847 research outputs found
Giedion and America: Repositioning the History of Modern Architecture
No full textSigfried Giedion (1888–1968), one of the main protagonists of the architectural avant-garde in Europe, paradoxically achieved this reputation in America, far from his homeland. Nearly all of Giedion’s books written after his initial stay at Harvard University were published in English long before they became available in his native German. Reto Geiser sheds new light on Giedion’s life and reassesses his work through the lens of cultural transformation and modernization processes. The author questions the unbroken line of developments portrayed in the historiography of modern architecture, and argues that Giedion’s position in between two cultural spheres not only caused ruptures and contradictions in his work but also productively shaped its reception on either side of the Atlantic
Reto y confrontación en el enfoque centrado en la persona
No full textIn this article the role of the challenge in the person centered approach is analized. With this aim the author has planned a small-scale research study using an open questionaire with a sample of 10 therapists and 15 clients. From this study it would appear that challenge, in terms of the opportunities and freedoms offered by the core conditions, is an integral part of the person centered approach.En este artículo la autora reflexiona sobre el papel que juegan el reto y la confrontación en el enfoque centrado en la persona. A este fin se plantea un estudio a pequeña escala a través de un cuestionario suministrado a una muestra reducida de diez terapeutas y quince clientes. Del análisis de sus resultados se deduce que reto y confrontación, en términos de nuevas oportunidades y alternativas son elementos nucleares del enfoque centrado en la persona
Farmacetiskā aprūpe un tās uzlabošanas iespējas Reto slimību pacientiem
No full textVeselības vadībaVeselības aprūpeHealth ManagementHealth CareFarmaceitiskā aprūpe un tās būtiskā nozīme pacientu veselības aprūpē ir jau gadiem aktuāla tēma farmaceitu darba ikdienā. Pieaugot reto slimību diagnostikai, pētniecībai un ārstēšanas iespējām, aptiekās pieaug arī medikamentu pieejamība šo slimību pacientiem. To, kādas ir farmaceitu zināšanas par reto slimību pacientiem, to diagnozēm un pielietojamo medikamentozo terapiju, pētīja darba autore.
Maģistra darba tēma ir “Farmaceitiskā aprūpe un tās uzlabošanas iespējas reto slimību pacientiem Latvijā”. Maģistra darba mērķis bija izpētīt farmaceitisko aprūpi reto slimību pacientiem un izstrādāt priekšlikumus tās pilnveidošanai Latvijā.
Pētījuma jautājumi:
1. Kādas konceptuālās pieejas pastāv un kāda ir starptautiskā prakse reto slimību pacientu farmaceitiskajā aprūpē?
2. Kāds ir reto slimību pacientu aprūpes un medikamentozās ārstēšanas nodrošinājums Latvijā?
3. Kāds ir farmaceitu pieejamās informācijas, zināšanu un profesionālās pieredzes līmenis par retajām slimībām un to medikamentozo ārstēšanu?
Hipotēze: Farmaceitiskā aprūpe reto slimību pacientiem būtiski atšķiras no tradicionālās farmaceitiskās aprūpes. Hipotēze tiek apstiprināta ar šādiem pētījuma secinājumiem:
1. 38% respondentu jeb 43 farmaceiti daļēji iztaujā pacientus par viņu diagnozēm un lietotajiem medikamentiem, savukārt 23% jeb 26 farmaceiti neuzdod pacientiem jautājumus par blakusslimībām vai lietotajiem medikamentiem, kā arī pacienti farmaceitiem neatklāj savas diagnozes, tādējādi neveidojas dialogs, kura laikā var tikt sniegta kvalitatīva farmaceitiskā aprūpe.
2. 70% jeb 80 farmaceitu uzskata, ka farmaceitiskās aprūpes plāns retu slimību pacientam ir nepieciešams, 83% jeb 5 eksperti uzskata, ka nav nepieciešams, kā arī 100% jeb visi 4 pacienti atbildēja, ka aptiekā nav nepieciešams farmaceitiskās aprūpes plāns reto slimību pacientiem.
