1,720,962 research outputs found
Determinants of Selecting Malaria Treatment in Rural Zimbabwe: Case Study from Mutema Rural Area
No full textDeterminants of Selecting Malaria Treatment in Rural Zimbabwe: Case Study from Mutema Rural Area
Full text linkEssays on Conflict, International Trade and Trade Cost
Full text link横浜国立大学博士（経済学）This thesis presents three essays in international trade economics. It considers three cases in which international trade and trade costs are linked to conflicts. First chapter, “International Trade, Conflict and the Distance Puzzle: A Structural Gravity Model”, empirically analyzes the relationship between conflict (both intrastate and militarized interstate conflict) and international trade using a structural gravity model. Conflict can be expected to increase international trade cost by a big margin, and hence making it important to fully understand how it affects trade. Using year-by-year cross country regressions, this chapter also focuses on how the distance variable, which proxies the trade cost in gravity model of trade, behaves over time using global dataset from 1962 through 2001. This is analyzed when the effect of conflict is included in the trade cost function of the structural gravity model. This non decreasing distance effect in the gravity model is called the distance puzzle. Costs linked to conflict found to have a substantial negative effect on international trade. Militarized interstate conflict reduces trade by 61% (in tariff equivalent terms) and this is about double the effect of intrastate conflict which has 32%. This chapter also found that due to conflict, high income countries’ trade is affected more negatively than low income countries although they can quickly recover. However, on the other hand we found an unexpected distance trend. Although the distance puzzle is not completely solved by using the structural gravity model, the trade cost is stable, that is, over time it is neither increasing nor decreasing by a significant margin. Distance coefficient is constant under the structural gravity model while increasing when the standard gravity model is applied. This chapter concludes that the distance puzzle lies in the structure of the gravity model used and not in the omitted variables. Second chapter, co-authored with Craig, R. Parsons, “International Trade Cost and Conflict” tries to answer the question of how large is the cost of conflict on trade cost? The effect of conflict on trade may, at first seem apparent. Such violent disruption must surely reduce trade, ceteris paribus. Some empirical findings in the literature find a negative effect of conflict on trade. This chapter adds to the nascent literature in two ways. First, much of the literature is focused on the effect of conflict on bilateral trade. In this chapter, we separately examine the effect on trade by both intrastate conflict (civil war) and interstate conflict. Second contribution is the measure of trade costs used. We use the Novy (2013)1 measure of trade costs. The novelty of the trade model, which is based on micro-models of trade, is that what is important is to compare internal trade to international trade between any two countries. As such, we are measuring the effect of the conflicts on the “trade costs” between countries. We confirmed the negative effects of both types of conflict on trade. We find, in our sample of 110 countries, that interstate conflict raises bilateral trade costs by approximately 21.6% (in tariff equivalent terms), while intrastate conflict raises the trade costs by only 7%. As such, interstate is roughly three times as damaging to trade. Third chapter, “International Trade and Trade Cost using Non-CES Preferences: Translog Gravity Model” studies the effect of conflicts on trade. In contrary to most previous literature on this issue, this chapter empirically analyzes the relationship between conflict (Militarized Interstate Conflict) and international trade using a non-Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) based gravity model following Novy (2013)2. Like the first chapter, this section also analyzes the distance puzzle (sometimes called the missing globalization puzzle) of international economics, in this case, when translog gravity model is applied. Using a micro founded gravity equation which is based on a translog demand system this chapter sheds more light on the non-decreasing distance coefficient of the gravity model using data from 1970 through 2001. The missing globalization in the gravity model may be due to the CES preferences based part of the model. Trade is sensitive to trade costs if the exporting country provides a small share of the destination country’s imports. Using the non-CES gravity model, this paper found that the distance puzzle is solved while using the standard gravity model, the absolute distance coefficient is increasing. The results are the same despite the inclusion of conflict effect. In general, given that there is no significant difference in the absolute distance coefficients despite including the effects of conflicts, this shows that the distance puzzle is not present due to the omitted variables, in this case conflict effects. However, since the distance puzzle varnishes after using the translog gravity model it shows that the puzzle lies in the structure of the gravity model
The dynamics of fiscal deficit and current account in 12 SADC countries
No full textPurpose: This study examines the relationship between fiscal deficits and current account deficits in SADC countries.
Methods: A panel analysis using a random-effects model with secondary data from 2009 to 2020 was employed.
Results: Higher fiscal deficits affected current account deficits in the SADC region. Real interest rates and trade openness are critical determinants of both deficits.
Contributions: This study enhances the understanding of macroeconomic imbalances in the SADC region, guiding policymakers in creating tailored policy frameworks for economic stability and sustainable development.
Novelty: The study provides a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between fiscal deficit and current account deficits in Southern African Development Community (SADC) 12-member countries, offering significant insights into the macroeconomic dynamics of the region. A panel analysis using a random effects model with data spanning September 2009 to December 2020 was employed, capturing trends and individual country effects. This study provides a robust examination of common trends and individual country effects, enriching the understanding of how these macroeconomic variables are important within the SADC context. Its emphasis on tailored policy frameworks to address fiscal and external imbalances reflects a forward-looking approach, offering practical guidance for policymakers striving to enhance economic stability and sustainable development within the SADC region. As an area for further study, the same research can be replicated in BRICKS countries and a comparative analysis can be conducted for a broader analysis
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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