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The Urdu-Speaking Community of Bangladesh: Forgotten Denizens or Putative Citizens?
No full textThe Urdu-speaking community in Bangladesh, commonly known as the “Biharis” or “Stranded Pakistanis,” has been living in distressing circumstances. Despite the Supreme Court of Bangladesh declaring Urdu-speakers citizens of the country in 2008, there continues to be challenges related to their integration prospects. The community still faces widespread discrimination, primarily because of the Bangladeshi bureaucracy’s systemic neglect and the community’s former refugee and stateless status. This study examines to what extent Urdu-speakers are now able to enjoy full citizenship rights. It also assesses the government of Bangladesh’s existing policies and the relationship between citizenship and the law, comprising of both domestic and the international legal frameworks linked to the protection of the Urdu-speaking community’s rights. The findings of this study demonstrate that citizenship operates differently for the Urdu-speaking minority since most of the population has a distinct social identity and continue to live in former refugee settlements. Thus, a broader notion of citizenship than the convectional legally-framed definition that currently applies to the Urdu-speaking community should be used since the traditional definition has critically compromised Urdu-speakers’ ability to exercise their lawful rights and compromised their effective integration into Bangladesh society
The Urdu-Speaking Community of Bangladesh: Forgotten Denizens or Putative Citizens?
Get PDFThe Urdu-speaking community in Bangladesh, commonly known as the “Biharis” or “Stranded Pakistanis,” has been living in distressing circumstances. Despite the Supreme Court of Bangladesh declaring Urdu-speakers citizens of the country in 2008, there continues to be challenges related to their integration prospects. The community still faces widespread discrimination, primarily because of the Bangladeshi bureaucracy’s systemic neglect and the community’s former refugee and stateless status. This study examines to what extent Urdu-speakers are now able to enjoy full citizenship rights. It also assesses the government of Bangladesh’s existing policies and the relationship between citizenship and the law, comprising of both domestic and the international legal frameworks linked to the protection of the Urdu-speaking community’s rights. The findings of this study demonstrate that citizenship operates differently for the Urdu-speaking minority since most of the population has a distinct social identity and continue to live in former refugee settlements. Thus, a broader notion of citizenship than the convectional legally-framed definition that currently applies to the Urdu-speaking community should be used since the traditional definition has critically compromised Urdu-speakers’ ability to exercise their lawful rights and compromised their effective integration into Bangladesh society
Strangers to citizenship: an analysis of the deplorable conditions of the Urdu-speaking community in Bangladesh
No full textThe despairing position of the Urdu-speaking Community, popularly known as the ‘Biharis’, who are currently living in Bangladesh, has been an intricate issue that has not garnered enough attention from both a local and international level than it actually merits. Even though the Government of Bangladesh has declared them as citizens, there is still a predicament for achieving a permanent long-lasting solution for their rehabilitation.
This thesis asks whether it is sufficient to recognize the community’s lawful rights in Bangladesh and see this issue reciprocally from the Government of Bangladesh’s perspective. It argues for the requirements of protection and human rights that the Urdu-speakers legally deserve from Bangladesh. A major facet of the contention explores the international laws and treaties to which the Bangladesh government is obligated to for upholding the people’s rights. As the Urdu-speakers are living in a despondent situation for many decades, this thesis critically analyzes Bangladesh’s existing domestic legislation, and stresses for large-scale improvements for the settlements the community is living in, which would hopefully be a catalyst for change in governmental policy and organizational measures for dealing with them more efficiently.
The question of whether the Urdu-speaking Community can be nationally integrated within Bangladesh is further examined in this thesis. Due to the convoluted nature of the subject and lack of political will in Bangladesh, no silver bullet for the Urdu-speakers’ quandaries can be suggested, but this thesis investigates some potential ways for mitigating their sufferings.Law, Peter A. Allard School ofGraduat
The Gambia v. Myanmar at the I.C.J.: Good Samaritans Testing State Responsibility for Atrocities on the Rohingya
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The Gambia v. Myanmar at the I.C.J.: Good Samaritans Testing State Responsibility for Atrocities on the Rohingya
No full textThe scope for trade restrictions to address the lack of compliance with fire safety standards in garment factories of Bangladesh
No full textThis article was published in the Journal of World Trade [© 2015, Kluwer Law International BV, The Netherlands] and The Journal's website is at: https://www.kluwerlawonline.com/abstract.php?area=Journals&id=TRAD2015006The frequent incidents of fire attributable to systemic lack of compliance with fire safety standards in garment factories of Bangladesh has been a recurring problem taking away lives of many workers over the years.The manufacturers possessing significant economic and political clout have almost invariably escaped the sanctions of the national legal system. This paper argues that a trade restrictions regime imposed by a major importing country of garment products of Bangladesh may force the manufacturers to improve compliance with the relevant laws and engender the necessary change to provide workers with a safe working environment. It argues that such a trade restriction regime should neither be country nor even industry-wide, rather be targeted to rouge manufacturers acting in violation of safety laws. However, analysing the policy grounds and relevant WTO jurisprudence, this paper finds that despite the desirability of such a scheme, it would unlikely to be WTO-compliant.Publishe
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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