14 research outputs found
Working Towards A Better Nation: Innovation and Entrapment in the fiction of Alasdair Gray
No full textThis paper examines the seeming contradiction between the disavowal of moralizing in literature which Gray makes in his comments on Agnes Owens, and the extent to which Gray\u27s critics have asserted a political message as a key constituent in his own work. In exploring this issue, focus falls in a large part on the less than positive appraisal of the \u27radicalism\u27 of Gray\u27s politics offered by Alison Lumsden. Following on from several of Gray\u27s commentators, the principle vehicle for Gray\u27s political commentary within fiction is taken to be his explicit representation, in both realist and allegorical modes, of the political realities in which he writes. This grounding for his project is then shown to be incompatible with the politically radical message which Lumsden seems to imply as a necessary yet absent factor in Gray\u27s work, while allowing some form of political intervention to be made without contradicting the rules Gray himself has suggested for political fiction. Important to this is the notion of an as-yet unrealised freedom beyond - both thematically and temporally - Gray\u27s immediate focus, and of the individual actions within and against each entrapping political system which Gray\u27s fiction recurrently represents and valorises
Alasdair Gray and the postmodern.
No full textThe prominence of the term ‘Postmodernism’ in critical responses to the work of
Alasdair Gray has often appeared at odds with Gray’s own writing, both in his
commitment to seemingly non-postmodernist concerns and his own repeatedly stated
rejection of the label. In order to better understand Gray’s relationship to
postmodernism, this thesis begins by outlining Gray’s reservations in this regard.
Principally, this is taken as the result of his concerns over the academic appropriation of
his work, and his suggestion that ‘postmodernism’ is an entity wholly constructed and
primarily active within critical theory, with a tendency to elide the political dimension of
literature under its own assumed apolitical solipsism. While acknowledging these
reservations, this thesis goes on to explore the extent to which theories elaborated under
the ‘postmodern’ heading possess utility as an approach to Gray’s work, primarily
focussing on the extent to which they necessarily stand at odds with his political
concerns. To this end, subsequent chapters go on to read Gray’s major works in parallel
with appropriate theoretical models drawn from the diverse configurations given
postmodernism. Comparison between Gray’s project in Lanark of providing
contemporary Glasgow with imaginative depiction and the cognitive mapping demanded
in Fredric Jameson’s account of the postmodern not only highlights their similarities, but
identifies this notion of the ‘epic map’ as a central aspect of the political dimension of Gray’s writing. The ‘epic map’ recurs in consideration of 1982, Janine, which explores
the potential political agenda in its narrators’ seemingly postmodern fabulism, and its
relationship to seemingly less ‘postmodern’ concerns of the novellas The Fall Of Kelvin
Walker, McGrotty and Ludmilla and Something Leather. Likewise, ‘mapping’ also plays
a part in approaching Poor Things in the context of postmodern historiography as
described by Jameson and Linda Hutcheon. The penultimate chapter explores A History
Maker as a complex negotiation with the very notion of postmodernism, installing,
rejecting and subverting tropes drawn from postmodern theories, principally those of
Fukuyama, Baudrillard and Jameson. In the concluding chapter, while no final
conclusion is reached regarding a fixed relationship between Gray and the postmodern –
a notion taken as impossible, given the heterogeneity of the values ascribed to the term –
a degree of utility, and certainly of relevance, in approaching even Gray’s political
concerns is thus established
Long-term exposure to chemicals in sewage sludge fertilizer alters liver lipid content in females and cancer marker expression in males
No full textThis work was supported by the SRF Academic Scholarship Award 2013 (to PAF, PJOS, PF), the Wellcome Trust (080388 to PAF, CC, SMR, RMS, NPE) and the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7 ⁄ 2007-2013 to PAF, SMR, CC) under grant agreement no 212885. The authors would like to thank Ms Margaret Fraser and the Proteomics Core Facility at the University of Aberdeen and Ms Carol E. Kyle and as Dr Stewart Rhind (deceased) at James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, for their important contributions to this study. Supplementary material and research data are available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.003Peer reviewe
Alasdair Gray and the postmodern
