49 research outputs found
اردو تنقید میں روایت کے مباحث اور محمد حسن عسکری
No full textMuhammad Hassan Askari started the discussion on narration in Urdu criticism. Certainly Askari is the most competent and readable scholar. In literary criticism, he is attention seeker and has a distinct place. In This article The Discussion on Narration in Urdu Criticism and Muhammad Hassan Askari have been evaluated. Hassan Askari believes that without understanding the narration, literature is unintelligible and the West has failed to understand narration. He also rejects TS Eliot's conception of narration because narrations are associated with the metaphysics to which the West remained ignorant. However he agrees to the conceptions of French scholar Rhene Gaino. Askari's conception of narration was widely discussed not only in his life but also after his death. So, Askari's conception of narration was critically discussed keeping in mind all of its pros and cons.The most famous critics of Askari's conception include Shams ur Rehman Farooqi, Siraj Muneer, Saleem Ahmad, Jamal Pani Pati, Mumtaz Hussain, Muhammad Ali Sadiqui, Muhammad Irshad and Professor Muhammad Usman
Shifting dynamics of Sino-American competition in multi-aligned Middle East
No full textThe Middle East (ME) is one of the most volatile regions of the world where things can change in the blink of an eye. China, once an ordinary energy customer showing hardly any interest in the politics of the ME, has turned itself into a crucial player in rapidly transforming geopolitical landscape of the ME. The increasing footprints of China in the ME pose challenges to the US interests in the region. This article is an attempt to explore the dynamics of evolving competition between the US and China in the ME. It seeks to find out whether this alarmist narrative that the increasing footprints of China in the ME are a threat to the US interests and regional stability is well-put or obscures the deeper truth that China's increasing influence reflects a growing trend to multi-alignment in the ME. It further looks into the challenges faced by the US to better protect its interests in the face of rising influence of China in the region. This is a qualitative study which utilizes descriptive and analytical approaches to illustrate the dynamics of Sino-American competition in the ME. It is much easier to understand why Middle Eastern states are more attracted towards China as collaborating with a country other than the US helps them to break the shackles of US dependency. The suitable way for the US to solidify its position is through engagement than dominance
China’s Policy Toward Afghanistan and Its Impact on India
No full textThe South Asia subcontinent is witnessing new security and political dynamics after the United States withdrew its troops in mid-2021. Even as the Taliban-led government is stepping up engagement with the outside world to earn wider diplomatic recognition and exhibit its governing credentials, Beijing and New Delhi are adjusting their regional policies in a bid to acquire more influence in a changing geopolitical landscape. Assuming nation states to be rational actors, this paper uses the stag hunt game to analyze the potential maximum payoffs for Beijing, Kabul, and New Delhi, respectively, if they could make the right strategic calculations about their short-term interests and long-term goals. Even though the subcontinent is not immune to the effect of great power rivalry that is unfolding on the world stage, regional stakeholders could still choose to cooperate on issues of common concern while limiting the fallout of competition and confrontation on other more contentious challenges
Symbolic representation of women on literary landscape: Textual analysis of the play \u27Black is My Robe\u27
Full text linkThe article aims to explore the symbolic representation of women in Pakistani society and investigates the unconscious nature of patriarchy in which the image of women is painted as a material object. This study is grounded on the textual analysis of Shahid Nadeem’s play “Black is My Robe.” The story revolves around the exchange of a female character named Sundri with an Ox. Shahid Nadeem has employed symbols to unveil the image of a repressed woman in patriarchal society. He has exposed the constructed myths about the submissive status of woman in male-dominant society through his plays in Ajoka theatre. He highlighted certain traditional hierarchies which signify their influence in gender discrepancy and sex stratification in which women is considered just as a property. To highlight these discrepancies, this study is carried out under Sigmund Freud’s theory of subconscious by using the literary technique of symbolism. The study has highlighted man’s desire for prescribing the negation of any gender through symbolization and devoid of anticipating any unpleasant representation. This study concludes with the suggestion to emancipate and empower women and to demolish ridiculous ideals of patriarchy by moral verdicts
Extreme Value Distributions on Closing Quotations and Returns of Islamabad Stock Exchange
No full textThis study is an experimental test done on the secondary data of banking sector of Islamabad Stock Exchange for year 2017 and applied different techniques on the given data record by using Generalized Extreme Value Distribution (GEV), Gumble Distribution (GBL), Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD), Exponential Distribution (EXP), Gamma Distribution (GAM), Weibull Distribution (WBL) on the data of four banks Habib Bank, Allied Bank, Bank Alfalah and Askari Bank. This data is concerning the closing quotations and returns of four banks registered in Islamabad Stock Exchange. We try to fit different distributions on the data and founnd the best fit distribution.
