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Şah İsmail Safevî’nin Siyasi Portresi
Get PDFIm Laufe der Jahrhunderte gab es in der Geschichte unseres Volkes viele Persönlichkeiten, die Hunderte von Stämmen und Clans und Millionen von Menschen, die in einem gemeinsamen geografischen Gebiet lebten, dieselbe Sprache sprachen und dieselben spirituellen Werte teilten, um ein Ideal herum zu vereinen suchten.
Eine dieser historischen Persönlichkeiten ist Schah Ismail. Für renommierte Wissenschaftler und einflussreiche Historiker bleibt Schah Ismail ein großer Staatsmann und begnadeter Heeresführer. Aus der Sicht der Aserbaidschaner ist Schah Ismail die Person, die die Gebiete Aserbaidschans vereinte und den aserbaidschanischen Zentralstaat gründete.
In Primärquellen finden sich zahlreiche Betrachtungen über den Gründer des Safawidenstaates, die deutlich zeigen, wie unzertrennlich dieser mit den aserbaidschanischen und anatolischen Türken verbunden war. Besonders bekannt und versinnbildlichend ist hierbei ein Satz, den Ismail Safawi während der Belagerung der Gulistan-Festung, einer der am stärksten befestigten Festungen Schirwans, äußerte. Als die Belagerung sich in die Länge zog, fragte Ismail die einflussreichen Emire, mit denen er sich beriet: „Wollt ihr die Gulistan-Festung oder den Thron von Aserbaidschan?“ Diejenigen, die an die heilige Safawiden-Dynastie glaubten, antworteten daraufhin: „Den Thron von Aserbaidschan.“
Dieser historische Dialog ist aus mehreren Gründen bedeutend: Ismail, für den die Gründung eines mächtigen Staates als höchstes Ziel galt, das ihn zu militärischem Handeln antrieb, sah schon in jungen Jahren voraus, dass das Zentrum dieses Staates in Aserbaidschan zu liegen habe. Als der junge Safawiden-Schah 1499 mit sieben Anhängern von Gilan nach Ardabil aufbrach, ließ er sich von seinen Beratern leiten, doch vor der Gulistan-Festung versammelte er Emire und Notabeln und präsentierte ihnen nun höchstpersönlich seine großen historischen Ziele. Dies macht ihn zu einer der historischen Persönlichkeiten Aserbaidschans, die unabhängige Entscheidungen trafen.Throughout the history of our nation, there have been many figures who, by uniting hundreds of tribes and communities that lived in the same geographical area, spoke the same language, and shared spiritual values, called for unity and solidarity around a common ideal, gathering millions of people.
One of these historical figures is Shah Ismail. For scholars and historians, Shah Ismail remains a great statesman and a talented commander. In the eyes of Azerbaijanis, Shah Ismail is the person who unified the lands of Azerbaijan and established the central Azerbaijani state.
In the primary sources, numerous considerations about the founder of the Safevid state show his inherent ties with the Turks and Azerbaijan. Undoubtedly, the most notable and convincing of such facts are the words of Ismail Safevi when the Gulustan fortress in Shirvan was besieged. As the siege of the Gulustan fortress, one of the most strong fortifications of Shirvan, was prolonged, Ismail called the great emirs to him and said: “Do you need the Gulustan fortress or the throne of Azerbaijan?” Followers of the Holy Safavid dynasty answered “The throne of Azerbaijan”.
This historical discourse is important in the following ways: at first, Ismail saw his highest goal, which pushed him to military campaigns from an early age, to establish a new and powerful state. Secondly, Ismail declared this polity as the state of Azerbaijan. Thirdly, while Ismail moved from Gilan to Ardabil with his seven followers in 1499, he acted under the influence of his advisors, however, under the Gulustan fortress, he was already an independent personality who set great historical goals for his nobles and emirs.
The study of Shah Ismail’s political portrait is essential, first and foremost, for understanding his extraordinary personality. Shah Ismail managed to sustain the Safavid sectarian movement, mobilized Safavid followers around him despite his young age, initiated a movement with a small group that altered the political landscape of the region, successfully concluded this movement, and laid the foundations of a great and powerful state like the Safavid Empire, ensuring its longevity.Milletimizin tarihinde asırlar boyunca ortak coğrafyada yaşayan, aynı dili konuşan ve manevî değerleri paylaşan yüzlerce boy ve aşiretleri, milyonlarca insanı bir ülkü etrafında toplayarak birlik ve beraberlik çağrısında bulunan pek çok şahsiyet olmuştur.
Bu tarihi şahsiyetlerden biri de Şah İsmail’dir. Bilim adamları ve tarihçiler için Şah İsmail, büyük bir devlet adamı ve yetenekli bir komutan olmaya devam etmektedir. Azerbaycanlıların gözünde Şah İsmail, Azerbaycan topraklarını birleştiren ve merkezi Azerbaycan devletini kuran kişidir.
Ana kaynaklarda Safevî Devleti’nin kurucusu hakkında yapılan çok sayıda değerlendirme, onun Azerbaycan ve Anadolu Türkleri ile ayrılmaz bağını göstermektedir. Bu gerçeklerin en bilineni ve ikna edicisi şüphesiz İsmail Safevî’nin Şirvan’daki Gülistan kalesinin kuşatıldığı sırada söylediği sözlerdir. Şirvan’ın en müstahkem kalelerinden olan Gülistan kalesinin kuşatması uzadıkça İsmail nüfuzlu emirleri ile müşavere ederek şöyle dedi: “Gülistan kalesine mi, yoksa Azerbaycan tahtına mı ihtiyacınız var?” Kutsal Safevî hanedanının inananları cevap verdi... “Azerbaycan tahtına”.
Bu tarihî diyalog birkaç açıdan önemlidir: Daha erken yaşlarından itibaren kendisini askerî faaliyetlere sevk eden en yüksek amacını kudretli bir devletin kurulması olarak kabul eden İsmail inşa olunacak devletin Azerbaycan merkezli olacağını öngörüyordu. 1499 yılında yedi müridiyle birlikte Gilan’dan Erdebil’e yola çıkarken danışmanlarının etkisi ile harekete geçen gencecik Safevî şeyhi Gülistan kalesinin önünde emir ve ayanları toplayarak artık bizzat kendisi onların karşısına büyük tarihî hedefler koymaktadır. Bu onu Azerbaycan tarihinin bağımsız kararlar alan tarihî şahsiyetlerinden biri yapmaktadır.
Şah İsmail’in siyasi portresinin incelenmesi, öncelikle onun olağanüstü bir şahsiyet olarak karakterinin ortaya konulması açısından gereklidir. Şah İsmail, Safevi mezhebi hareketinin ayakta kalmasını nasıl sağladı, genç yaşına rağmen Safevi müridlerini çevresinde seferber etmeyi başardı, çevresinden birkaç kişiyle birlikte bölgenin siyasi manzarasını değiştirebilecek bir hareket başlattı, bu hareketi başarıyla tamamladı, Safevi Devleti gibi büyük ve güçlü bir devletin temellerini atmış, uzun ömürlü olmasını sağladı
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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