1,720,960 research outputs found
Trends in Early Marriage in Shashemene, Ethiopia
No full textDespite the Family Code of 2000 that raised the legal age at marriage to 18 for both sexes; early family formation is still a common practice which affect many children in Ethiopia. Previous research has shown that girls in rural areas are more disadvantaged and suffer the consequences of early marriage the most. The purpose of this thesis is to study the risk factors for early marriage for both girls and boys in an urban area, Shashemene. Also, using longitudinal data, trends in early family formation between 1973 and 2008 have been analyzed with an event history approach. The data were collected as part of the project “Changing Ethiopia: Urban livelihood, gender, and ethnicity in Shashemene after 35 years: A case study”. The discrete-time complementary log-log regression estimates have provided evidence of gender inequality in early marriage formations, showing that girls are more prone to experience early marriage than boys. While area of birth (rural-urban) has no direct impact on the risk of early marriage, it is found that living in an urban area offsets the effect of area of birth, suggesting a selection process into migration. It is also found that school attendance decreases the likelihood of early marriage, while literacy has little effect. Moreover, among people living in Shashemene, religious affiliation has more impact on early marriage risks than ethnic identity and the first language. Finally, there was little evidence on period and cohort effects for early family formation
Can school closures decrease ethnic school segregation? : Evidence from primary and lower secondary schools in Stockholm, Sweden
No full textIn recent decades, various cities in Sweden have implemented school closures as a desegregation strategy. Using simulation models calibrated with administrative data for all primary and lower secondary schools in Stockholm, Sweden, we assess the potential impact of school closure on ethnic school segregation. More specifically, we study how the characteristics of the school to be closed, the local opportunity structure for the displaced students, and the student reallocation criteria influence the effects of school closures on school segregation. Our findings show that the change in ethnic school segregation is highly dependent on reallocation criteria and local opportunity structures. Moreover, they demonstrate that the current practices associated with school closures in large urban areas (i.e., closing minority-dominated schools in minority-dominated neighborhoods) are likely to be ineffective in reducing school segregation, especially when students are reallocated to their nearest school or to schools whose composition resembles that of their former schools.Funding agencies: For their part in the research on which the results are based, SM received funding from the Swedish Research Council (VR), grant numbers DNR 2020-02488, 340-2013-5460, 445-2013-7681, and from Forskningsrådet om Hälsa, Arbetsliv och Välfärd (FORTE) with grant number DNR 2021-01069, and ET received funding from the Swedish Research Council, grant number 2017-03231.</p
Free to Choose? : Studies of Opportunity Constraints and the Dynamics of School Segregation
No full textAs a result of the negative consequences and persistence of school segregation, its causes have received a great deal of scholarly attention across a range of disciplines. However, the existing research has tended to overlook those aspects of the segregation process that lie beyond the choice of the individual. This thesis concerns itself with the way in which opportunities are influenced and thereby constrained by hard-to-change macro structures such as the spatial distribution of individuals and organizations, individuals’ social network characteristics, and population composition. To this end, the four chapters presented in the thesis focus on the key actors involved (i.e., parents, teachers, and organizations), their decisions, and how their actions are moderated by the structures in which they are embedded. All four chapters use Sweden as the empirical case, and they utilize the rich data provided by Swedish population registers. Essay I analyzes the role played by parents’ ethnicity-related school preferences in the ethnic segregation of the school system, and shows that opportunity structures are an important moderator of the effects of preferences on school segregation. By combining statistical analyses of the school choices made by all parents of compulsory school students in the Stockholm region during the years 2008 to 2017 with large-scale empirically calibrated agent-based simulations, the study shows that preferences tend to be trumped by opportunities. Although parents have ethnicity-related preferences, and although these preferences vary between different ethnic groups, parental preferences have little impact on the extent of school segregation. The main drivers of school segregation are rather to be found in the ethnic segregation of the housing market and the geographic location of schools. Given the importance of residential segregation for school segregation, Essay II examines how residential segregation has evolved in Sweden over the last three decades. Building on entropy-based segregation measures, the study analyzes patterns of income segregation between and within income groups along different socio-demographic dimensions —migration background and family type. The findings show that the rise in income inequality witnessed over the last 30 years has been accompanied by a sharp increase in income segregation, especially for those in the bottom quartile of the income distribution. Moreover, the results show that income segregation is more extensive, and has increased at a higher rate, among individuals with children than among individuals with no children. Essay III examines school segregation from an organizational point of view and focuses on “school closure” as a desegregation mechanism. Using large-scale simulation models calibrated using data on all schools and students in Stockholm municipality, the study examines how the closure of a school affects segregation levels, and how this effect varies with the characteristics of the closed school and the criteria used to allocate students from the closed school to other schools. The analyses show that the degree to which closing a school changes the level of segregation varies considerably between schools, and that the ethnic composition of nearby schools is an important moderator of the effect of a school closure. Essay IV examines network dependencies in the school choices of teachers in Stockholm’s upper secondary education market during the years 2000 to 2010. Using stochastic actor-oriented models, this study focuses on the factors associated with teachers’ labor market mobility between public- and private-sector schools. Controlling for various school characteristics, such as student and teacher composition, and the work environment, the results show that networks—defined as the affiliation networks formed via links to former and current co-workers—are important for the within- and between-sector school mobility of teachers. In summary, the four studies together show that individuals’ choices are considerably constrained by their opportunities. A segregated residential market determines the school opportunities available to parents, and the differentiation between public and private schools affects the workplace decisions of teachers. Overall, differences in opportunities moderate the potential effects of individual preferences and tend to reproduce existing segregation patterns.
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Urban scaling and the regional divide
No full textSuperlinear growth in cities has been explained as an emergent consequence of increased social interactions in dense urban environments. Using geocoded microdata from Swedish population registers, we remove population composition effects from the scaling relation of wage income to test how much of the previously reported superlinear scaling is truly attributable to increased social interconnectivity in cities. The Swedish data confirm the previously reported scaling relations on the aggregate level, but they provide better information on the micromechanisms responsible for them. We find that the standard interpretation of urban scaling is incomplete as social interactions only explain about half of the scaling parameter of wage income and that scaling relations substantively reflect differences in cities sociodemographic composition. Those differences are generated by selective migration of highly productive individuals into larger cities. Big cities grow through their attraction of talent from their hinterlands and the already-privileged benefit disproportionally from urban agglomeration.Funding Agencies|European Research Council under the European Union [324233]; Norwegian Research Council [236793]; Riksbankens Jubileumsfond [M12-0301:1]; Swedish Research Council [445-2013-7681, 340-2013-5460]</p
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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