provide important information about the physiological accumulation of 123I-IIMU, which may be useful for the clinical diagnostic imaging of TP
Motivation and knowledge sharing: a meta-analysis of main and moderating effects
No full textPurpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on knowledge sharing and the moderating effects of individual demographics, organizational context and cultural context in that relationship. Design/methodology/approach: This study conducted a meta-analysis of 44 studies involving 14,023 participants to examine the direct and moderating effects of motivation on knowledge sharing. Findings: Results revealed that both extrinsic and intrinsic motivational factors were associated with higher levels of knowledge sharing, while the effect was stronger for intrinsic motivation. Moreover, results revealed that substantial variance was explained by moderating variables. Further investigation revealed that individual characteristics (age, gender), organizational context (organizational setting vs. open system, IT infrastructure) and cultural context (collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, performance orientation, power distance) moderated the motivation and knowledge sharing relationship. Research limitations/implications: As a meta-analysis, this study is confined to variables that have been frequently analyzed in prior research. Future research could further increase our understanding of different types of knowledge sharing and various boundary conditions. Practical implications: Organizations should provide customized incentive systems to specific target groups to align motivation and knowledge sharing. Multinational organizations may consider different motivation schemes across countries to better suit cultural differences. Originality/value: Despite a growing number of studies highlighting the important role of motivation in predicting knowledge sharing, the evidence is mixed. Based on a meta-analysis, this study identified true relationships and identified moderating effects that help explain prior mixed results.No Full Tex
Nesorthomorpha montana Nguyen & Tran & Le 2018
No full textNeSOrthOMOrpha MOntana n. sp. (Figs 1–3) Material examined. Holotype: male (IEBR-453H) Kon Tum Province, Ngoc Linh Mts. (15°00'¯ 15°18'N, 107°41'¯ 08°01'E), primary forest, 1,900 m a.s.l, 31 March 2004, coll. Anh D. Nguyen. Paratypes: 1 female (IEBR-453P) same date as holotype; 1 male (IEBR-458) same locality, secondary forest, 1,700 m a.s.l., 21 March–9 April 2006, coll. Anh D. Nguyen. Non-types: 3 females (IEBR-Myr 561) Gia Lai Province, Chu Mon Ray National Park, natural forests, 500–750 m a.s.l., 5 Oct. 2005, coll. Mai Phu Quy; 1 male, 1 female (IEBR-Myr 596) Gia Lai Province, Chu Mom Ray National Park (14°18′¯ 14°38′N, 107°29′¯ 107°47′ E), natural forests, 1,200 m a.s.l., 31 March 2015, leg. Le Xuan Son; 1 male, 1 female (IEBR-Myr 633) Gia Lai Province, Kon Ka Kinh National Park (14°09′– 14°30′N, 108°16′– 108°28′E), near head office, natural forests, 890 m a.s.l., 21–24 May 2017, coll. Anh D. Nguyen. Diagnosis. The species differs from its congeners in the following combination of characters. Sternum 5 with two elevated, small, and rounded processes between coxae 4. Both lamina medialis and lamina lateralis of gonopod solenophore unfolded. Lamina medialis with a long spiniform process d in the middle. Tip of gonopod trifid: terminal and subterminal prongs lobed (tp and stp, respectively), middle prong (mp) a tiny denticle. Description. Based on Holotype (male) IEBR-453H. Measurements: Holotype ca. 31.2 mm in length; width of midbody pro- and metazonites 2.0 mm and 3.2 mm, respectively. Coloration (Fig. 1): Whole body reddish brown except lateral area of paranota. Calluses, marginal posterior area of metaterga, waist between pro- and metazonite whitish yellow. Sterna, legs, antennae yellowish brown. Distal part of antennomere 6 and whole antennomere 7 blackish brown. Head: (Figs 1B–C) Slightly smaller than collum. Clypeolabral region modestly setose. Frons weakly convex, divided in 2 parts by distinct, thin epicranial suture. Antennae (Figs 1B–C) long, claviform, reaching body ring 4 laterally. Most antennomeres subequal in length except for the shortest antennomeres, 7 and 1. Tergites: Collum slightly narrower than body ring 2; surface shining and almost smooth, only