212 research outputs found
Proposal for a New Economic Framework Based On Islamic Principles
No full textThis book provides a holistic socio-economic framework working in conformity with the Islamic principles. Chapter 2 builds the ground for the proposed framework by discussing the foundations of the ethical precepts of Islam. It discusses the thesis of religion, answers some of the questions in the comparative study of religion and tries to resolve few of the misconceptions about the faith of Islam. Chapter 3 outlines the economic teachings of Islam with regard to earning and spending. It discusses at length the ideals Islam set before its adherents in the ethical sphere of life. The ethical principles are discussed based on the study of relevant Quranic text and the narrations of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Chapter 4 studies the comparative economic systems. It analyzes Capitalism, Socialism, Mixed Economy and Islamic economic system. Chapter 5 introduces the salient features of the proposed economic framework with special focus on fiscal reforms. It discusses the potential of the institution of Zakat to meet fiscal needs of the government and to assist it in doing away with deficit financing, fiscal bleeding, crowding out private sector and reducing deadweight loss by parting the way with private sector so as to ensure market economy operating on its own as far as possible and playing an active regulatory role. Chapter 6 introduces the monetary reforms. It discusses how savings would feature despite discontinuation of interest, how inflation will be checked with central banks not having at their disposal conventional OMO, how liquidity will be managed in banking sector when a central bank wants to inject liquidity or mop up funds. How and to what extent the institution of Zakat would enable the government to meet its fiscal targets and does not crowd out private sector with public borrowing. How balance of payments and exchange rate stability can be managed in an interest free economy. If in the short term, the government or central bank needs alternative source of revenue other than Zakat, they can issue GDP linked bonds. This could replace T-bill and provide a base instrument for OMO and liquidity management in the banking and financial sector. Chapter 7 introduces the currently practiced Islamic Banking and Finance. Since Islamic economic principles have more prominently been used in banking and finance, much of the discussion centers on Islamic banking and finance in lieu of analyzing the existing practices and then in the next chapter, preferable alternatives in areas where shortcoming is observed and need for improvement is felt are suggested. Chapter 8 discusses the financial system in the proposed framework with the role of institutions and the discussion on comprehensive need fulfillment mechanisms to serve every major need of a sophisticated contemporary financial system. Some important novel changes are recommended, such as introduction of options in mortgage financing, which will allow the bank to separate the tenancy and sale contract in a distinctive way. This will still ensure that it locks the sale with the borrower or with the third party without making both contracts dependent on each other. It will benefit the bank as well as the borrower, who will have an option but not an obligation to buy the asset at maturity. The modified role of bank entering in a Mudarabah contract as a “Rabb-ul-maal” (investor) will ensure that the bank takes on operational risk. It will enable the resources to go into productive avenues rather than in financial instruments. This modification will generate employment and productive activities in the economy in a more direct manner. The division of Mudarabah corporate and Mudarabah consumer will target two very distinct markets and will result in channeling of funds from saving surplus units to saving-deficient units. Reforms in equity markets and alternatives for insurance are also suggested. Chapter 9 introduces feasibility and structure of Micro credit as an alternative for interest based micro finance. It discusses how the potential obstacles in the form of lack of trust, funding commitment, lack of collateral arrangement, lack of documentation etc would be handled.Interest Free Economy, Islamic Economy, Islamic Economic System, Islamic Monetary Policy, Islamic Fiscal Policy, Interest, Zakat, Riba, Usury, Development, Redistribution, Economic Systems, Financial System, Financial Intermediation, Saving, Investment.
Hadits sebagai sumber sejarah Nabi Muhammad: Studi komparatif Kitab al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah al-Shahihah karya Akram Diya al-‘Umari dan Kitab al-Shahih min Sirah al-Nabiy al-A’dzam karya Ja’far Murtada al-‘Amili
No full textINDONESIA:
Ada dua karya sirah nabawiyyah yang menyebut kata S{ah}i>h dalam judul bukunya yaitu karya Akram D}iya’ al-‘Umari dan karya Ja’far Murtad{a al-‘Amili. dua karya ini menarik untuk diteliti dalam konteks kajian sirah nabawiyyah dengan perspektif teologi dan teori hadits yang berbeda; Akram D}iya’ al-‘Umari ditengarai sebagai tokoh yang mewakili aliran Sunni sementara Ja’far Murtad{a al-‘Amili mewakili aliran Syi’ah. Basis validitas hadits pada dua aliran kalam ini berbeda secara tegas; para ahli hadits di kalangan Sunni merujuk pada rentang sanad dengan membuat standar S{ah}i>h, H}asan, D}a’i>f dan Mawd{u’. Sementara di kalangan Syi’ah validitas hadits bertumpu pada otoritas Imam dan atau Ahl al-Bait. Perbedaan tersebut mengisyaratkan adanya paradigma dan validitas data sejarah Nabi Muhammad yang berbeda antara kedua aliran yang kasusnya diwakili oleh dua tokoh tersebut.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui metodologi seleksi hadits sebagai sumber sejarah Nabi Muhammad dari Akram D}iya’ al-‘Umari dan Ja’far Murtad{a al-‘Amili, serta Persamaan dan Perbedaan antara keduannya.