Maģistra darbā ir 95 lappuses, 3 pielikumi, 22 tabulas, 14 attēli un 57 literatūras avoti.Pharmaceutical care and its essential role in patient health care has been a topical issue in the daily work of pharmacists for years. As the diagnosis, research and treatment options for rare diseases increase, so does the availability of medicines in pharmacies.
What is the knowledge of pharmacists about patients with rare diseases, their diagnoses and applicable drug therapy researched by the author of the paper.
Master's thesis topic Pharmaceutical care and its improvement opportunities for rare disease patients in Latvia.
The aim of the master's thesis is to study pharmaceutical care for patients with rare diseases and to develop proposals for its improvement in Latvia.
Research questions
1. What conceptual approaches exist and what is the international practice in pharmaceutical care for patients with rare diseases?
2. What is the provision of care and medical treatment for patients with rare diseases in Latvia?
3. What is the level of information, knowledge and professional experience available to pharmacists on rare diseases and their medical treatment?
Hypothesis: Pharmaceutical care for patients with rare diseases differs significantly from traditional pharmaceutical care. The hypothesis is confirmed by the following conclusions of the study:
1. 38% of respondents, or 43 pharmacists, partially ask patients about their diagnoses and medications, 23% or 26 pharmacists do not ask patients questions about co-morbidities or medications used, patients do not disclose their diagnoses to pharmacists, thus there is no dialogue during which quality pharmaceutical care can be provided.
2. 70% or 80 pharmacists believe that a pharmaceutical care plan for a rare disease patient is necessary, 83% or 5 experts believe that it is not necessary, as well as 100% or all 4 patients answered that a pharmacy does not need a pharmaceutical care plan for a rare disease patient.
Master's thesis consists of 95 Pages, 3 Appendice, 22 tables, 14 figures, and 57 literature sources
LA "SIEMBRA DEL PETRÓLEO": UN RETO PERENNE
No full textEl autor, desarrolla en este trabajo, la compleja y rica discusiva en torno a la industria del petróleo en Venezuela, destacando los aportes de paradigmas del pensamiento como Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo, ex- ministro de Energía y Minas en 1945 y 1958. La tesis de la "Siembra del Petróleo" expuesta por Arturo Uslar Pietri, y otros autores, se presenta como un reto permanente de las sociedades petroleras como la venezolana. Aunque comparte la orientación social de la actual política del gobierno del presidente Hugo Chávez, critica la voracidad del gasto fiscal. ABSTRACT The author develops in this work a rich and complex discussion about the oil industry in Venezuela emphasizing the contributions of paradigms of the thought like Juan Pablo Perez Alfonzo, ex- energy and mines minister in 1945 and 1958. The thesis of the sowing of oil (sembrar el petróleo) exposed by Arturo Uslar Pietri and other authors appears like a permanent challenge for oil societies like the Venezuelan. Although sharing the social direction of the current oil policy of president Chavez government, the author criticizes its voracity on the fiscal cost
Comunicación Global. El Reto Gerencial
No full textMax Römer PierettiLa responsabilidad de los gerentes en el ámbito de las comunicaciones de su empresa hace vital el conocimiento de las herramientas filosóficas y políticas que pueden mover a su e,presa hacia el camino del éxtio. Manejar las herramientas de la comunicación globla será el elemento diferenciador de las empresas en un futuro no muy lejano.Este artículo es una síntesis del libro Comunicación Global: el reto gerencial, el cual a su vez es un resumen de la tesis con el mismo nombre, que permitió al autor obtener su doctorado en Ciencias de la Información en la Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, España.AbstractThe responsability of the managers in the ambit of communications in their companies, make vital the knowledge of the philosophical and political tools that can move their enterprises towards the road of success. Handling the tools of global communication will be the differentiating element of enterprises in a not far away future.This article is a synthesis of the book Global Communications: The Managing Challenge, which is summary of the thesis with the same name that permitted the author obtain his doctorate in Sciences of the Information in the University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
La convención internacional de los derechos del niño ante el reto de la realidad
No full textThe paper is divided in four parts. In the first one, the author begins showing the
situation of children in the world which presents the need for a new international