faintly rugulose on medioposterior area. Collum with 3 rows of setae: 3+ 3 in anterior, 1+ 1 in middle, 1+ 1 in posterior. Body rings 4<3<2=5¯ 17 in width, posteriorly gradually tapering towards telson. Prozonites shining and smooth. Metatergites shining; anterior half faintly rugulose, and posterior half considerably rugose. Metatergites with a row of 2+2 setae on anterior half and another row of 3+3 setiferous knobs near posterior margin. Transverse sulcus present on metaterga 5¯19, reaching base of paranota. Waist between pro- and metaterga narrow, posterior margin beaded. Pleura with dense covering of microgranules. Pleurosternal carinae present as a full crest with a small caudal tooth on body rings 2¯4, thereafter (moving posteriorly) reduced to a small caudal tooth on body rings 5¯9, to a minute denticle on body rings 10¯16, and missing on subsequent body rings. Paranota (Figs 1A, C, D, E, G) well developed, subhorizontal: lying about equal to metatergal surface. Caudal corner beak-like and pointed, more protuberant on posterior-most paranota, surpassing posterior contour of metaterga. Calluses thin on poreless paranota, but thicker on pore-bearing paranota. Epiproct (Figs 1F, H) long, broadly truncated, dorsoventrally flattened, with two tiny apicolateral tubercles. Epiproct apex with four spinnerets. Hypoproct (Fig. 1H) triangular with two distolateral, well-separated, setiferous knobs. Sterna sparsely setose, without modifications except for fifth sternum with two small, broadly rounded, highly elevated ventrad processes between coxae 4 (Fig. 1I). Legs: Long and slender, about 1.6X (male), 1.4X (female) longer than midbody height. Tarsal brushes present on leg pairs 1¯27, absent on other legs. Prefemora not swollen. Femora without modifications. Gonopod (Figs 2–3): Coxae cylindrical, half as long as the telopodite; distoventral part sparsely setose. Prefemur densely setose, set off from acropodite by an oblique sulcus laterally. Acropodite long, slender, slightly curved posteroventrad, with an oblique sulcus laterally. Prostatic groove ending in a flagelliform solenomere apically. Both lamina medialis and lamina lateralis unfolded. Lamina medialis with a spiniform process d in the middle. Tip of gonopod trifid: terminal and subterminal prongs lobate (tp and stp, respectively), middle prong (mp) a tiny denticle. Variation. Measurements. Body length 29.2¯ 31.2 mm (males), 33.1 mm (female); width of midbody pro- and metazona 2.0 mm (male), 2.5 mm (female) and 2.8¯ 3.2 mm (male), 3.8 mm (female), respectively. Coloration: Specimens from Kon Ka Kinh National Park are slightly different from others in coloration: they are almost black except the paranotal calluses and legs are castaneous brown. Etymology. a Latin word “ montana ”, which means “mountain”, is an adjective to emphasize the mountainous habitats where the types were found. Genetic distance and phylogenetic relationship. K2P distance between the new species and Orthomorpha species range from 0.143 to 0.163; between the new species and Antheromorpha festiva is 0.261. The distance between Nesorthomorpha montana n. sp. and other species varies from 0.148 to 0.317. Both ML and BI trees recover a clade that consisted of Orthomorpha species and Nesorthomorpha montana n. sp. with strong ML and BI values (100% bootstrap value and 0.98 posterior probability) (Fig. 4). The genus Antheromorpha is a weakly supported sister species (ML 54%; BI 0.89) to these two genera. Desmoxytes species formed a well-supported clade, and the genera Piccola and Orthomorphoides are sister to the ingroup taxa.Published as part of Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Le, Minh D., 2018, First record of the millipede genus Nesorthomorpha Jeekel, 1980 in Vietnam with description of a new species (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae), pp. 426-434 in Zootaxa 4462 (3) on pages 428-431, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4462.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/144172
