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The New Technological Solution for the Packaging Handling Center of Eesti Pandipakend
No full textPandipakendi süsteem on Eestis toiminud juba 19 aastat, millest 2023. aastal on saavutatud neljas järjestikune rekordtagastus tarbijate poolt. Pikaaegse tarbijate keskkonnateadlikkuse tõstmise ning harjumuste tekitamisega on pandisüsteem jõudnud tasemele, kus 9 pakendit 10-st jõuab ringlusse tagasi. Kõrged tagastusmäärad on tõestanud, et pandisüsteem on kõige edukam ja tõhusam viis tarbijatelt pakendite tagasikogumiseks ning nende ringlusse suunamiseks.
Käesoleva lõputöö eesmärk on kaardistada ning analüüsida EPP olemasoleva ja uue käitlusprotsessi ressurssi-, ühikukulu, valmistoodangu kvaliteeti ning protsessi kitsaskohti.
Pärast pakendite kokkukogumist tarbijatelt tuleb EPP-l need kokku koguda jaemüüjatelt. Hetkel kasutatakse selleks pressitud- ja pressimata plast- ja metallpakendite puhul kogumiskotte, mis tarnitakse tagaluuk veokite või haagiste abiga EPP-sse. Pressimata pakendid loendatakse EPP-s kohapeal ning pressitud pakendid käideldakse kahel erineval käitlusliinil. Käitlusprotsess toimib peamiselt mehitatud tööjõu toel, mis muudab käitlusprotsessi väga sõltuvaks selle meeskonnast. Käitlusprotsessi tulemusel valmib pakenditest ja selle osadest valmistoodang, mis suunatakse edasi ringlusse.
Olemasoleva käitlusprotsessi puhul esineb mitmeid puudusi. Esimene puudus ilmneb juba pakendite kogumisel jaemüüjatelt, kus tekivad vead taaratagastuspunktide operaatorite pakendite sortimisel ja üleantud kauba koguste märkimisel saatedokumentidel. Edasised vead puudutavad käitlusprotsessi EPP-s. Täna ei kasutata ära käitlusliinide maksimaalset võimekust muutes käitlusprotsessi ühikukulu suurema energiatarbe tõttu kalliks. Oluliseks kitsaskohaks on materjali doseerimine käitlusliinile, kus ei ole võimekust korraga piisavas koguses materjali ette sööta. Täiendavalt sõltub olemasolev käitlusprotsess suures mahus mehitatud tööjõust, mis samuti kergitab pakendite käitlemise ühikukulu. Samuti on EPP valmistoodangu kvaliteet varieeruv olenevalt materjalist, alates 91% puhtusest.
Lähtuvalt olemasoleva käitlusprotsessi ja pakendite kogumise kitsaskohtadest on EPP välja töötanud uued lahendused mõlemale. Kogu pakendite mahust 75% kogutakse kokku pressautoga, millega toimub pakendite kokkukogumine tagastuspunktidest kogumiskastide abil otse pressautosse. See vabastab tagastuspunkti operaatoreid kohustusest materjali sortida ning komplekteerida kogumiskottidesse, sest EPP käitluskeskuses käideldakse plast- ja metallpakendeid ühisel käitlusliinil. Pressauto tühjendamiseks ja ülejäänud 25% pakendite suunamiseks käitlusliinile võetakse kasutusele punker tagamaks reguleeritud pakendite doseerimist käitlusliinile.
Uue käitlusprotsessi läbilaskevõimet vähendatakse 1,25 t/h jagu võttes arvesse ka järgnevatel aastatel suureneva pakendite mahuga vastavalt viimaste aastate kasvutrendile. Suuremat käitlusvajadust tarvis pole, sest selleks momendiks, kui on turulepaisatavate pakendite hulk nii suur, on projekteeritava käitlusprotsessi seadmed amortiseerunud.
Uue käitlusprotsessi ühikukulu väheneb nii ühe pakendi kui ka käideldava tonni kohta. Plast- ja metallpakendite käitlemise kogukulu ühe tonni kohta väheneb 62 € ning ühe pakendi käitlemise hind väheneb 0,0019 €/tk kohta. Plastpakendite käitlemise hind väheneb ühe tonni kohta 50 € ning ühe pakendi kohta 0,0017 €. Metallpakendite puhul on erinevus väiksem – ühe pakendi käitlemise hind muutub 0,0002 € ning ühe tonni metallpakendite käitlemine 12 € soodsamaks.
Ühtlasi tagab uus käitlusprotsess materjali kvaliteedi puhtust kõikide materjali liikide lõikes vähemalt 98%. See parandab valmistoodangu kvaliteeti olenevalt materjalist 2-7%.