No full textThe prominence of the term ‘Postmodernism’ in critical responses to the work of Alasdair Gray has often appeared at odds with Gray’s own writing, both in his commitment to seemingly non-postmodernist concerns and his own repeatedly stated rejection of the label. In order to better understand Gray’s relationship to postmodernism, this thesis begins by outlining Gray’s reservations in this regard. Principally, this is taken as the result of his concerns over the academic appropriation of his work, and his suggestion that ‘postmodernism’ is an entity wholly constructed and primarily active within critical theory, with a tendency to elide the political dimension of literature under its own assumed apolitical solipsism. While acknowledging these reservations, this thesis goes on to explore the extent to which theories elaborated under the ‘postmodern’ heading possess utility as an approach to Gray’s work, primarily focussing on the extent to which they necessarily stand at odds with his political concerns. To this end, subsequent chapters go on to read Gray’s major works in parallel with appropriate theoretical models drawn from the diverse configurations given postmodernism. Comparison between Gray’s project in Lanark of providing contemporary Glasgow with imaginative depiction and the cognitive mapping demanded in Fredric Jameson’s account of the postmodern not only highlights their similarities, but identifies this notion of the ‘epic map’ as a central aspect of the political dimension of Gray’s writing. The ‘epic map’ recurs in consideration of 1982, Janine, which explores the potential political agenda in its narrators’ seemingly postmodern fabulism, and its relationship to seemingly less ‘postmodern’ concerns of the novellas The Fall Of Kelvin Walker, McGrotty and Ludmilla and Something Leather. Likewise, ‘mapping’ also plays a part in approaching Poor Things in the context of postmodern historiography as described by Jameson and Linda Hutcheon. The penultimate chapter explores A History Maker as a complex negotiation with the very notion of postmodernism, installing, rejecting and subverting tropes drawn from postmodern theories, principally those of Fukuyama, Baudrillard and Jameson. In the concluding chapter, while no final conclusion is reached regarding a fixed relationship between Gray and the postmodern – a notion taken as impossible, given the heterogeneity of the values ascribed to the term – a degree of utility, and certainly of relevance, in approaching even Gray’s political concerns is thus established.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo
Breathing during sleep
No full textThis thesis reports studies on the cause, associations, diagnosis and treatment of breathing
problems during sleep. The development of an accurate oximeter in the late 1970s allowed,
for the first time, continuous measurement of oxygenation during sleep. Studies in patients
with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) demonstrated they became markedly
hypoxaemic and hypoventilated during Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. These episodes
were associated with pulmonary hypertension and with raised erythropoetin and probably
contribute to the development of cor pulmonale and secondary polycythemia. Subsequent
studies showed no clinical value in performing overnight studies of breathing and oxygenation
in routine practice. Having proved that patients with COPD had the same breathing pattern
during sleep as normals, studies in normal subjects showed that ventilation and ventilatory
responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia were decreased during sleep, most markedly during
REM sleep. Modelling studies suggested hypoventilation could explain the sleep hypoxaemia
in COPD.Studies in patients with asthma confirmed nocturnal symptoms were common and related to a
sleep controlled circadian variation in airway calibre, at least partly due to variations in
parasympathetic and non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic bronchomotor tone. It was also shown
that changes in posture and in airway inflammation were not key to nocturnal asthma, and that
consequences of nocturnal asthma included sleep disruption and cognitive impairment. Longacting inhaled (12 agonists were shown to improve asthma control and sleep quality.
Having confirmed and extended the clinical features of the obstructive sleep
apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome (OSAHS), studies were then performed to help clarify cause,
associations, diagnosis and treatment of OSAHS. These identified a familial trait even in thin
OSAHS patients and associated this with jaw shortening, and also identified gender, age and
obesity related differences in upper airway structure and function. They also showed the
importance of episodes of marked hypoventilation - hypopnoeas - in causing the syndrome,
identified the neurocognitive consequences of OSAHS and showed that OSAHS was
associated with elevation of blood pressure. They established that the symptoms and
cognitive defects of OSAHS can be reproduced by repeated awakenings of normal subjects
with sounds, and that even sounds which do not produce classical EEG arousals can produce
sleepiness. Our investigations have also challenged the need to perform classical
polysomnography to diagnose OSAHS, and helped establish that home sleep studies can be
diagnostic in many patients, and are cost-effective. A series of randomised controlled trials of
the CPAP therapy have provided a firm evidence base for the treatment of OSAHS. These
have shown clear benefits from CPAP in terms of symptoms, sleep quality, objective
sleepiness, cognition, quality of life, mood and blood pressure in symptomatic patients with
>15 apnoeas + hypopnoeas/hr slept. In symptomatic patients with 5-15 apnoeas +
hypopnoeas/hr slept there were definite benefits in symptoms, quality of life, mood and some
areas of cognition but no change in objective sleepiness. These studies have been key to the
current North American definitions of OSAHS. Studies also showed no benefit from treating
asymptomatic individuals with >30 apnoeas + hypopnoeas/hr slept with CPAP. Our
investigations have highlighted the need to monitor CPAP use, and shown that longterm
CPAP use is >90% in sleepy patients with severe OSAHS. However milder patients use
CPAP less well longterm, highlighting the need for effective alternative therapies.1. Douglas NJ, Brash HM, Wraith PK, Calverley PM, Leggett RJ, McElderry L et al.