We estimated the parameters of each distribution and also find the standard deviations of each distribution by using R Language and find which distribution is the best fit distribution on the basis of standard deviation distribution. We analyzed that shape wise GEV is the most suitable distribution, scale wise EXP distribution the best and location wise the best one is Gumbal distribution. This article shows that the overall GEV is the best distribution to model correctly the data
Indian Fourth Generation Warfare and Pakistan’s Response
Full text linkWith the start of 21st century, warfare has changed fundamentally. In the Fourth Generation Warfare (4GW), military does not have the sole decisive utility, here war is waged with means other than military. In the fourth generation warfare, war is not amongst the people, it is a war of the people. The paper argues that due to divergent strategic interests, hegemonic tendencies, geopolitical competition and unresolved conflicts, India has adopted a sustained policy of violence to bring chaos in Pakistan. From Sundar Ji Doctrine of 1980s to current Modi-Doval Doctrine, India is pursuing a strategy of keeping Pakistan bleeding through thousand cuts. Indian effort to train, nurture and equip separatist and dissident elements in Pakistan is not a hidden secret after the Kalbushan Jadav testimony on media. This paper is an attempt to find the answer of the questionthat how India has waged a 4GW against Pakistan and how Pakistan has responded to it? For this enquiry, qualitative research methodology with more focus on document analysis based on secondary literature surveys has been employed. The theoretical framework of this study is based on the constructs of realism. This study concludes that Pakistan Armed Forces have been successfulto control the ravages of this warfare but the govt. needs to work on those vulnerable areas which could further be used by India to extend its interests in the country
Significance of Soft Power for Pursuing Foreign Policy Objectives
No full textSoft power has become one of the most important determinants of foreign policy in the 21st century. It is a capability whereby people of one state get attached to the values, ideologies, culture, political system, or sports of other state in such a way that they view that state emotionally rather than rationally. This paper delves into the extent to which soft power is effective in today‟s international system vis-a-vis hard power. Furthermore, it looks into the question that to what extent, soft power of Pakistan contributes to its overall national power. This study has employed broader framework of liberalism to address this research. This study is conducted under the qualitative research methodology with more focus on documentary analysis. The theoretical and conceptual framework revolves around the image of soft power propounded by Joseph Nye. Multilateralism is the striking features of current day politic of the world. In such scenario, soft power has become the important component of national power and states use it to pursue their national interests. Developed and fastdeveloping states are relying more on their soft image building and less on their militaries. Peaceful rise of China in 21st century is the most pertinent example in this regard. Though soft power is largely determined by the factors beyond governments‟ control yet it has a role in taking an initiative and making soft power a state-polic
Use of Rape as Weapon against Women by Indian Forces in Occupied Kashmir: A Securitization Perspective
Full text linkThis article is based on the argument that the Indian forces are using rape as a weapon against women in the disputed territory of Kashmir to eliminate the freedom struggle of Muslim population. According to different surveys and reports, more than 11 thousand women have been gang-raped and molested in occupied Kashmir by the Indian forces. The security forces are continuously exercising this weapon of sexual warfare on women as a punishment. The triggering force behind this tactic of sexual abuse is the ideology of Hindutva. Under this ideology, current Indian regime is trying to change the secular status of India into a Hindu State. The Modi government is supporting communal violence on minorities for its political purposes. So, the minority community in India in general and the Muslims in disputed territory of Kashmir in specificare facing state oppression at large. Minorities like the Muslims and the Christians are being termed as “threatening and hostile other” in India. This study investigates how India is securitizing the Kashmir conflict by enforcing sexual assaults against women through its security forces? Secondly, it also tries to find that answer of why the use of rape and sexual abuse are justified as a potent weapon by Indian forces in occupied Kashmir? A large number of security forces have been deployed in Kashmir to suppress the Kashmiri freedom struggle. The security forces are exercising mass rape as a weapon in Kashmir to curb their right to self-realization. Such growing sexual practices have adverse impacts on the physical and mental health of women. In the end, we conclude that such inhumane policies not only undermine the social fiber of the Kashmiricommunity but also it will disrupt the peace of the whole of Southeast Asia
Indian Hybrid War against Pakistan: A Strategic Theory Perspective
No full textHybrid warfare proposes the idea of integration of various domains of warfare to create uniqueness in the domain of warfare strategies. Developments in the technological spheres have given rise to hybrid models in contemporary world. With the evolving mechanism and particular developments, international security has also experienced the hybrid model of warfare. The integrated model of hybrid warfare came to the twenty first century‟s world, which has also inspired the fanatic regime of India to impose it on Pakistan. Hybrid warfare has been waged against Pakistan to balkanize it into various segments by exploiting its vulnerabilities. This study tries to find the answer of how India is using hybrid warfare against Pakistan and what kinds of policy options are available to Pakistan to deal with this? The study is being conducted under the lens of strategic theory. To find the answer of the research question, qualitative research methodology with more focus on its documentary analysis has been employed. The study concludes that India is using conventional and un-conventional means to destabilize Pakistan and trying to undermine the growing importance of Pakistan in the regional dynamics. Pakistan needs to understand security challenges being posed by Indian Hybrid Warfar
Territorial Dispute with China and Japan in the East China Sea on Senkaku / Diaoyu Islands
Full text linkThe claims of China and Japan on Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands have made East China Sea a centre of global attention. This East China Sea issue is getting international attention due to the strategic agreement between US and Japan. This agreement enables US Navy to establish bases and patrol in the disputed area. China has shown deep concerns on such agreement. China perceives it a territorial threat to her sovereignty. The rich natural resources of island have urged both nations to claim it as theirs. Both nations claim that these islands are their integral part. This claim is supported by historical evidences from both sides. Also both countries want to establish a strong strategic position in Asia-Pacific region. The role of international Law will also be important to resolve this conflict