agreement, a stronger link among ourselves such as the International Covenant. In the
next part, the author describes the content of the Covenant. He highlights the acknowledgement
ofprocedural and penal rights for children and the requirement to establish a
worldwide child rights committee. In the third part, the problems and possibilities
involved in applying the covenant are analyzed. On the side, the author takes into
account the high number ofratifications in a briefperiod oftime and the specific Program
of objectives and strategies developped in the World Meeting celebrated in 1990. The big
disappointment is that an economic program has not been approved. Whithout it, the
Covenant will not be useful. The paper finishes by showing sorne ways to close the
distance between the present reality for the world's children and the ideals of the
Covenant
O dualismo natureza/cultura: a propósito da muller rural galega
No full textEl modelo explicativo naturaleza/cultura, y la asociación mujer/naturaleza y hombre/cultura, forma parte del entramado epistemológico de las ciencias sociales y humanas. Durante la década de los setenta del siglo XX dicho modelo, hoy cuestionado desde diferentes disciplinas, fue piedra angular de parte de la incipiente antropología feminista. En estas páginas, tras retomar sus principales claves teóricas y detenerse sobre la problemática del dualismo en lo que concierne a las categorías mujer/hombre y sexo/género, se rastrea su incidencia en un pionero ensayo sobre la mujer en Galicia y en estudios antropológicos sobre las mujeres gallegas publicados en los años ochenta y noventa. A modo de conclusión, se exponen tres posiciones feministas en un debate aún abierto sobre la validez del modelo explicativo naturaleza/cultura. The nature / culture explanatory model, and the association woman / nature and man / culture, is part of the epistemological framework of social and human sciences. During the seventies this model, which today is questioned from different disciplines, was the cornerstone of part of the emerging feminist anthropology. In these pages, after going back to its main theoretical concepts and ponder on the problem of dualism in relation to woman / man and sex / gender categories, we trace its incidence in a pioneering essay on women in Galicia and in anthropological studies on Galician women published in the eighties and nineties. In conclusion, we present three feminist positions in a still open debate on the validity of the nature / culture explanatory model.O modelo explicativo natureza/cultura, e a asociación muller/natureza e home/cultura, forma parte do entramado epistemolóxico das ciencias sociais e humanas. Durante a década dos setenta do século XX o devandito modelo, hoxe cuestionado desde diferentes disciplinas, foi pedra angular de parte da incipiente antropoloxía feminista. Nestas páxinas, tras retomar as súas principais claves teóricas e deterse sobre a problemática do dualismo no que concerne ás categorías muller/home e sexo/xénero, rastréase a súa incidencia nun pioneiro ensaio sobre a muller en Galicia e en estudos antropolóxicos sobre as mulleres galegas publicados nos anos oitenta e noventa. A modo de conclusión, expóñense tres posicións feministas nun debate aínda aberto sobre a validez do modelo explicativo natureza/cultura
Discovery of antiprotozoal compounds from medicinal plants
No full textTropical parasitic diseases such as malaria, human African trypanosomiasis, chagas disease, and leishmaniasis affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide and have devastating consequences. Current drugs available to treat these diseases have serious drawbacks. New drugs are urgently needed.
Natural products (NPs) play a dominant role in drug discovery for the treatment of human diseases. Particularly, quinine and artemisinin have their origin in nature and have inspired successful drugs for malaria treatment.
In a medium throughput screening, a total of 507 extracts from South African plants were assayed for their antiprotozoal activity against Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania donovani. Extracts from Abrus precatorius L. ssp. africanus Verdc. (Fabaceae) and Drypetes gerrardii Hutch. var. gerrardii (Putranjivaceae) inhibited at least one of the parasites at a test concentration considered relevant. With the aim of identifying the compounds responsible for these activities, a HPLC-based activity profiling approach followed by dereplication was applied. Targeted isolation of promising compounds was achieved by a combination of chromatography techniques. Structure elucidation was achieved by HR-ESI-MS and NMR (1H, 13C, COSY, HMBC, HSQC, and NOESY spectroscopy). Absolute configuration was determined by comparison of electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra with calculated ECD data.
