19 research outputs found
Impact of conservation and development interventions on livelihoods and forest resources management in Pangani River Basin: a case of Muheza District, Tanzania
No full textThis thesis is also available in printAn increase in human population has led to land scarcity, shortage of water for irrigation
and catchments forest degradation in Pangani River Basin. The response to the socioeconomic
and environmental problems in the basin has been among the endeavors of
Conservation and Development Interventions (CDIs). This study was conducted to assess
the impact of CDIs on livelihoods and forest resources management at Pangani River
Basin in Muheza District, Tanzania. Sustainable livelihood approach was employed to
gather livelihoods data. Livelihoods attributes were collected using a number of PRA
techniques, questionnaire, focus group discussion, key informant and field observation.
Forest inventory was carried out in Kwamkoro forest reserves by laying out 50 sample
plots systematically from the forest edge. Different forest parameters were compared to the
1998 record. Contents and structural-functional analyses were applied to analyse socioeconomic
qualitative data. Statistical Package for Social Science and Macro soft excel was
used to analyse the socio-economic various forest parameters data. The study found out
that EUCAMP was the major CDIs in the study area. Butterfly farming, fish farming, bee
keeping, energy saving stove, collecting and selling of Allanblackia stulhminii seeds, biointensive
gardening, zero grazing dairy cattle, spice cultivation and ecotourism were the
livelihoods strategies adopted from CDIs. Land size, household income, forest restoration
and livelihood improvement were statistically significantly correlated with CDIs activities
at (p< 0.01). Further, stems per hectare obtained in 2005 were low compared to stems per
hectare observed in 1998 indicating significant decrease. The basal area and wood volume
decreased while species diversity indices indicate a slight increase from 3.4 to 3.5 between
1998 and 2007 suggesting that the forest is still facing disturbance. It was concluded that
CDIs interventions have not adequately improved people’s livelihoods or reduced pressure
toward forest resources utilization
Impact of conservation and development interventions on livelihoods and forest resources management in Pangani River Basin: a case of Muheza District, Tanzania
No full textAn increase in human population has led to land scarcity, shortage of water for irrigation
and catchments forest degradation in Pangani River Basin. The response to the socioeconomic
and environmental problems in the basin has been among the endeavors of
Conservation and Development Interventions (CDIs). This study was conducted to assess
the impact of CDIs on livelihoods and forest resources management at Pangani River
Basin in Muheza District, Tanzania. Sustainable livelihood approach was employed to
gather livelihoods data. Livelihoods attributes were collected using a number of PRA
techniques, questionnaire, focus group discussion, key informant and field observation.
Forest inventory was carried out in Kwamkoro forest reserves by laying out 50 sample
plots systematically from the forest edge. Different forest parameters were compared to the
1998 record. Contents and structural-functional analyses were applied to analyse socioeconomic
qualitative data. Statistical Package for Social Science and Macro soft excel was
used to analyse the socio-economic various forest parameters data. The study found out
that EUCAMP was the major CDIs in the study area. Butterfly farming, fish farming, bee
keeping, energy saving stove, collecting and selling of Allanblackia stulhminii seeds, biointensive
gardening, zero grazing dairy cattle, spice cultivation and ecotourism were the
livelihoods strategies adopted from CDIs. Land size, household income, forest restoration
and livelihood improvement were statistically significantly correlated with CDIs activities
at (p< 0.01). Further, stems per hectare obtained in 2005 were low compared to stems per
hectare observed in 1998 indicating significant decrease. The basal area and wood volume
decreased while species diversity indices indicate a slight increase from 3.4 to 3.5 between
1998 and 2007 suggesting that the forest is still facing disturbance. It was concluded that
CDIs interventions have not adequately improved people’s livelihoods or reduced pressure
toward forest resources utilization.This thesis is also available in prin
Legal regulation of prices in Tanzania : an examination of the Regulation of Prices Act 1973 as a tool of social change and development
No full textDrawing mainly from the Tazanian experience this study
attempts to review the principal issues in the legal regulation of
prices, by identifying both the general and specific importance
of law in this respect. The position I shall present is that
legal control is both necessary and desirable for the welfare
and social development of the people. The key issue is whether
the market-place will perform its function satisfactory: Will
it produce socially desirable results? If it will not, why will
it not? And will legal regulation help to do the job a little
better?
