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Predicting contraceptive behaviour among adolescents : social, cognitive, and contextual influences
No full textReports from Norway and other western countries show that many adolescents do not protect themselves from unintended pregnancies and sexual transmitted infections (STIs). The incidence of STIs such as chlamydia infections has increased in recent years in Norway and other European countries. The general aim of this thesis was to investigate the social, cognitive, and contextual factors that predict adolescents’ decisions about whether or not to use contraception. The study population of this thesis comprised all of the students in ninth grade at three schools in Oslo (n =196). The findings presented in Paper 3 are based on data from a cross-sectional health study (The Norwegian Youth Health Study) among students attending tenth grade in urban and rural regions of Norway, reporting having had at least one coital experience (n =4467).
The results of this thesis show that the Theory of Planned Behaviour and the Prototype/Willingness model provide important information about the psychological processes underlying the decision among young adolescents to use contraceptives. Likewise, the results showed that contraceptive use among adolescents was influenced by different contextual levels (individual, family, community and societal) and thus supported the socio-ecological model (Bronfenbrenner, 1979).
Furthermore, social influence from friends, parents, and partners were the most important predictors among boys and girls for intentions to use contraceptives. In addition, moral norms were one of the most important predictors of boys’ intentions to use contraceptives, and for girls and boys willingness of to have unsafe sex. Perceived health-risk prototype was an important predictor for the intention to use contraception among girls and for the decision among boys to use condoms. Furthermore, perceived risk and fear of getting STIs together with the opinions of parents and friends about contraceptive use and their approval of it were the most important factors for girls’ decisions to use condoms.
The most important individual and contextual predictors of condom use among boys were friend support, visits to youth health services, few episodes of drunkenness and not using doping agents. The most important predictors of condom use among girls were parental monitoring, general self-efficacy, few episodes of drunkenness, and not smoking daily. For girls, visits to youth health clinics, parental monitoring, and not smoking daily were most important for their use of contraceptive pills. The results from this work point to several important practical issues in terms of preventing STIs and unintended pregnancies among adolescents
Sammenheng mellom tidlig seksuell debut og psykiske vansker blant ungdom
No full textMål med studien. Mange unge debuterer seksuelt før fylte 16 år, som er den seksuelle lavaldergrensen i Norge. Dette kan ha konsekvenser for både fysisk og psykisk helse. Formålet med denne studien var å studere sammenhengen mellom alder ved seksuell debut og psykiske vansker blant ungdom som debuterer tidlig, og undersøke om foreldrestøtte og selvbilde kunne virke som beskyttende faktorer.
Materiale og metode. Studien er basert på data fra helseundersøkelsen Helseprofil for barn og unge i Akershus i 2002. Dette er en tverrsnittstudie som inkluderer skoleelever i alderen 15-20 år fra alle videregående skoler i Akershus (n=9356). Responsraten var 79 %. Symptomer på psykiske vansker, inkludert emosjonelle problem, atferdsproblem, hyperaktivitet og venneproblem, og vanskenes innvirkning ble målt ved hjelp av Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Seksuell debut ble inndelt i tre grupper, ≤14 år, 15 år og ≥16 år, og sammenlignet med de som ikke hadde debutert. Multivariat logistisk regresjon ble benyttet for å undersøke sammenhengen mellom psykiske vansker og seksuell debut, kontrollert for foreldrestøtte og selvbilde, samt alder på nåværende tidspunkt og familieøkonomi.
Resultater. Blant de som debuterte ≤14 år hadde 28 % av jentene og 23 % av guttene symptomer på psykiske vansker. Gutter og jenter i denne debutgruppen hadde over dobbelt så høy risiko for psykiske vansker sammenlignet med de som ikke hadde debutert. Andel som opplevde at vanskene innvirket på dagliglivet var 39 % blant jenter som debuterte ≤14 år. Jenter i denne debutgruppen opplevde nesten dobbelt så høy risiko for vansker som innvirket på dagliglivet sammenlignet med jenter som ikke hadde debutert. Foreldrestøtte og godt selvbilde hadde ingen beskyttende effekt på sammenhengen mellom seksuell debut og psykiske vansker. Tidlig seksuell debut viste sammenheng med høyere risiko for eksternaliserende vansker, definert som atferdsproblem og hyperaktivitet, for begge kjønn. Gutter som debuterte ≥16 år og jenter som debuterte etter 15 år hadde lavere risiko for venneproblemer, sammenlignet med de som ikke hadde debutert. Seksuell debut viste ingen sammenheng med emosjonelle problem.
Konklusjon. Denne studien viser at alder har en avgjørende betydning i sammenhengen mellom psykiske vansker og seksuell debut for begge kjønn. Risikoen for psykiske vansker er høyere blant de som debuterer tidlig, spesielt blant de som er 14 år eller yngre. Sammenholdt med funn fra tidligere studier kan det tyde på at eksternaliserende vansker er en risikofaktor for tidlig seksuell debut
Association between early age at sexual debut and psychological distress among youth
No full textMål med studien. Mange unge debuterer seksuelt før fylte 16 år, som er den seksuelle lavaldergrensen i Norge. Dette kan ha konsekvenser for både fysisk og psykisk helse. Formålet med denne studien var å studere sammenhengen mellom alder ved seksuell debut og psykiske vansker blant ungdom som debuterer tidlig, og undersøke om foreldrestøtte og selvbilde kunne virke som beskyttende faktorer.