HPLC-based activity profiling of A. precatorius allowed the identification of abruquinones, as responsible for the trypanocidal activity of the crude extract. A total of ten abruquinones were isolated. Among these were five new compounds. Abruquinone B, I, A, D, K, and L showed remarkable inhibition (0.16 ± 0.060, 0.28 ± 0.051, 0.02 ± 0.003, 0.01 ± 0.001, 0.11 ± 0.053, and 0.02 ± 0.053, respectively) and notable selectivity, expressed as selectivity indices (SIs) which were calculated from cytotoxicity data in L-6 cells (51, 74, 1379, 668, 508, and 374, respectively). These results warrant in vivo assessment of abruquinones.
Abruquinones are promising hits due to their strong and selective in vitro inhibition of T. b. rhodesiense, their good compliance with Lipinski’s “rule-of-5” and other molecular properties, as well as their predicted low/moderate toxic potential.
Two different extracts of D. gerrardii showed antiprotozoal activity, and the active constituents were tracked and isolated by HPLC-based activity profiling. The CH2Cl2/MeOH (1:1) stems extract inhibited L. donovani and P. falciparum. The major compound, a new phenanthrenone, showed good in vitro activity (IC50 of 0.9 ? 0.3 mM) and selectivity (SI of 68) against P. falciparum. Based on these promising results, in-vivo studies were conducted. However, the compound was not able to reduce parasitemia in the P. berghei mouse model. A phenanthrenone heterodimer was also isolated and showed in vitro antiplasmodial activity (IC50 of 2.04 ? 0.15 mM and SI of 31). Furthermore, the CH2Cl2/MeOH (1:1) leaves extract displayed trypanocidal properties, and the known saponin putranoside A was isolated and tested against T. b. rhodesiense, (IC50 of 18.0 ? 3.8 mM and a SI of 4).
The phenanthrenone was the most active and selective in vitro inhibitor of P. falciparum, but showed no inhibition in vivo against P. berghei. However, the compound fulfilled Lipinski’s “rule-of-5” and other molecular properties, which indicates a potential to meet requirements of an ideal antimalarial drug such as, oral bioavailability and blood-brain barrier permeability. According to Medicines for Malaria Venture compound progressing criteria, the phenanthrenone complies with some of the features of a validated hit such as sufficient activity against P. falciparum in vitro (? 1 ?M).
Additionally, as part of a project aimed at investigating antiprotozoal European plants Chrysanthemum cynerariifolium (Trevir.) Vis. (Asteraceae), Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae), and Eupatorium cannabinum L. (Asteraceae) were studied. A hexane extract of C. cynerariifolium showed promising activity against P. falciparum. Pyrethrins (irregular monoterpenes) were the metabolites responsible for the antiplasmodial activities. Particularly, pyrethrin II and jasmolin II inhibited P. falciparum (IC50 4.0 ? 1.1 ?M and 5.0 ? 0.4 ?M, respectively and SI of 24 and 6, respectively) in vitro. Synthetic pyrethroids were also tested, but they did not show activity.
Finally, as a contribution to the structure activity relationship study of sesquiterpene lactones showing activity against T. b. rhodesiense, costunolide and zaluzanin D were isolated from Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae) and eupatoriopicrin from Eupatorium cannabinum L. (Asteraceae). Germacrolides, i.e. costunolide and eupatoriopicrin, showed a higher inhibition (IC50 of 1.3 ? 0.4 mM and 1.2 ± 0.2 mM, respectively) on the protozoon, than the guaianolide zaluzanin D (IC50 of 10.8 mM).
In brief, a total of 22 secondary metabolites were isolated from five species. Among them, seven new compounds were discovered. These compounds belong to the structural classes of isoflavonoids, phenanthrenones, and terpenes such as, sesquiterpene lactones, irregular monoterpenes and triterpenoid saponins. Most of them (15 compounds) exhibited in vitro antiprotozoal activity. The most promising compounds were the abruquinones and the phenanthrenone, which strongly and selectively inhibited T. b. rhodesiense and P. falciparum, respectively. Abruquinones and the phenanthrenone are drug-like compounds with a calculated toxic potential ranging from low to moderate.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Tropische parasitäre Krankheiten wie Malaria, afrikanische Trypanosomiasis (Schlafkrankheit), Chagas-Krankheit und Leishmaniose betreffen Hunderte von Millionen Menschen weltweit und haben verheerenden Folgen. Aktuelle Medikamente, die zur Behandlung dieser Krankheiten zur Verfügung stehen, haben gravierende Nachteile. Neue Medikamente werden dringend benötigt.