Pseudozumia cucphuongensis Nguyen 2020, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Pseudozumia cucphuongensis</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figs 1–10)</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis</b>. This species can be distinguished from the five Oriental known species of the genus <i>Pseudozumia</i> by following combination of features: propodeal carina angulated at lateral corner before getting to dorsal part; tergum I gradually widening from base to apex, with node at lateral two-fifth from base, in dorsal view about 1.4 × as long as wide at apical margin, with longitudinal striation on dorsal part weakly developed, with a median carina and next to this on each side consisting of a few rows of very elongate punctures; tergum II in dorsal view wider than long and slightly longer than tergum I; sternum II flattened near base, then gradually and slightly convex to apical margin; male terga II and III with well-developed and raised apical lamellae, tergum IV without apical lamella and slightly raised apically.</p> <p> <b>Material examined.</b> HOLOTYPE, ♀, pinned (deposited in IEBR), “ VIETNAM, Cuc Phuong NP, Nho Quan, Ninh Binh, 20°21’06”N 105°35’23”E, ca 482 m, 7.viii.2019, Nguyen TP Lien & Nguyen Q Cuong”. PARATYPES (deposited in IEBR): 1 ♀, same data as holotype; 1 ♂, Cai Kinh, Huu Lung, Lang Son, 22°39’42.9”N 106°15’36”E, 28 m, 24.xi.2015, Nguyen TP Lien, Nguyen D Dai & Tran T Ngat; 1 ♀, Cuc Phuong NP, Nho Quan, Ninh Binh, 2.v.2008, Hoang V Tru ”.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> <i>Female</i> (Fig. 7). Body length 16–20.5 mm (holotype 16mm); fore wing length 15.5–19.0 mm (holotype 15.5 mm). Head in frontal view 1.1 × as wide as high (Fig. 1). Vertex well developed, strongly produced behind eye, with cephalic fovea, distance between foveae equal to front ocellus diameter (Fig. 2). Distance from posterior ocelli to apical margin of vertex about 2.4 × distance from posterior ocelli to inner eye margin (Fig. 2). Occipital carina complete, evanescent dorsally. Inner eye margins in frontal view 1.1 × further apart from each other at vertex than at clypeus (Fig. 1). Clypeus in frontal view higher than wide, about 1.1 × as high as wide, apical margin truncated (Fig. 1), width of emargination 1/3 × width of clypeus between inner eye margins; in lateral view disc of clypeus gradually and weekly convex from base to basal half, then going straightly to apical margin. Mandible with four prominent teeth. Antennal scape about 4.7 × as long as its maximum width; flagellomere I about 2.2 × as long as its maximum width, flagellomeres II–V longer than wide, flagellomeres VI–IX wider than long, terminal flagellomere bullet-shape, about 1.2 × as long as its basal width.</p> <p>Mesosoma longer than wide in dorsal view. Pronotal carina raised, angulated at lateral corner before getting to dorsal part, reaching ventral corner of pronotum. Mesoscutum slightly convex, shorter than wide, 0.9 × as long as wide between tegulae (Fig. 3). Disc of scutellum and metanotum slightly convex. Propodeum deeply excavated medially at apex (Fig. 4), with the excavation about one-third of propodeal width, with a deep medial furrow running from basal triangular area to near apical margin, then with a short median carina running to apical margin; apical teeth of propodeum as seen from above forming a sharp angle (Fig. 4); posterior surface shiny; posterior and lateral surfaces bordered by blunt edge. Fore wing with prestigma equal to pterostigma.</p> <p>Metasomal tergum I gradually widening from base to apex, with node at lateral two-fifth from base (Fig. 5), in dorsal view 1.39 × as long as wide, with longitudinal striation on dorsal part weakly developed, with a median carina and next to this on each side consisting of a few rows of very elongate punctures (Fig. 5). Tergum II in dorsal view wider than long, 1.13 × as wide as long (Fig. 6), and slightly longer than tergum I. Terga II and III with welldeveloped and raised apical lamellae (Fig. 6) (the raised lamella at apical margin of tergum III somewhat narrower than in tergum II), tergum IV with slightly raised and without lamella apically, terga V–VI normal, not raised and without lamella.