1,354,189 research outputs found
Animal-welfare friendly control of epizootics does not have to be expensive - An analysis using the example of classical swine fever
No full textSwine fever is the epizootic with the largest economic impact in the field of swine production. The outbreak of an animal disease is a potential threat, which can destroy the economic basis of a farm. Furthermore, the disease outbreak leads to high emotional stress for the affected livestock owners due to the slaughter of a large number of animals. Finally, the slaughtering of a large number of mostly healthy animals is increasingly refused by the wider public. The demand for new, more animal-welfare friendly measures to fight animal diseases, as for instance emergency vaccination, has received increasing attention. In this paper, we economically evaluate emergency vaccination against swine fever within the current framework. The results are compared with the ones of the control strategy "culling". The results show that the use of emergency vaccination is economically not a disadvantage compared to culling. However, it becomes clear that at present marketing is the biggest issue to the lack of acceptance of vaccinated animals. Furthermore, the shortage of vaccine, staff or material can be a challenge in regions with a high stock density
Animal-welfare friendly control of epizootics does not have to be expensive - An analysis using the example of classical swine fever
No full textSwine fever is the epizootic with the largest economic impact in the field of swine production. The outbreak of an animal disease is a potential threat, which can destroy the economic basis of a farm. Furthermore, the disease outbreak leads to high emotional stress for the affected livestock owners due to the slaughter of a large number of animals. Finally, the slaughtering of a large number of mostly healthy animals is increasingly refused by the wider public. The demand for new, more animal-welfare friendly measures to fight animal diseases, as for instance emergency vaccination, has received increasing attention. In this paper, we economically evaluate emergency vaccination against swine fever within the current framework. The results are compared with the ones of the control strategy "culling". The results show that the use of emergency vaccination is economically not a disadvantage compared to culling. However, it becomes clear that at present marketing is the biggest issue to the lack of acceptance of vaccinated animals. Furthermore, the shortage of vaccine, staff or material can be a challenge in regions with a high stock density
La relación de Goethe y Spinoza I parte
No full textTraducción de Arturo Rojas AlvaradoHans Naether, Maestría en Artes, State University of Iowa, 1918. La traducción y restauración del presente texto se realiza a partir del capítulo sexto de la tesis por el grado de maestría en Artes de la Universidad estatal de Iowa, presentado en 1918, titulado The pantheism of Goethe in its relation to that of Spinoza, pp. 30-37. Por su antigüedad es de dominio público.Editorial estudiantil de la UCRUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Artes y Letras::Facultad de Letras::Escuela de Filosofí
Analysis of O-F-layer humus mass variation in a mixed stand of European beech and Norway spruce: An application of structural equation modelling
No full textA number of different research approaches have been used to investigate the influence of tree species on the particular ecological parameters in mixed forest stands. While it is widely recognized that trees have species-specific effects on particular resources like radiation, water and nutrients more interacting effects of mixtures are assumed to exist. In this paper we examine the spatial variation of humus mass in a mixed stand and discuss the influence of specific spatial factors on humus mass variation. Our study site is located in the Solling area, an intermediate mountain range in the south of Lower Saxony in Germany. It is located in a 130-140-year-old European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L). Karst.) mixed stand. To better understand processes which determine amount of humus mass variation within mixed stands of European beech and Norway spruce we measured humus mass of the O-F and ecological factors at sample points (litter fall of beech and spruce, radiation, and precipitation beneath the forest canopy). we used a structural equation model (SEM) to analyse data for the effect of species-specific litter input, radiation and throughfall on humus mass variation. Additional to classical regression approaches SEM enables us to consider latent, non-observed, factors or variables. In this paper we present a special SEM, a so-called linear structural relationship (LISREL) model, showing how self-formulated latent variables like "decomposition environment" and "decomposition inhibition" affect the humus mass of the O-F layer. Latent structures are of great importance in order to understand and analyse processes determining humus mass variation. In our model, "latent variables" are identified, which explain the contribution of measured variables to improvement or deterioration of humus decomposition, and hence more or less accumulation of organic material in the surface humus layers, in our case the OF layer. Spruce needle input impedes humus dynamics, while beech leaf litter input and higher throughfall amounts show supporting effects. These model results are in agreement with formerly reported findings, but yield further an interval-scaled combined measure which is better founded and more comprehensive than earlier descriptive approaches to the single ecological factors involved. Besides of the ecological interpretation of the results we succeed in determining a valid structural equation model taking into account all relevant ecological factors of humus decomposition. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
No full text“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Environmental Factors Affect Acidobacterial Communities below the Subgroup Level in Grassland and Forest Soils
No full textIn soil, Acidobacteria constitute on average 20% of all bacteria, are highly diverse, and are physiologically active in situ. However, their individual functions and interactions with higher taxa in soil are still unknown. Here, potential effects of land use, soil properties, plant diversity, and soil nanofauna on acidobacterial community composition were studied by cultivation-independent methods in grassland and forest soils from three different regions in Germany. The analysis of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries representing all studied soils revealed that grassland soils were dominated by subgroup Gp6 and forest soils by subgroup Gp1 Acidobacteria. The analysis of a large number of sites (n = 57) by 16S rRNA gene fingerprinting methods (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism [T-RFLP] and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis [DGGE]) showed that Acidobacteria diversities differed between grassland and forest soils but also among the three different regions. Edaphic properties, such as pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, phosphorus, nitrate, ammonium, soil moisture, soil temperature, and soil respiration, had an impact on community composition as assessed by fingerprinting. However, interrelations with environmental parameters among subgroup terminal restriction fragments (T-RFs) differed significantly, e.g., different Gp1 T-RFs correlated positively or negatively with nitrogen content. Novel significant correlations of Acidobacteria subpopulations (i.e., individual populations within subgroups) with soil nanofauna and vascular plant diversity were revealed only by analysis of clone sequences. Thus, for detecting novel interrelations of environmental parameters with Acidobacteria, individual populations within subgroups have to be considered.Astrid Naether, Bärbel U. Foesel, Verena Naegele, Pia K. Wüst, Jan Weinert, Michael Bonkowski, Fabian Alt, Yvonne Oelmann, Andrea Polle, Gertrud Lohaus, Sonja Gockel, Andreas Hemp, Elisabeth K. V. Kalko, Karl Eduard Linsenmair, Simone Pfeiffer, Swen Renner, Ingo Schöning, Wolfgang W. Weisser, Konstans Wells, Markus Fischer, Jörg Overmann, and Michael W. Friedric
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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