Naturstoffe (NP) spielen eine dominierende Rolle in der Wirkstoffforschung für die Behandlung von menschlichen Erkrankungen. So haben Chinin und Artemisin ihren Ursprung in der Natur und führten zu erfolgreichen Medikamenten zur Malariabehandlung.
In einem mittleren Durchsatz-Screening wurden insgesamt 507 Extrakte von südafrikanischen Pflanzen auf ihre Aktivität gegen Protozoen - Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma cruzi und Leishmania donovani - getestet. Extrakte von Abrus precatorius L. ssp. africanus Verdc. (Fabaceae) und Drypetes gerrardii Hutch. var. gerrardii (Putranjivaceae) haben mindestens einen der Parasiten in einer als relevant bezeichneten Testkonzentration gehemmt.
Mit dem Ziel die für diese Aktivitäten verantwortlichen Verbindungen zu identifizieren wurde ein Ansatz bestehend aus HPLC-basiertes Aktivitäts-Profiling gefolgt von Dereplikation verwendet. Gezielte Isolierung der vielversprechenden Verbindungen erfolgte durch eine Kombination von Chromatographie-Techniken. Die Strukturaufklärung wurde durch HR-ESI-MS und NMR (1H, 13C, COSY, HMBC, HSQC, und NOESY Spektroskopie) durchgeführt. Die absolute Konfiguration wurde durch den Vergleich der elektronischen Zirkulardichroismus-(ECD)-Spektren mit berechneten ECD-Daten bestimmt.
HPLC-basiertes Aktivitäts-Profiling von A. precatorius ermöglichte die Identifizierung von Abruquinonen, als verantwortliche Substanzen für die trypanozide Aktivität des Rohextrakts. Es wurden insgesamt 10 Abruquinone isoliert, darunter fünf neue Verbindungen. Abruquinone B, I, A, D, K und L zeigten bemerkenswerte Hemmung (0.16 ± 0.060, 0.28 ± 0.051, 0.02 ± 0.003, 0.01 ± 0.001, 0.11 ± 0.053, und 0.02 ± 0.053) und beachtenswerte Selektivität, wiedergegeben als Selektivitätsindizes (SIs) die aus der Zytotoxizität in L-6 Zellen (51, 74, 1379, 668, 508, und 374) ermittelt wurden.
Wegen ihrer starken und selektiven in vitro Hemmung von T. b. rhodesiense, ihrer guten Übereinstimmung mit Lipinski’s „5er Regel“ und anderen molekularen Eigenschaften, sowie ihrem niederen/mässigen toxischen Potenzial sind Abruquinone vielversprechende Hits. Deshalb sind weitere Studien notwendig um botanische oder chemische Quellen sicherzustellen und die in-vivo Wirksamkeit dieser Verbindungen zu bestimmen.
Zwei verschiedene Extrakte von D. gerrardii zeigten Aktivität gegen Protozoen. Die aktiven Bestandteile wurden mit Hilfe vom HPLC-basiertem Aktivitäts-Profiling identifiziert und isoliert. Der CH2Cl2/MeOH (1:1) Extrakt aus den Stängeln hemmte L. donovani und P. falciparum. Die Hauptverbindung, ein neues Phenanthrenon, zeigte gute in vitro Aktivität (IC50 von 0.9 ? 0.3 mM) und Selektivität (SI von 68) gegen P. falciparum. Basierend auf diesen vielversprechenden Resultaten wurden in vivo Studien durchgeführt. Allerdings war diese Verbindung nicht in der Lage die Parasitenbelastung im P. berghei Mausmodell zu reduzieren. Es wurde ebenfalls ein Phenanthrenon-Heterodimer isoliert, der in vitro Aktivität gegen Plasmodien (IC50 von 2.04 ? 0.15 mM und SI von 31) aufwies. Ausserdem zeigte der CH2Cl2/MeOH (1:1) Blattextrakt ausgewiesene trypanozidale Eigenschaften. Aus diesem Extrakt wurde das bekannte Saponin Putranoside A isoliert und gegen T. b. rhodesiense, (IC50 von 18.0 ? 3.8 mM und SI von 4) getestet.