Materiale og metode. Studien er basert på data fra helseundersøkelsen Helseprofil for barn og unge i Akershus i 2002. Dette er en tverrsnittstudie som inkluderer skoleelever i alderen 15-20 år fra alle videregående skoler i Akershus (n=9356). Responsraten var 79 %. Symptomer på psykiske vansker, inkludert emosjonelle problem, atferdsproblem, hyperaktivitet og venneproblem, og vanskenes innvirkning ble målt ved hjelp av Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Seksuell debut ble inndelt i tre grupper, ≤14 år, 15 år og ≥16 år, og sammenlignet med de som ikke hadde debutert. Multivariat logistisk regresjon ble benyttet for å undersøke sammenhengen mellom psykiske vansker og seksuell debut, kontrollert for foreldrestøtte og selvbilde, samt alder på nåværende tidspunkt og familieøkonomi.
Resultater. Blant de som debuterte ≤14 år hadde 28 % av jentene og 23 % av guttene symptomer på psykiske vansker. Gutter og jenter i denne debutgruppen hadde over dobbelt så høy risiko for psykiske vansker sammenlignet med de som ikke hadde debutert. Andel som opplevde at vanskene innvirket på dagliglivet var 39 % blant jenter som debuterte ≤14 år. Jenter i denne debutgruppen opplevde nesten dobbelt så høy risiko for vansker som innvirket på dagliglivet sammenlignet med jenter som ikke hadde debutert. Foreldrestøtte og godt selvbilde hadde ingen beskyttende effekt på sammenhengen mellom seksuell debut og psykiske vansker. Tidlig seksuell debut viste sammenheng med høyere risiko for eksternaliserende vansker, definert som atferdsproblem og hyperaktivitet, for begge kjønn. Gutter som debuterte ≥16 år og jenter som debuterte etter 15 år hadde lavere risiko for venneproblemer, sammenlignet med de som ikke hadde debutert. Seksuell debut viste ingen sammenheng med emosjonelle problem.
Konklusjon. Denne studien viser at alder har en avgjørende betydning i sammenhengen mellom psykiske vansker og seksuell debut for begge kjønn. Risikoen for psykiske vansker er høyere blant de som debuterer tidlig, spesielt blant de som er 14 år eller yngre. Sammenholdt med funn fra tidligere studier kan det tyde på at eksternaliserende vansker er en risikofaktor for tidlig seksuell debut.Objectives of the study. Many youth have a sexual debut prior to the Norwegian legal age of 16 years. An early debut can have physical or mental health consequences. The aim of this study was to examine the association between age at sexual debut and psychological distress among youth that begin their sexual life at a young age, as well as investigating whether or not parental support or selfesteem can function as protective factors.
Material and Methods. The study is based on data from the Health Profile Study for children and youth in Akershus in 2002. This study is a cross-sectional investigation that includes students aged 15 to 20 years, from all high schools in the Akershus Region (n=9356). The response rate was 79 %. Symptoms, including emotional, conduct, peer problems and hyperactivity, as well as impact of psychological distress were measured using Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Sexual debut was divided into three groups, ≤14 years, 15 years and ≥16 years, and compared to those students who had not yet had a sexual debut. Multivariate logistic regression was used to study the association between psychological distress and sexual debut, controlling for parental support, selfesteem, as well as age at time of the study and family income.
Results. Among those youth having a sexual debut ≤14 years 28 % of girls and 23 % of boys had symptoms of psychological distress. Boys and girls in this debut age group had twice as high risk for psychological distress as those who had not yet had a sexual debut. 39% of girls, who had a debut ≤14 years, experienced an impact on their daily lives. Girls in this debut age group experienced twice as high risk for impact on their daily lives as compared to girls who had not yet had a sexual debut. Parental support and good self-esteem showed no signs of acting as protective factors on the association between sexual debut and psychological distress. There was an association between early sexual debut and high risk for externalizing difficulties, defined as conduct problems and hyperactivity, for both genders. Boys that had their debut at 16 years or older, and girls with a debut after 15 years showed lower risk for having peer problems as compared to those who had not had a debut yet. There were no associations between age of sexual debut and emotional problems.
Conclusion. This study demonstrates that for both genders there is a strong association between age of sexual debut and psychological distress. The risk for psychological distress is higher for those beginning earliest, especially for those having a debut at or before the age of 14. Compared to results from other studies, this study suggests that having externalizing psychological problems is a risk factor for early sexual debut.M-FO
The Relationship between Self-harm and Bullying Behavior: Results from a Population based-study of Adolescents.
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The Relationship between Self-harm and Bullying Behavior: Results from a Population based-study of Adolescents.
No full textGoing Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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