In an attempt to answer some of these questions,
first of all, outline the basic issues raised by the study in
the first Chapter. Then I examine the general case for price
controls - the theory about the controls, the motives and reasons
for their imposition and the manner in which they are effected
in different economic systems. This is done in Chapter Two. Relying
most on the available literature on the regulatory process, this
Chapter also looks at the relationship between law and economic
regulation and concludes that the effectiveness of law depends
on the existence of a conducive socio-economic environment. In
Chapter Three I describe the past record of price control laws
in Tanzania. I conclude that despite the failure in the past,
the controls still constitute an important policy instrument
in the transition to socialism. In Chapters Four and Five I describe
the manner in which the current regulations are implemented and
the problems encountered. I conclude that the operational performance
of the controls is constrained by internal and external influences on the economic and political life of the country. In the concluding
Chapter I assess the impact of the controls: Do the controls
work? Do people buy goods at the controlled prices? Why today
the controls are almost popularly accepted as worthwhile? I conclude
that while there may be no measurable economic gains derived
by consumers, the controls have a stabilising effect on the social
and political front. In the final section I argue that the
future success of the legislation depends on creating a correspondence
between the economic structures and the control system. What
makes the controls ineffective is not so much defects in the
law but the contradictions between the orientation of and functioning
of the economic system and the ideological commitment
The Icc Indictment Of Uhuru Kenyatta And Impunity In Kenya’s Political Leadership
No full textThis research study is conducted on the situation in Kenya before the International Criminal Court, more specifically on the case of Uhuru Mugai Kenyatta, the current president of the Republic of Kenya. Kenyatta‟s involvement in the 2007/8 post election violence in Kenya and his subsequent rise to power as the head of state has become an interesting subject of study under international law. The ICC quest for legal accountability to international crimes against a defiant political leadership in Kenya has prompted the author of this research to formulate three legal questions. The first question concern the immunity entitlement of heads of state before international courts; the second issue question the legality of court attendance by way of video conference and the third question purports to elucidate the consequences of withdrawal of Kenya‟s membership from the Rome Statute and the resulting impact, as well as a default in cooperation obligation. The research methodology employed is the expository research of the doctrinal method which is more prevalent among legal scholarship. The reason for such method is the absence of empirical data for analysis; rather it is concern with the presentation of systematic explanation of legal principles and doctrines of international law. Finally the research findings show coherence in the denial of immunity of heads of state before courts of international jurisdiction. On the question of an accused attendance in court, the research revealed a meager legal literature or legal basis under international law, however such permission may be granted on exceptional cases by the ICC. The research findings does not conclude on a non compliance on the part of Kenya, however this may be inferred from the factual situation and that withdrawal by Kenya will have no effect on Kenyatta‟s case or Kenya‟s international obligations under the Rome Statute
Never be silent : publishing & imperialism in Kenya, 1884-1963
No full textSocial communications are central to any social struggle. There is a sizable body of literature from other countries on the use of oral medium, newspapers, books and other forms of communications being used as tools for organising against a powerful enemy, as a training ground for cadres and for clarifying and developing revolutionary theory, ideology, organisation and practice. All this ensures a greater unity among those resisting oppression and exploitation. Thus revolutionary and liberation forces of Bolsheviks in the Soviet Union, the Communist Party of China, and in Vietnam had developed theories and practices of revolutionary publishing as part of their revolutionary work. This has also been the case during anti-colonial and anti-imperialist struggles in Africa, but very little of this has been systematically documented as an aspect of revolutionary communications policy and practice. While the
colonial communications systems have been reasonably well documented, the resistance communication systems remain largely undocumented and ignored. This book is an initial attempt to document this dynamic communications process in Kenya with its external struggles against colonialism and its complex internal struggles with overlaying divisions of race and class, Kenyan and foreign peoples. The main theme emerging from this experience is that people struggling to change their society always find ways of establishing their own system of communicating with the people they lead
and by whom they are led. Their mission of revolution, of change, of peace, of social and economic justice requires that they should never be silent. This was well understood and practised by the liberation forces in Kenya. They
were never silent
Guidelines for cultivation of pyrethrum for smallholder farmers
No full textIn Makete district there is high dependence of farmers on woodlot management for generating income as an adaptation strategy to climate change. However, most farmers are forced to sell immature trees and fail to tend their woodlots because of poverty. A possible remedy to this situation is the promotion of alternative income generating activities. Using a participatory approach between farmers, researchers and Makete district council officials the cultivation of pyrethrum and apple trees were identified as feasible alternative income generation activities. The production of guidelines are meant to provide best practices to enhance efficiency in the production of pyrethrum and apples. Multiple income sources will enable woodlot farmers to waiting for their trees to mature contrary to the current practice of harvesting immature timber.