Das Phenanthrenon war der aktivste und selektivste in vitro Inhibitor von P. falciparum, zeigte jedoch keine Hemmung in vivo gegen P. berghei. Die Verbindung erfüllte jedoch Lipinski’s „5er Regel“ und andere molekulare Eigenschaften, wie orale Bioverfügbarkeit und Durchlässigkeit der Blut-Hirn-Schranke, was ein mögliches Potenzial aufzeigt den Anforderungen eines idealen Antimalariawirkstoffs gerecht zu werden. Nach „Medicines for Malaria Venture“-Kriterien für die weitere Entwicklung eines Wirkstoffs erfüllt das Phenanthrenon einige der Merkmale eines validierten Hits wie ausreichende in vitro Aktivität gegen P. falciparum (? 1 ?M).
Als weiterer Teil des Projekts wurde die Wirkung von europäischen Heilpflanzen Chrysanthemum cynerariifolium (Trevir.) Vis. (Asteraceae), Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae), und Eupatorium cannabinum L. (Asteraceae) gegen Protozoen studiert. Ein Hexan-Extrakt von C. cynerariifolium zeigte vielversprechende Aktivität gegen P. falciparum. Phyrethrine (unregelmässige Monoterpene) waren die Inhaltsstoffe verantwortlich für die antiplasmodiale Aktivität. Besonders Pyrethrin II und Jasmolin II hemmten P. falciparum (IC50 4.0 ? 1.1 ?M und 5.0 ? 0.4 ?M, und SI von 24 und 6) in vitro. Es wurden auch synthetische Pyrethroide getestet, sie zeigten aber keine Aktivität.
Schliesslich, als Beitrag zu den Struktur-Aktivitätsuntersuchungen von Sesquiterpenlactonen mit Aktivität gegen T. b. rhodesiense, wurden Costunolid und Zaluzanin D aus Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae) und Eupatoriopicrin aus Eupatorium cannabinum L. (Asteraceae) isoliert. Germacrolides, d.h. Costunolid und Eupatoriopicrin, zeigten eine höhere Hemmung (IC50 von 1.3 ? 0.4 mM und 1.2 ± 0.2 mM) auf Protozoen als das Guaianolid Zaluzanin D (IC50 von 10.8 mM).
Es wurden insgesamt 22 Sekundärmetaboliten aus fünf Arten isoliert, darunter sieben neue Verbindungen. Diese Substanzen gehören zu den Strukturklassen der Isoflavonoide, Phenanthrenone und Terpene einschliesslich Sesquiterpenelactone, unregelmässige Monoterpene und Triterpenoidsaponine. Die meisten von ihnen (15 Verbindungen) zeigten in vitro Aktivität gegen Protozoen. Die vielversprechendsten Verbindungen waren die Abruquinone und das Phenanthrenon, die starke und selektive Hemmung gegen T. b. rhodesiense und P. falciparum zeigten. Abruquinone und das Phenanthrenon sind drug-like Verbindungen mit einem rechnerischen toxischen Potential von gering bis mässig
Short- and long-term cultivation of embryonic and neonatal murine keratinocytes
No full textStudies using cultured cells allow one to dissect complex cellular mechanisms in greater detail than when studying living organisms alone. However, before cultured cells can deliver meaningful results they must accurately represent the in vivo situation. Over the last three to four decades considerable effort has been devoted to the development of culture media which improve in vitro growth and modeling accuracy. In contrast to earlier large-scale, non-specific screening of factors, in recent years the development of such media has relied increasingly on a deeper understanding of the cell's biology and the selection of growth factors to specifically activate known biological processes. These new media now enable equal or better cell isolation and growth, using significantly simpler and less labor-intensive methodologies. Here we describe a simple method to isolate and cultivate epidermal keratinocytes from embryonic or neonatal skin on uncoated plastic using a medium specifically designed to retain epidermal keratinocyte progenitors in an undifferentiated state for improved isolation and proliferation and an alternative medium to support terminal differentiation
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