Accuracy sensitivity to carboxyhemoglobin, and speed of response of the HewlettPackard 47201A ear oximeter. Am.Rev.Respir.Dis. 1979;119:311-3. •
2. Douglas NJ, Calverley PM, Leggett RJ, Brash HM , Flenley DC, Brezinova V.
Transient hypoxaemia during sleep in chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Lancet
1979;1:1-4. •
3. Catterall JR, Douglas NJ, Calverley PM, Shapiro CM, Brezinova V, Brash HM et al.
Transient hypoxemia during sleep in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is not a
sleep apnea syndrome. Am.Rev.Respir.Dis. 1983;128:24-9. •
4. Catterall JR, Calverley PM, MacNee W, Warren PM, Shapiro CM, Douglas NJ et al.
Mechanism of transient nocturnal hypoxemia in hypoxic chronic bronchitis and
emphysema. J.Appl.Physiol. 1985;59:1698-703. •
5. Connaughton J J, Catterall JR, Elton RA, Stradling JR, Douglas NJ. Do sleep studies
contribute to the management of patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease? Am.Rev.Respir.Dis. 1988;138:341-4. •
6. Fitzpatrick MF, Mackay T, Whyte KF, Allen M, Tarn RC, Dore CJ et al. Nocturnal
desaturation and serum erythropoietin: a study in patients with chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease and in normal subjects. Clin.Sci.(Colch). 1993;84:319-24. •
7. Power JT, Stewart IC, Connaughton JJ, Brash HM, Shapiro CM, Flenley DC et al.
Nocturnal cough in patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Am.Rev.Respir.Dis. 1984;130:999-1001. •
8. Brezinova V, Catterall JR, Douglas NJ, Calverley PM, Flenley DC. Night sleep of
patients with chronic ventilatory failure and age matched controls: number and
duration of the EEG episodes of intervening wakefulness and drowsiness. Sleep.
1982;5:123-30. •
9. Calverley PM, Brezinova V, Douglas NJ, Catterall JR, Flenley DC. The effect of
oxygenation on sleep quality in chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Am.Rev.Respir.Dis. 1982;126:206-10. •
10. Connaughton JJ, Douglas NJ, Morgan AD, Shapiro CM, Critchley JA, Pauly N et al.
Almitrine improves oxygenation when both awake and asleep in patients with hypoxia
and carbon dioxide retention caused by chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Am.Rev.Respir.Dis. 1985; 132:206-10. •
11. Douglas NJ, White DP, Pickett CK, Weil JV, Zwillich CW. Respiration during sleep in
normal man. Thorax 1982;37:840-4. •
12. Douglas NJ, White DP, Weil JV, Pickett CK, Martin RJ, Hudgel DW et al. Hypoxic
ventilatory response decreases during sleep in normal men. Am.Rev.Respir.Dis.
1982;125:286-9. •
13. Douglas NJ, White DP, Weil JV, Pickett CK, Zwillich CW. Hypercapnic ventilatory
response in sleeping adults. Am.Rev.Respir.Dis. 1982;126:758-62. •
14. White DP, Douglas NJ, Pickett CK, Weil JV, Zwillich CW. Hypoxic ventilatory
response during sleep in normal premenopausal women. Am.Rev.Respir.Dis.
1982;126:530-3. •
15. White DP, Douglas NJ, Pickett CK, Zwillich CW, Weil JV. Sleep deprivation and the
control of ventilation. Am.Rev.Respir.Dis. 1983;128:984-6. •
16. Gould GA, Gugger M, Molloy J, Tsara V, Shapiro CM, Douglas NJ. Breathing pattern
and eye movement density during REM sleep in humans. Am.Rev.Respir.Dis.
1988;138:874-7. •
17. Gugger M, Molloy J, Gould GA, Whyte KF, Raab GM, Shapiro CM et al. Ventilatory
and arousal responses to added inspiratory resistance during sleep.
