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Avaliação da atividade antileishmania do extrato de Crinum scabrum e alcalóides da família Amaryllidaceae
No full textLeishmaniasis is a neglected parasitic disease that affects millions of people, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. In Brazil, according to the Ministry of Health, there are approximately 14,000 people infected with the disease, with the North, Midwest and Northeast regions being the most affected. The disease is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and is transmitted during blood transfusions by the female phlebotomine bug of the genus Lutzomyia, known as the straw mosquito. The disease can range from cutaneous and mucocutaneous lesions to visceral forms, with each clinical form correlating with the strain of Leishmania and the host's immune status. Currently, the drugs available to treat the disease consist basically of pentavalent antimonials and amphotericin B. However, due to the growing resistance to conventional treatments, the toxicity of the drugs, the limitation of available drugs and the social stigma caused by the disease, there is a need to search for new, more effective and safer therapies. In this context, natural products or their derivatives are important sources of study. Plants from the Amaryllidaceae family stand out for their diversity of secondary metabolites, including isoquinoline alkaloids, and previous studies have demonstrated various biological properties, including antiprotozoal activity for specific alkaloids from the family. In view of this, the aim of this work is to investigate the anti-leishmanial potential of Crinum scabrum extract and the alkaloids crinamine and haemantidine against the L. amazonensis protozoan through in vitro biological tests. The ethyl acetate fraction of the C. scabrum extract was the most active against promastigote forms, but the methanolic extract showed greater selectivity. Among the alkaloids isolated, haemantidine showed the greatest anti-leishmania activity and selectivity. It is hoped that these results can contribute significantly to the development of new drugs, improving the control and treatment of leishmaniasis.A leishmaniose é uma doença parasitária negligenciada que afeta milhões de pessoas, principalmente em regiões tropicais e subtropicais. No Brasil, de acordo com o Ministério da Saúde, existem aproximadamente 14.000 mil infectados pela doença, sendo as regiões Norte, Centro-oeste e Nordeste as mais afetadas. A doença é causada por protozoários do gênero Leishmania e transmitida durante o repasto sanguíneo realizado pela fêmea do inseto Flebotomíneo do gênero Lutzomyia, conhecido como mosquito-palha. A doença pode se manifestar desde lesões cutâneas, mucocutâneas até formas viscerais, sendo cada forma clínica correlacionada com a cepa de Leishmania e o estado imunológico do hospedeiro. Atualmente os fármacos disponíveis para o tratamento da doença consistem basicamente em antimoniais pentavalentes e anfotericina B, no entanto, devido à crescente resistência aos tratamentos convencionais, à toxicidade dos medicamentos, à limitação de fármacos disponíveis e ao estigma social causado pela doença, há necessidade da busca de novas terapias mais eficazes e seguras. Nesse contexto, produtos naturais ou derivados são importantes fontes de estudo. As plantas da Família Amaryllidaceae destacam-se pela diversidade de metabólitos secundários, incluindo alcalóides isoquinolínicos e estudos anteriores demonstraram várias propriedades biológicas, incluindo atividade antiprotozoária para alcalóides específicos da família. Diante disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar através de ensaios biológico in vitro o potencial antileishmania do extrato de Crinum scabrum e dos alcalóides crinamina e haemantidina, contra o protozoário de L. amazonensis. A fração acetato de etila do extrato de C. scabrum foi a mais ativa contra as formas promastigotas, mas o extrato metanólico apresentou maior seletividade. Entre os alcaloides isolados, haemantidina apresentou maior atividade antileishmania e maior seletividade. Espera-se que esses resultados possam contribuir significativamente para o desenvolvimento de
novos fármacos, melhorando o controle e tratamento da leishmaniose
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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