</p> <p>Body covered with silver setae. Clypeus covered with strong and sparse punctures, punctures at margins denser. Frons densely covered with coarse punctures. Vertex and gena with punctures shallower and sparser than those on frons. Pronotum with punctures coarser than those on frons. Mesocutum densely covered with coarse punctures. Punctures on scutellum and metanotum smaller, sparser and shallower than those on mesoscutum, and many small punctures added to the sides. Mesepisternum with very coarse punctures, with border between punctures raised to form reticulation; with distinctly epicnemial carina which separated smoothly anteroventral part and posterodorsal part with some coarse punctures. Metapleuron with a deep fovea in dorsal area, with some short striations and strong punctures in ventral area. Propodeum with punctures on posterior surface deep and well separated, punctures near medial furrow larger than those on other parts; lateral surface of propodeum with punctures arranged in few rows. Metasomal tergum I covered with large and deep punctures, area between punctures with minute punctures; punctures on tergum II smaller and shallower than those on tergum I except punctures near base undefined, denser and larger, area between the punctures with minute punctures; terga III–IV with smaller punctures than those on tergum II, terga V–VI with small punctures.</p> <p> <i>Color</i>. Black, without metallic blue iridescence; following parts yellow: a large triangular spot in the middle of clypeus, two small spots on frons between antennal sockets, antennal scape beneath, small spot at base of mandible, two narrow and very short bands along pronotal carina in dorsal part of pronotum, large spot at apical margin of propodeum. Legs black. Wings dark brown, infuscate, with purple reflections, veins dark brown.</p> <p> <i>Male</i>. Body length 11 mm; fore wing length 10.6 mm. Structure as in female, but differing from latter as follows: head proportionally smaller, almost round, in frontal view as wide as high (Fig. 8). Vertex well developed, without cephalic fovea. Distance from posterior ocelli to apical margin of vertex about 2.6 × distance from posterior ocelli to inner eye margin (Fig. 10). Occipital carina complete, present along entire length of gena, but dorsally weaker. Inner eye margins in frontal view strongly convergent, about 1.5 × further apart from each other at vertex than at clypeus (Fig. 8). Clypeus in frontal view higher than wide, about 1.5 × as high as wide, apical margin deeply emarginated medially, forming blunt triangle tooth each lateral side (Fig. 8), width of emargination 1/2 × width of clypeus between inner eye margins; in lateral view disc of clypeus gradually and weekly convex from base to basal half, then going straightly to apical margin. Antennal scape about 5 × as long as its maximum width; flagellomere I about 1.7 × as long as its maximum width, flagellomeres II–IX longer than wide, flagellomere X small, as long as wide, terminal flagellomere slightly curved, slightly more than 2.5 × as long as its basal width (Fig. 9). Tergum III with well-developed apical lamella as in tergum II; tergum VII with short lamella and not raised.</p> <p> <i>Color</i>. Similar to female but differing as follow: clypeus except margins yellow; legs black except spots on apical margin of middle tibia yellow, dorsal surfaces of fore, middle femora and inner surface of hind femur brown; tarsi dark brown.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Vietnam (northern).</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The specific name refers to the type locality, Cuc Phuong NP, Ninh Binh province in the northern part of Vietnam; it is to be treated as a noun in apposition.</p> <p> <b>Remark.</b> This species is similar to <i>P. indosinensis</i> Giordani Soika, 1960 in having terga II and II with well-developed, smooth and shiny apical lamellae in female, but differing as follow: body with stronger punctures, apical teeth of propodeum as seen from above forming a sharper angle (apical teeth of propodeum as seen from above forming a blunt angle in <i>P. indosinensis</i>), and male tergum IV without apical lamella (male tergum IV with raised apical lamella in <i>P. indosinensis</i>).</p>Published as part of <i>Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, 2020, Taxonomic study on the genus Pseudozumia de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae Eumeninae) from Vietnam, with description of a new species, pp. 586-592 in Zootaxa 4790 (3)</i> on pages 587-590, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4790.3.12, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3891261">http://zenodo.org/record/3891261</a>
TP-model transformation-based-control design frameworks