Am.Rev.Respir.Dis. 1989;140:1301-7. •
18. Catterall JR, Douglas NJ, Calverley PM, Brash HM, Brezinova V, Shapiro CM et al.
irregular breathing and hypoxaemia during sleep in chronic stable asthma. Lancet
1982;1:301-4. •
19. Morgan AD, Rhind GB, Connaughton J J, Catterall JR, Shapiro CM, Douglas NJ.
Breathing patterns during sleep in patients with nocturnal asthma. Thorax
1987;42:600-3. •
20. Fitzpatrick MF, Martin K, Fossey E, Shapiro CM, Elton RA, Douglas NJ. Snoring,
asthma and sleep disturbance in Britain: a community- based survey. Eur.Respir.J.
1993;6:531-5. •
21. Catterall JR, Rhind GB, Stewart IC, Whyte KF, Shapiro CM, Douglas NJ. Effect of
sleep deprivation on overnight bronchoconstriction in nocturnal asthma. Thorax
1986;41:676-80. •
22. Catterall JR, Rhind GB, Whyte KF, Shapiro CM, Douglas NJ. Is nocturnal asthma
caused by changes in airway cholinergic activity? Thorax 1988;43:720-4. •
23. Mackay TW, Fitzpatrick MF, Douglas NJ. Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nervous
system and overnight airway calibre in asthmatic and normal subjects. Lancet
1991;338:1289-92. •
24. Mackay TW, Hulks G, Douglas NJ. Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic function in the
human airway. Respir.Med. 1998;92:461-6. •
25. Whyte KF,.Douglas NJ. Posture and nocturnal asthma. Thorax 1989;44:579-81. •
26. Fitzpatrick MF, Mackay T, Walters C, Tai PC, Church MK, Flolgate ST et al.
Circulating histamine and eosinophil cationic protein levels in nocturnal asthma.
Clin. Sci. (Colch). 1992;83:227-32. •
27. Mackay TW, Wallace WA, Flowie SE, Brown PFI, Greening AP, Church MK et al.
Role of inflammation in nocturnal asthma. Thorax 1994;49:257-62. •
28. Fitzpatrick MF, Engleman H, Whyte KF, Deary I J, Shapiro CM, Douglas NJ. Morbidity
in nocturnal asthma: sleep quality and daytime cognitive performance. Thorax
1991;46:569-73. •
29. Fitzpatrick MF, Mackay T, Driver H, Douglas NJ. Salmeterol in nocturnal asthma: a
double blind, placebo controlled trial of a long acting inhaled beta 2 agonist. BMJ.
1990;301:1365-8. •
30. Selby C, Engleman HM, Fitzpatrick MF, Sime PM, Mackay TW, Douglas NJ. Inhaled
salmeterol or oral theophylline in nocturnal asthma? Am.J.Respir.Crit.Care Med.
1997;155:104-8. •
31. Stewart IC, Rhind GB, Power JT, Flenley DC, Douglas NJ. Effect of sustained release
terbutaline on symptoms and sleep quality in patients with nocturnal asthma. Thorax
1987;42:797-800. •
32. Rhind GB, Connaughton J J, McFie J, Douglas NJ , Flenley DC. Sustained release
choline theophyllinate in nocturnal asthma. Br.Med.J.(Clin.Res.Ed). 1985;291:1605-
7. •
33. Morgan AD, Connaughton J J, Catterall JR, Shapiro CM, Douglas NJ, Flenley DC.
Sodium cromoglycate in nocturnal asthma. Thorax 1986;41:39-41. •
34. Catterall JR, Calverley PM, Power JT, Shapiro CM, Douglas NJ, Flenley DC.
Ketotifen and nocturnal asthma. Thorax 1983;38:845-8. •
35. Fitzpatrick MF, Engleman HM, Boellert F, McHardy R, Shapiro CM, Deary IJ et al.
Effect of therapeutic theophylline levels on the sleep quality and daytime cognitive
performance of normal subjects. Am.Rev.Respir.Dis. 1992;145:1355-8. •
36. Catterall JR, Douglas NJ, Calverley PM, Shapiro CM, Flenley DC. Arterial
oxygenation during sleep in patients with right-to-left cardiac or intrapulmonary shunts.