Töös on välja toodud 15 olemasoleva käitlusprotsessi kitsaskohta. Nendest 11 saavad uue käitlusprotsessi kasutuselevõtuga täieulatusliku lahenduse. Osaliselt lahendatakse 4 kitsaskohta. Nendest 3 puhul, 25% ulatuses jääb transpordi ja kauba vastuvõtu puhul alles olemasolev protsess ja seega ei saa kitsaskohad täielikku lahendust ning jääb lahendus toimima kogu käideldavast pakendite mahust 75%-le, mis tarnitakse pressautoga. Ülejäänud 25% käideldavast pakendite mahust jäävad lahenduse osas muutumatuks. Viimane, üks, kitsaskoht saab samuti osalise lahenduse, sest see käsitleb sissetuleva materjali kogust. Paraku puudub EPP-l võimekus reguleerida käideldava materjali mahtu, mistõttu tuleb käitusprotsessi dimensioneerimisel arvesse võtta viimaste aastate turulepaisatavate pakendite kasvutrendi.
Tuginedes lõputöö raames teostatud kahe käitlusprotsessi analüüsile leiab autor, et uue käitlusprotsessi kasutuselevõtuga vähendatakse protsessi ühikulu, parandatakse valmistoodangu kvaliteeti ning lahendatakse välja toodud kitsaskohad täies või osalises ulatuses.
Autor esitas uue käitlusprotsessi kohta ühe parandusettepaneku. Autor soovitab muuta projekteeritud punkri mahtu suuremaks tagamaks materjali vastuvõttu võimekust kõrge käitlemisvajadusega päevadel juhul kui peaksid esinema käitlusprotsessis seadmete seisak üle 3 tunni.The aim of this graduation thesis The New Technological Solution for the Packaging Handling Center of Eesti Pandipakend is to map and analyze the resource, unit cost, quality of finished products, and shortcomings in the existing and new Eesti Pandipakend (EPP) handling process. The graduation thesis is composed of five chapters.
Study is sourced from internal documentation of EPP and project documentation from a partner, ensuring data protection through a closed defence and a publication restriction of ten years.
Deposit-refund system in Estonia over the past 19 years, marked by record returns from consumers. With 9 out of 10 packages being successfully recycled, the system has proven to be the most effective way to collect and recycle packaging waste. The thesis highlights the importance of addressing operational challenges in the packaging handling process, emphasizing the need for innovative solutions to improve efficiency and product quality while ensuring environmental sustainability.
Through a detailed methodology involving measurement, data collection, and analysis, the thesis assesses the shortcomings of the current processing process and proposes improvements for a new processing approach. The new method involves innovative solutions such as using press vehicles for efficient package collection and introducing bunkers for regulated dosing onto processing lines. These enhancements aim to address operational inefficiencies and optimize resource utilization in the packaging handling process.
In conclusion, the new processing process reduces throughput by 1,25 t/h, considering the anticipated rise in packaging volume over the next few years based on recent growth trends. With the equipment expected to be amortized by the time the volume of market-released packaging reaches a peak, there is no need for increased processing capacity.
Additionally, the unit cost of the new processing process decreases both per package and per ton of handled material. The overall cost of handling plastic and metal packaging per package decreases by 62 €/t, with the cost per package decreasing by 0,0019 €/pc. Specifically, the cost of handling plastic packaging decreases by 50 € per ton and 0,0019 €/pc. For metal packaging, the decrease is smaller, with the cost per package reducing by 0,0002 € and per ton by 12 €.
Furthermore, the new processing process guarantees a material purity of at least 98% across all material types, thereby enhancing the quality of finished products by 2-7%, depending on the material.
The thesis identifies 15 existing process shortcomings, with 11 being completely resolved through the implementation of a new processing method. Partial solutions are provided for 4 shortcomings. Among these, 3 cases retain 25% of the existing process for transportation and goods reception, resulting in a solution covering 75% of the handled packaging volume, primarily delivered by a compactor truck. The remaining 25% of the handled packaging volume remains unchanged. The last shortcoming receives a partial solution due to the challenge of regulating the incoming material volume, as the company lacks the capability to control it. Therefore, the process design must consider the recent growth trend in packaging entering the market.
Based on the analysis conducted within the thesis, the author concludes that the implementation of the new processing process significantly reduces unit costs, improves product quality, and addresses identified shortcomings.
The author presents a single improvement proposal concerning a new processing procedure. The suggestion entails enlarging the designed bunker capacity to ensure the reception capability of materials on high-demand days, particularly in the event of equipment downtime exceeding 3 hours in the processing process
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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