No full textThis book covers new aspects and frameworks of control, design, and optimization based on the TP model transformation and its various extensions. The author outlines the three main steps of polytopic and LMI based control design: 1) development of the qLPV state-space model, 2) generation of the polytopic model; and 3) application of LMI to derive controller and observer. He goes on to describe why literature has extensively studied LMI design, but has not focused much on the second step, in part because the generation and manipulation of the polytopic form was not tractable in many cases. The author then shows how the TP model transformation facilitates this second step and hence reveals new directions, leading to powerful design procedures and the formulation of new questions. The chapters of this book, and the complex dynamical control tasks which they cover, are organized so as to present and analyze the beneficial aspect of the family of approaches (control, design, and optimization). Additionally, the book aims to convey simple TP modeling; a new convex hull manipulation based possibilities for optimization; a general framework for stability analysis; standardized modeling and system description; relaxed and universal LMI based design framework; and a gateway to time-delayed systems
Pseudozumia indica subsp. borneana Giordani Soika 1960
No full text<i>Pseudozumia indica borneana</i> Giordani Soika’ <p>(Figs 11–13)</p> <p> <i>Pseudozumia indica borneana</i> Giordani Soika, 1960 (1958), Boll. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Venezia 11: 92, female - “Borneo, Monte Dulit” (Berlin).</p> <p>This subspecies has been recorded in Vietnam for the first time.</p> <p> <b>Material examined.</b> VIETNAM: <b>Gia Lai:</b> 1 ♀, Kon Chu Rang natural reserve, KBang, Son Lang, 14°31’08”N 108°28’24”E, ca 840 m, 19.iv.2015, Nguyen TP Lien, Nguyen D Dai & Nguyen P Minh ”.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Malaysia (including Sarawak); Vietnam (new record).</p>Published as part of <i>Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, 2020, Taxonomic study on the genus Pseudozumia de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae Eumeninae) from Vietnam, with description of a new species, pp. 586-592 in Zootaxa 4790 (3)</i> on page 590, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4790.3.12, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3891261">http://zenodo.org/record/3891261</a>
The prediction theory of stationary random fields. III. Fourfold Wold decompositions
No full textAbstractIn this paper, we investigate various fourfold Wold-type decompositions of stationary random fields under different hypotheses of commutation properties. Spectral characterizations of the three multiplicities of the innovation subspaces are obtained. The equivalence relations between the weak commutation property, fourfold Wold-type decomposition, and quarter-plane moving average representation are proved. A complete spectral characterization of the weak commutation property is also given
Hyleoglomeris coloratoides Nguyen & Sierwald & Marek 2019, new species
No full text<i>Hyleoglomeris coloratoides</i>, new species <p>(Figs. 36–39)</p> <p> <b>Material examined.</b> Holotype: male (IEBR–Myr 658H) Vietnam, Ha Tinh Province, Huong Son District, Cau Treo, secondary forests, elevation of 800 m, 30 May 2004, coll. Nguyen A.D.</p> <p>Paratypes: 4 females (IEBR–Myr 658P) same data as for holotype.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> Named after the similarity to its congener, <i>Hyleoglomeris colorata</i> Golovatch et al., 2013 from the neighbouring province, Quang Binh.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> The species is differentiated by the following character combination: Thoracic shield with 10 superficial transverse striae. Telopods with a bilobed chevron-shaped syncoxial lobe. The new species is similar to its congeners, <i>H. colorata</i>, from Quang Binh Province in telopod shape, but differs in syncoxial lobe medially concave (vs roundly sub-trapeziform) and legs of leg-pair 17 with 4 podomeres (vs. 3 podomeres in <i>H. colorata</i>).</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Holotype male (IEBR–Myr 658H). Width of 2 nd tergum 5.3 mm, body length 6.5 mm.</p> <p> <i>Exoskeleton</i>: Ethanol-preserved specimens light yellow, terga with traces of two paramedian transverse oval spots, and a medioposterior light yellow triangular spot (Fig. 36 A–D).