Thorax 1983;38:344-8. •
37. Catterall JR, Calverley PM, Ewing DJ, Shapiro CM, Clarke BF, Douglas NJ.
Breathing, sleep, and diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes 1984;33:1025-7. •
38. Whyte KF, Allen MB, Jeffrey AA, Gould GA, Douglas NJ. Clinical features of the sleep
apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. Q.J.Med. 1989;72:659-66. •
39. Marshall I, Maran NJ, Martin S, Jan MA, Rimmington JE, Best JJ et al. Acoustic
reflectometry for airway measurements in man: implementation and validation.
Physiol.Meas. 1993;14:157-69. •
40. Jan MA, Marshall I, Douglas NJ. Effect of posture on upper airway dimensions in
normal human. Am.J.Respir.Crit.Care Med. 1994;149:145-8. •
41. Martin SE, Marshall I, Douglas NJ. The effect of posture on airway caliber with the
sleep- apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Am.J.Respir.Crit.Care Med. 1995;152 :721-4. •
42. Yildirim N, Fitzpatrick MF, Whyte KF, Jalleh R, Wightman AJ, Douglas NJ. The effect
of posture on upper airway dimensions in normal subjects and in patients with the
sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Am.Rev.Respir.Dis. 1991;144:845-7. •
43. Douglas NJ, Jan MA, Yildirim N, Warren PM, Drummond GB. Effect of posture and
breathing route on genioglossal electromyogram activity in normal subjects and in
patients with the sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Am.Rev.Respir.Dis.
1993;148:1341-5. •
44. Mathur R, Mortimore IL, Jan MA, Douglas NJ. Effect of breathing, pressure and
posture on palatoglossal and genioglossal tone. Clin.Sci.(Colch). 1995;89:441-5. •
45. Mortimore IL, Mathur R, Douglas NJ. Effect of posture, route of respiration, and
negative pressure on palatal muscle activity in humans. J.Appi.Physiol. 1995;79:448-
54. •
46. Mortimore IL,.Douglas NJ. Palatopharyngeus has respiratory activity and responds to
negative pressure in sleep apnoeics. Eur.Respir.J. 1996;9:773-8. •
47. Mortimore IL,.Douglas NJ. Palatal muscle EMG response to negative pressure in
awake sleep apneic and control subjects. Am.J.Respir.Crit.Care Med. 1997; 156:867-
73. •
48. Mortimore IL, Kochhar P, Douglas NJ. Effect of chronic continuous positive airway
pressure (CPAP) therapy on upper airway size in patients with sleep
apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. Thorax 1996;51:190-2. •
49. Martin SE, Mathur R, Marshall I, Douglas NJ. The effect of age, sex, obesity and
posture on upper airway size. Eur.Respir.J. 1997;10:2087-90. •
50. Whittle AT, Marshall I, Mortimore IL, Wraith PK, Sellar RJ, Douglas NJ. Neck soft
tissue and fat distribution: comparison between normal men and women by magnetic
resonance imaging. Thorax 1999;54:323-8. •
51. Thurnheer R, Wraith PK, Douglas NJ. Influence of age and gender on upper airway
resistance in NREM and REM sleep. J.Appl.Physiol. 2001;90:981-8. •
52. Catterall JR, Calverley PM, Shapiro CM, Flenley DC, Douglas NJ. Breathing and
oxygenation during sleep are similar in normal men and normal women.
Am.Rev.Respir.Dis. 1985;132:86-8. •
53. Mathur R,.Douglas NJ. Frequency of EEG arousals from nocturnal sleep in normal
subjects. Sleep. 1995;18:330-3. •
54. Mortimore IL, Fiddes P, Stephens S, Douglas NJ. Tongue protrusion force and
fatiguability in male and female subjects. Eur.Respir.J. 1999;14:191-5. •
55. Mortimore IL, Bennett SP, Douglas NJ. Tongue protrusion strength and fatiguability:
relationship to apnoea/hypopnoea index and age. J Sleep Res 2000;9:389-93. •
56. Mortimore IL, Marshall I, Wraith PK, Sellar RJ, Douglas NJ. Neck and total body fat
deposition in nonobese and obese patients with sleep apnea compared with that in
control subjects. Am.J.Respir.Crit.Care Med. 1998;157:280-3. •
57. Brander PE, Mortimore IL, Douglas NJ. Effect of obesity and erect/supine posture on
lateral cephalometry: relationship to sleep-disordered breathing. Eur.Respir.J.