These Guidelines were developed through participatory approaches and technical recommendations of the researchers from: the Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture; the Tanzania Forestry Research Institute; Pyrethrum Company of Tanzania LTD; and Uyole Agricultural Research Institute. Forest staff and the management of Makete District Council, also participated in this research. The research was funded by the government of Denmark through The UNEP/UNDP Climate Change and Development: Adapting by Reducing Vulnerability (CC DARE) programme. This booklet is on pyrethrum.Extension material to guide farmers involved in pyrethrum productionThe government of Denmark through the UNEP/UNDP Climate Change and Development: Adapting by Reducing Vulnerability (CC DARE) programme
Guidelines for cultivation of pyrethrum for smallholder farmers
No full textExtension material to guide farmers involved in pyrethrum productionIn Makete district there is high dependence of farmers on woodlot management for generating income as an adaptation strategy to climate change. However, most farmers are forced to sell immature trees and fail to tend their woodlots because of poverty. A possible remedy to this situation is the promotion of alternative income generating activities. Using a participatory approach between farmers, researchers and Makete district council officials the cultivation of pyrethrum and apple trees were identified as feasible alternative income generation activities. The production of guidelines are meant to provide best practices to enhance efficiency in the production of pyrethrum and apples. Multiple income sources will enable woodlot farmers to waiting for their trees to mature contrary to the current practice of harvesting immature timber.
These Guidelines were developed through participatory approaches and technical recommendations of the researchers from: the Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture; the Tanzania Forestry Research Institute; Pyrethrum Company of Tanzania LTD; and Uyole Agricultural Research Institute. Forest staff and the management of Makete District Council, also participated in this research. The research was funded by the government of Denmark through The UNEP/UNDP Climate Change and Development: Adapting by Reducing Vulnerability (CC DARE) programme. This booklet is on pyrethrum.The government of Denmark through the UNEP/UNDP Climate Change and Development: Adapting by Reducing Vulnerability (CC DARE) programme
Modelling of 35-d superorbital cycle of B and V light curves of IMXB HZ Her/Her X-1
No full text© 2020 The Author(s). The X-ray binary Her X-1 consists of an accreting neutron star and the optical component HZ Her. The 35-d X-ray superorbital variability of this system is known, since its discovery in 1972 by the Uhuru satellite and is believed to be caused by forced precession of a warped accretion disc tilted to the orbital plane. We argue that the observed features of the 35-d optical variability of HZ Her can be explained by free precession of the neutron star with a period close to that of the forced disc. The model parameters include (a) the X-ray luminosity of the neutron star; (b) the optical flux from the accretion disc; and (c) the tilt of the inner and outer edges of the accretion disc. A possible synchronization mechanism based on the coupling between the neutron star free precession and the dynamical action of non-stationary gas streams is discussed
Design of trials for interrupting the transmission of endemic pathogens
No full textBackground: Many interventions against infectious diseases have geographically diffuse effects. This leads to contamination between arms in cluster-randomized trials (CRTs). Pathogen elimination is the goal of many intervention programs against infectious agents, but contamination means that standard CRT designs and analyses do not provide inferences about the potential of interventions to interrupt pathogen transmission at maximum scale-up. Methods: A generic model of disease transmission was used to simulate infections in stepped wedge cluster-randomized trials (SWCRTs) of a transmission-reducing intervention, where the intervention has spatially diffuse effects. Simulations of such trials were then used to examine the potential of such designs for providing generalizable causal inferences about the impact of such interventions, including measurements of the contamination effects. The simulations were applied to the geography of Rusinga Island, Lake Victoria, Kenya, the site of the SolarMal trial on the use of odor-baited mosquito traps to eliminate Plasmodium falciparum malaria. These were used to compare variants in the proposed SWCRT designs for the SolarMal trial. Results: Measures of contamination effects were found that could be assessed in the simulated trials. Inspired by analyses of trials of insecticide-treated nets against malaria when applied to the geography of the SolarMal trial, these measures were found to be robust to different variants of SWCRT design. Analyses of the likely extent of contamination effects supported the choice of cluster size for the trial. Conclusions: The SWCRT is an appropriate design for trials that assess the feasibility of local elimination of a pathogen. The effects of incomplete coverage can be estimated by analyzing the extent of contamination between arms in such trials, and the estimates also support inferences about causality. The SolarMal example illustrates how generic transmission models incorporating spatial smoothing can be used to simulate such trials for a power calculation and optimization of cluster size and randomization strategies. The approach is applicable to a range of infectious diseases transmitted via environmental reservoirs or via arthropod vectors.</p