</p> <p> <i>Head</i>: Ocelli 6+1, lenses convex, black contrasting against yellow background of head. Tömösváry organs transverse oval, 2.0× wider than long. Antenna clavate. Antennomere 6 large, about 2.5× longer than wide. Antennal tip with four large, apical sensory cones. <i>Tergites</i>: Collum semicircular, with faint middle transverse oval spot, with two transverse striae. Second tergum with a narrow hyposchism, not reaching caudal margin, with 10 superficial transverse striae. Anal shield rounded, not concave medially. <i>Legs</i>: Leg-pair 17 strongly reduced, 4-segmented, coxa with a regular outer lobe. Leg-pair 17 (Figs. 37A, 38A) in males with a setiferous tubercle distomesally on each side of the syncoxite, with large syncoxial lobe, podomere 1 with small distomesal setiferous knob. Leg-pair 18 less reduced (Figs. 37B, 38B), legs similar to leg pair 17, but podomere 3 strongly reduced, very short, and syncoxial lobe small.</p> <p> <i>Telopods</i> (Figs. 37C, D, 38C, D, 39) with a bilobed chevron-shaped syncoxial lobe, sparsely setose, two horns paramedially (Fig. 39D), each directed ventrad, longer than syncoxial lobe. Prefemur and femur with trichosteles. Femur with a straight, large, triangular, distal process. Tibia with stout, broadened process (tp) near base (Figs. 37C, 38D). Tarsus S-shaped, acuminate apically (Fig. 39A).</p> <p> <b>Variation.</b> Width of tergum 2 ca. 5.5–6.3 mm (female); length ca. 8.5–11.3 mm (female). Holotype ca. 6.5 mm long, width ca. 5.3 mm at tergum 2.</p>Published as part of <i>Nguyen, Anh D., Sierwald, Petra & Marek, Paul E., 2019, The pill millipedes of Vietnam: a key to genera and descriptions of five new species (Diplopoda: Glomerida: Glomeridae), pp. 260-297 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67</i> on pages 289-290, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0020, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/4575924">http://zenodo.org/record/4575924</a>
Elevation of immunoglobulin levels is associated with treatment failure in HIV-infected children in Vietnam
No full textLinh Vu Phuong Dang,1 Viet Hung Pham,2 Duc Minh Nguyen,3 Thanh Thi Dinh,1 Thu Hoai Nguyen,4 Thanh Hai Le,5 Van Lam Nguyen,6 Thi Phuong Vu7,8 1Public Health Laboratory, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam; 2Department of Microbiology, Vietnam National Hospital of Pediatrics, Hanoi, Vietnam; 3Department of Geriatrics, National Hospital of Acupuncture, Hanoi, Vietnam; 4Department of Training and Direction Activity, National Geriatric Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam; 5Department of Emergency, Vietnam National Hospital of Pediatrics, Hanoi, Vietnam; 6Department of Infectious Disease, Vietnam National Hospital of Pediatrics, Hanoi, Vietnam; 7Department of Biochemistry, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam; 8Department of Biochemistry, Dinh Tien Hoang Institute of Medicine, Hanoi, Vietnam Background: HIV-infected children suffer from higher levels of treatment failure compared to adults. Immunoactivation, including humoral immunoactivation reflected by increased immunoglobulin levels, is believed to occur early during HIV infection. Therefore, we wanted investigate alteration in immunoglobulin levels in association with treatment response in HIV-infected children. Methods: A nested case–control study was conducted using clinical data collected from 68 HIV-infected children enrolled at the National Hospital of Pediatrics, Vietnam. Results: The results showed that immunoglobulin levels, CD4 T-cell counts, CD4 T-cell percentage, and HIV load were significantly higher in the treatment-failure group than the treatment-success group at treatment initiation. IgG and IgA levels were negatively correlated with CD4 T-cell counts (P=0.049 and P<0.01, respectively) and positively correlated with HIV load (P=0.04 and P=0.02, respectively). In addition, IgG and IgA levels were independently associated with treatment response, analyzed by Cox regression analysis (HR 1.19 [P=0.049] and HR 1.69 [P<0.01], respectively). Conclusion: Elevation of IgA levels occurred early during HIV infection, and might have a prognostic role in treatment response. Keywords: antiretroviral therapy, HIV1, immunoglobulin, IgG, IgA, treatment failur
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