1999;13:398-402. •
58. Douglas NJ, Luke M, Mathur R. Is the sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome inherited?
Thorax 1993;48:719-21. •
59. Mathur R,.Douglas NJ. Family studies in patients with the sleep apnea-hypopnea
syndrome. Ann.Intern.Med. 1995;122:174-8. •
60. Jalleh R, Fitzpatrick MF, Mathur R, Douglas NJ. Do patients with the sleep
apnea/hypopnea syndrome drink more alcohol? Sleep. 1992;15:319-21. •
61. Cheshire K, Engleman H, Deary I, Shapiro C, Douglas NJ. Factors impairing daytime
performance in patients with sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Arch.Intern.Med.
1992;152:538-41. •
62. Kingshott RN, Engleman HM, Deary IJ, Douglas NJ. Does arousal frequency predict
daytime function? Eur.Respir.J. 1998;12:1264-70. •
63. Kingshott RN, Vennelle M, Hoy CJ, Engleman HM , Deary IJ, Douglas NJ. Predictors
of improvements in daytime function outcomes with CPAP therapy. Am.J.Respir.Crlt
Care Med. 2000;161:866-71. •
64. Barbe F, Mayoralas LR, Duran J, Masa JF, Maimo A, Montserrat JM et at. Treatment
with continuous positive airway pressure is not effective in patients with sleep apnea
but no daytime sleepiness, a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern.Med
2001;134:1015-23. •
65. Engleman HM, Cheshire KE, Deary IJ, Douglas NJ. Daytime sleepiness, cognitive
performance and mood after continuous positive airway pressure for the sleep
apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. Thorax 1993;48:911-4. •
66. Engleman HM, Martin SE, Deary IJ, Douglas NJ. Effect of continuous positive airway
pressure treatment on daytime function in sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. Lancet
1994;343:572-5. •
67. Engleman HM, Martin SE, Deary IJ, Douglas NJ. Effect of CPAP therapy on daytime
function in patients with mild sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. Thorax
1997;52:114-9. •
68. Engleman HM, Martin SE, Kingshott RN, Mackay TW, Deary IJ, Douglas NJ.
Randomised placebo controlled trial of daytime function after continuous positive
airway pressure (CPAP) therapy for the sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. Thorax
1998;53:341-5. •
69. Martin SE, Engleman HM, Deary IJ, Douglas NJ. The effect of sleep fragmentation on
daytime function. Am.J.Respir.Crit.Care Med. 1996;153:1328-32. •
70. Martin SE, Wraith PK, Deary IJ, Douglas NJ. The effect of nonvisible sleep
fragmentation on daytime function. Am.J.Respir.Crlt.Care Med. 1997;155:1596-601. •
71. Martin SE, Brander PE, Deary IJ, Douglas NJ. The effect of clustered versus regular
sleep fragmentation on daytime function. J.Sleep Res. 1999;8:305-11. •
72. Kingshott RN, Cosway RJ, Deary IJ, Douglas NJ . The effect of sleep fragmentation
on cognitive processing using computerized topographic brain mapping. J Sleep Res
2000;9:353-7. •
73. Kingshott R, Douglas N, Deary I. Mokken scaling of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale
items in patients with the sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. J.Sleep.Res.
1998;7:293-4. •
74. Kingshott RN, Sime PJ, Engleman HM, Douglas NJ. Self assessment of daytime
sleepiness: patient versus partner. Thorax 1995;50 :994-5. •
75. Kingshott RN,.Douglas NJ. The effect of in laboratory polysomnography on sleep and
objective daytime sleepiness. Sleep 2000;23:1109-13.
76. Engleman HM, Hirst WS, Douglas NJ. Under reportin • g of sleepiness and driving
impairment in patients with sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. J.Sleep.Res.
