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Perbandingan Tramadol 0.5 dan 1 Mg/Kgbb Iv dalam Mencegah Menggigil dengan Efek Samping yang Minimal pada Anestesi Spinal
No full textBackground and Objectives : Shivering is an unpleasant and frequent complication and is seen in 40 – 60 % cases after spinal anesthesia. Numerous pharmacological interventions have been proposed, but their relative efficacy remains unclear. The effect of Tramadol 1mg/kgBW iv in the prevention of perioperative shivering after spinal anesthesia has been studied. The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of Tramadol HCl 0.5 mg/kgBW with 1 mg/kgBW injected intravenously for prevention of post spinal anesthesia. Methods : After getting the approval from the ethic committee of USU Medical school. 102 healthy samples were enrolled, men and women, age 18 to 60 yrs, physical state ASA 1 – 2, who underwent elective surgery in Adam Malik General Hospital and Pirngadi Hospital, Medan. The sample was divided randomly into two groups each with 51 subjects. In a prospective, controlled, randomised, double-blinded clinical trial. Group A received Tramadol HCl 0.5 mg/kgBW iv and group B received Tramadol HCl 1 mg/kgBW iv to prevent shivering after spinal anesthesia. Blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, peripheral oxygen saturation, temperature core, temperature membrane tympani, shivering, nausea, and vomiting were determined and recorded. All data were analysed by using T- independent and Chi-square test. Results : There were no significant difference between age (p=0.057), sex (p=0.427), BMI (0.257) and height of block of spinal anesthesia (p=0.535) between Tramadol HCl 0.5 mg/kgBW iv compared to Tramadol HCl 1 mg/kgBW iv. The systolic (p=0.024) and diastolic (p=0.031) pressure after injection of both drugs were significantly different. Shivering, core temperature, nausea and vomiting observed between the two dosages were not statistically different. Conclusions : This study concluded that Tramadol 0.5 mg/kgBW iv can be used to prevent shivering after spinal anesthesia.Latarbelakang dan Objektif : Menggigil adalah komplikasi yang tidak menyenangkan dan sering terjadi, angka kejadian sekitar 40 – 60 % kasus setelah tindakan anestesi spinal. Banyak intervensi obat-obatan telah diteliti, namun efektifitasnya dalam mencegah menggigil masih belum jelas. Efek tramadol sebagai pencegah menggigil setelah tindakan anestesi spinal sudah pernah diteliti pada dosis Tramadol HCl 1 mg/kgBB. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membandingkan efektifitas dari Tramadol HCl 0,5 mg/kgBB dengan 1 mg/kgBB yang diberikan secara intravena untuk mencegah terjadinya menggigil setelah tindakan anestesi spinal. Metode : Setelah mendapatkan persetujuan dari komite etik Fakultas Kedokteran USU, 102 sampel dikumpulkan, pria dan wanita, dari umur 18 sampai 60 tahun dengan status fisik ASA 1 dan 2, yang mengikuti tindakan pembedahan elektif di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat H. Adam Malik dan Rumah Sakit Umum Pirngadi Medan. Sampel kemudian dibagi secara acak menjadi dua kelompok dengan masing-masing 51 subjek. Penelitian ini bersifat prospektif, acak terkontrol secara random tersamar ganda. Grup A menerima Tramadol HCl 0.5 mg/kgBB iv dan grup B menerima Tramadol HCl 1 mg/kgBB iv untuk mencegah menggigil setelah tindakan anestesi spinal. Tekanan darah, laju nadi, laju nafas, saturasi oksigen perifer, temperatur inti, temperatur membran timpani, menggigil, mual dan muntah diawasi dan dicatat. Semua data kemudian dianalisa menggunakan tes T – idendependent dan Chi-square. Hasil : Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara umur (p=0,057), jenis kelamin (p=0,427), BMI (0,257) dan ketinggian blok spinal anestesi (p=0,535) antara Tramadol HCl 0,5 mg/kgBB iv dibandingkan dengan Tramadol HCl 1 mg/kgBB iv. Tekanan sistolik dan diastolik setelah pemberian dari kedua obat tersebut didapatkan berbeda secara signifikan. Menggigil, temperatur inti, mual dan muntah pada kedua kelompok tidak didapati adanya perbedaan yang bermakna. Kesimpulan : Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa Tramadol 0,5 mg/kgBB iv dapat digunakan untuk mencegah menggigil setelah tindakan anestesi spinal.87 HalamanTesis Magiste
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Hubungan penggunaan kortikosteroid inhalasi dengan kadar glukosa darah pada penderita asma
No full textLATAR BELAKANG
Asma merupakan gangguan inflamasi kronis di jalan napas. Dasar penyakit ini adalah hiperaktivitas bronkus dan obstruksi jalan napas. Prevalensi asma di Indonesia mencapai 4,5%. Pasien asma dengan derajat asma persisten ringan hingga berat akan menggunakan kortikosteroid inhalasi sebagai controller, penggunaan jangka panjang dapat berpengaruh pada kadar glukosa darah. Hal itu penggunaan jangka panjang dapat menyebabkan peningkatan aktivitas Hipotalamus Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) yang selanjutnya akan menyebabkan pelepasan Adrenocorticotropin Hormone (ACTH) yang nantinya akan melibatkan mekanisme aktivitas tersebut hingga dapat meningkatkan kadar glukosa darah pada asma yang menggunakan kortikosteroid jangka panjang dan intensitas yang sering. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan penggunaan kortikosteroid inhalasi dengan kadar glukosa darah pada penderita asma.
METODE
Penelitian menggunakan studi observasional dengan pendekatan potong lintang atau cross-sectional yang mengikutsertakan 56 pasien asma poli paru di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Budhi Asih, Jakarta Timur. Data dikumpulkan dengan cara melihat nilai spirometri pasien pada rekam medis, wawancara pasien untuk menentukan pasien menggunakan kortikosteroid inhalasi dan pengambilan kadar glukosa darah dengan HbA1C di laboratorium. Analisis data dilakukan secara univariat dan bivariat menggunakan uji Fisher dan diolah dengan program SPSS (Statistical Program for Social Science) dengan tingkat kemaknaan yang digunakan besarnya 0.05.
HASIL
Hasil analisis antara penggunaan kortikosteroid inhalasi dengan kadar glukosa darah pada penderita asma berdasarkan uji Fisher menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang tidak bermakna (p = 0.245).
KESIMPULAN
Penelitian ini menunjukkan tidak adanya hubungan penggunaan kortikosteroid inhalasi dengan kadar glukosa darah pada penderita asm
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