1997;6:272-5. •
77. Engleman HM, Asgari-Jirhandeh N, McLeod AL, Ramsay CF, Deary IJ, Douglas NJ.
Self-reported use of CPAP and benefits of CPAP therapy: a patient survey. Chest
1996;109:1470-6. •
78. Engleman HM, Gough K, Martin SE, Kingshott RN, Padfield PL, Douglas NJ.
Ambulatory blood pressure on and off continuous positive airway pressure therapy for
the sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome: effects in "non- dippers". Sleep. 1996; 19:378-
81. •
79. Faccenda JF, Mackay TW, Boon NA, Douglas NJ. Randomized Placebo-controlled
Trial of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure on Blood Pressure in the Sleep ApneaFlypopnea Syndrome. Am.J.Respir.Crit Care Med. 2001;163:344-8. •
80. Zwillich C, Devlin T, White D, Douglas N, Weil J, Martin R. Bradycardia during sleep
apnea. Characteristics and mechanism. J.Clin.Invest. 1982;69:1286-92. •
81. Whyte KF,.Douglas NJ. Peripheral edema in the sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome.
Sleep. 1991;14:354-6. •
82. Mathur R,.Douglas NJ. Relation between sudden infant death syndrome and adult
sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. Lancet 1994;344:819-20. •
83. Rees K, Wright A, Keeling JW, Douglas NJ. Facial structure in the sudden infant
death syndrome: case- control study. BMJ. 1998;317:179-80. •
84. Mackay TW, Fitzpatrick MF, Freestone S, Lee MR, Douglas NJ. Atrial natriuretic
peptide levels in the sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. Thorax 1994;49:920-1. •
85. Gould GA, Whyte KF, Rhind GB, Airlie MA, Catterall JR, Shapiro CM et al. The sleep
hypopnea syndrome. Am.Rev.Respir.Dis. 1988;137:895-8. •
86. Whyte KF, Gugger M, Gould GA, Molloy J, Wraith PK, Douglas NJ. Accuracy of
respiratory inductive plethysmograph in measuring tidal volume during sleep.
J.Appl. Physiol. 1991; 71:1866-71. •
87. Whyte KF, Allen MB, Fitzpatrick MF, Douglas NJ. Accuracy and significance of
scoring hypopneas. Sleep. 1992;15:257-60. •
88. Engleman HM, Kingshott RN, Wraith PK, Mackay TW, Deary IJ, Douglas NJ.
Randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial of continuous positive airway pressure
for mild sleep Apnea/Hypopnea syndrome. Am.J.Respir.Crit Care Med.
1999;159:461-7. •
89. Martin SE, Engleman HM, Kingshott RN, Douglas NJ. Microarousals in patients with
sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. J.Sleep.Res. 1997;6:276-80. •
90. Rees K, Kingshott RN, Wraith PK, Douglas NJ . Frequency and significance of
increased upper airway resistance during sleep. Am.J.Respir.Crit Care Med
2000;162:1210-4. •
91. Douglas NJ, Thomas S, Jan MA. Clinical value of polysomnography. Lancet
1992;339:347-50. •
92. Tweeddale PM,.Douglas NJ. Evaluation of Biox IIA ear oximeter. Thorax
1985;40:825-7. •
93. Biernacka H,.Douglas NJ. Evaluation of a computerised polysomnography system.
Thorax 1993;48:280-3. •
94. Bradley PA, Mortimore IL, Douglas NJ. Comparison of polysomnography with
ResCare Autoset in the diagnosis of the sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. Thorax
1995;50:1201-3. •
95. Whittle AT, Finch SP, Mortimore IL, Mackay TW, Douglas NJ. Use of home sleep
studies for diagnosis of the sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. Thorax
1997;52:1068-73. •
96. Rees K, Wraith PK, Berthon-Jones M, Douglas NJ. Detection of apnoeas,
hypopnoeas and arousals by the AutoSet in the sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome.
Eur.Respir.J. 1998;12:764-9. •
97. McArdle N, Grove A, Devereux G, Mackay-Brown L, Mackay T, Douglas NJ. Splitnight versus full-night studies for sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. Eur.Respir.J.
2000;15:670-5. •
98. Whittle AT,.Douglas NJ. Does the physiological success of CPAP titration predict
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Potential effects of real life exposure to environmental contaminants on reproductive health
No full textSerie : Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 98, E-Supplement 1International audienc
Genomic variations associated with attenuation in Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis vaccine strains
No full textBACKGROUND: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) whole cell vaccines have been widely used tools in the control of Johne's disease in animals despite being unable to provide complete protection. Current vaccine strains derive from stocks created many decades ago; however their genotypes, underlying mechanisms and relative degree of their attenuation are largely unknown.
RESULTS: Using mouse virulence studies we confirm that MAP vaccine strains 316 F, II and 2e have diverse but clearly attenuated survival and persistence characteristics compared with wild type strains. Using a pan genomic microarray we characterise the genomic variations in a panel of vaccine strains sourced from stocks spanning over 40 years of maintenance. We describe multiple genomic variations specific for individual vaccine stocks in both deletion (26-32 Kbp) and tandem duplicated (11-40 Kbp) large variable genomic islands and insertion sequence copy numbers. We show individual differences suitable for diagnostic differentiation between vaccine and wild type genotypes and provide evidence for functionality of some of the deleted MAP-specific genes and their possible relation to attenuation.
CONCLUSIONS: This study shows how culture environments have influenced MAP genome diversity resulting in large tandem genomic duplications, deletions and transposable element activity. In combination with classical selective systematic subculture this has led to fixation of specific MAP genomic alterations in some vaccine strain lineages which link the resulting attenuated phenotypes with deficiencies in high reactive oxygen species handling
Peri-conceptional changes in maternal exposure to sewage sludge chemicals disturbs fetal thyroid gland development in sheep
No full text<p>Ewes were exposed to sewage sludge-fertilized pastures in a study designed investigate pre-conceptual and/or gestational exposure to environmental chemicals. The in utero impact on fetal thyroid morphology and function at day 110 (of 145) of pregnancy was then determined.</p>
<p>Pre-conceptual exposure increased the relative thyroid organ weights in male fetuses. The number of thyroid follicles in thyroids of fetuses after pre-conceptual or gestational exposure was reduced. This correlated with an increase in Ki67 positive cells. Pre-conceptual exposure to sewage sludge reduced small blood vessels in fetal thyroids. Thyroid tissues of exposed fetuses contained regions where mature angio-follicular units were reduced exhibiting decreased immunostaining for sodium-iodide symporter (NIS). Fetal plasma levels of fT3 and fT4 in exposed animals, however, were not different from controls suggesting compensatory changes in the thyroid gland to maintain homeostasis in exposed fetuses. The regional aberrations in thyroid morphology may impact on the post-natal life of the exposed offspring.</p>
'Making its own history': New Zealand historical fiction for children,1862-2008
No full textThis thesis considers historical fiction for children and young people dealing with New Zealand history from the arrival of the first Polynesian settlers to the end of the nineteenth century. It provides both a comprehensive survey of historical novels published between 1862 and the end of 2008, and an analysis of the way the same historical events and periods have been depicted in historical novels written at different times. Individual chapters discuss books set during specific historical periods or dealing with particular events - the pre-European period, early contact, nineteenth century immigration, the New Zealand Wars, the gold rushes, and the colonial period - in chronological order of publication. Since children's literature is particularly adept at reflecting and promoting the dominant ideas of the society in which it is produced, the chronological consideration of these texts reveals contemporary attitudes to such issues as race relations, gender roles, class, war and conflict, and concepts of national identity, as well as the way historical fiction has responded to societal changes since the 1860s.
The predominant themes of historical fiction set prior to 1900 are: the arrival of settlers in New Zealand; encounters with the country's indigenous inhabitants; the taming of the often hostile landscape; the assertion of the settlers' claims to 'belong' in their new land; and the establishment of New Zealand as a nation with distinctive characteristics. There are perceptible nuances and differences in the way these themes are discussed depending on the historical moment in which individual authors are writing. Novels of the Victorian period and early twentieth century reflect the imperialistic and evangelistic ethos of the time, and present the British settlers' right to colonize the land and the ensuing dispossession of Māori as largely unproblematic. Subsequent historical novels, particularly those written since the 1960s, offer a more inclusive version of New Zealand history, although the lack of historical fiction for children by Māori writers means that Eurocentric views of history continue to dominate, and that all representations of Māori and their history are mediated through Pakeha writers.
Shifts in social attitudes have resulted in changes in the treatment of Māori in historical novels for children, and similar changes have occurred in the portrayal of gender, class, and ethnicity. The passage of time has seen increased agency and a wider variety of roles allocated to Māori, female and working class characters, as well as greater ethnic diversity. Developments in New Zealand historiography are also reflected in fiction, although at times historical fiction prefigures written histories, or provides alternative views by depicting the experience of women, children and Māori, who often did not feature in conventional histories. While many historical novels for children, especially the earlier texts, are adventure stories set in the past and are not necessarily concerned with historical verisimilitude, an increasing number attempt to present authentic recreations of historical periods, including accounts of actual people and events, based on extensive research, and reinforced with peritextual material in the form of historical notes, bibliographies, maps and photographs.
The role of New Zealand historical fiction for children and young people has been not only to entertain young readers and inform them about their country's past, but to create and foster a sense of national identity
Distinctive expansion of potential virulence genes in the genome of the oomycete fish pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica
No full textPeer reviewe