Term yang digunakan dalam penulisan sejarah kehidupan Nabi Muhammad Saw, yaitu sirah nabawiyyah untuk mengungkapkan peristiwa-peristiwa penting kenabian sampai yang lebih detail. Validitas informasi tentang sirah ditentukan dari sumber yang diambil. Salah satu sumber sirah Nabi Saw., adalah hadits. Paradigma seleksi hadits berbeda antara aliran kalam Sunni dan Syi’ah. Kajian tokoh tertentu pada dua aliran tersebut merepresentasikan perbedaan sekaligus persamaannya.
Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode analisis komparatif, sedangkan teknik pengumpulan datanya menggunakan studi kepustakaan (library research).
Penelitian yang telah dilakukan ditemukan bahwa: 1) Teori hadits Akram D}iya’ al-‘Umari yang diaplikasikan pada sirah Nabi Saw., merujuk kepada teori hadits Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama’ah (sunni), 2). Teori hadits Ja’far Murtad{a al-‘Amili yang diaplikasikan pada sirah Nabi Saw., merujuk kepada teori hadits Syi’ah Imamiyah Itsna ‘Asyariah, 3) Persamaan antara teori hadits Akram dan Ja’far adalah pada kategori kualitas hadits S{ah}i>h, H}asan, dan D}a’i>f, sementara perbedaannya pada istilah Muwathaq (pembagian hadits) pada teori Syi’ah yang berpengaruh pada pemikiran Ja’far. Sunni tidak menggunakan istilah Muwathaq. Perbedaan lain adalah pada menilaian terhadap para sahabat Nabi Saw., Akram mengikuti teori al-S}ah}a>bah Kulluhum ‘Udul (semua sahabat ‘adil) sementara Ja’far sebaliknya.
ENGLISH:
There are two books of Sirah Nabawiyyah that mentioned ‘S{ah}i>h’ term on the titles. Those books were written by Akram D}iya’ al-‘Umari and Ja’far Murtad{a al-‘Amili which are interesting to be researched through the context of Sirah nabawiyyah in different teology perspective and hadits theory. Akram D}iya’ al-‘Umari is assumed as a personage who represents the Sunnis sect while Ja’far Murtad{a al-‘Amili represents the Shia. Hadits validity basis of the two sects is extremely different. The Ahl al Hadits from the Sunnis made refference to four standard categories of Sanad. i.e., S{ah}i>h, H}asan, D}a’i>f and Mawd{u’. Otherwise, in the Shia, hadits validity depends on Imam and or Ahl Bait authority. The distinctions between them indicate the different belief and data validity of the Prophet Muhammad history in term of islam sub-groups.
The objectives of this research are elaborating the metodology of electing hadits as a history source of the Prophet Muhammad saw by Akram D}iya’ al-‘Umari and Ja’far Murtad{a al-‘Amili, and understanding the similarity and the difference of both in further.
The term used in writing the life of the Prophet Muhammad saw. is Sirah Nabawiyyah that is intended to reveal the historical events about him in detail way. The information validity of Sirah is determined by the selected source (i.e Hadits). The thought of sects, Sunnis and Shia, in selecting hadits is different and the study of each personages shows the similarity and difference of both.
In this research, the writer used descriptive method with content analysis approach. In further, the data were collected by the library research technique.
The results of the research can be listed as follow, 1) Hadits theory of Akram D}iya’ al-‘Umari applied in the Sirah refers to Hadits theory of Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama’ah, 2) Hadits theory of Ja’far Murtad{a al-‘Amili applied in the Sirah refers to Hadits theory of Syi’ah Imamiyah Itsna ‘Asyariah, 3) The similarity between Akram and Ja’far Hadits theory is on Hadist quality categories, i.e., S{ah}i>h, H}asan, D}a’i>f and Mawd{u’. The difference is on the use of term Muwathaq (hadits division). The term is used by the Shia, and its hadits theory affects to Ja’far’s thought, otherwise the Sunnis does not use the term. Another difference was found on the assessment towards the Prophet Muhammad companions. Akram follows the theory of al-S}ah}a>bah Kulluhum ‘Udul (all companions are fair) but Ja’far is on the opposite.
ARABIC:
كان هناك كتابان يكتب في موضوعهما لفظ "صحيح" ومألفهما أكرم ضياء العمري و جعفر مرتضى العاملي. وهذان كتابان مجتذبان للبحث بالنسبة إلى مطالعة السيرة النبوية من ناحية علم الكلام وعلم الحديث المختلف؛ يعتبر أكرم ضياء كالقطب من السني وجعفر مرتضى العاملي من الشيعي. وكان أساس صحة الحديث في هذين المذهبين مختلف بشكل واضح؛ ويشير علماء الحديث من السني إلى مجمعة الحديث الصحيح، والحسن، والضعيف، والموضوع. ويشير علماء الحديث من الشيعي إلى اعتماد صحة الحديث على سلطة الإمام أو أهل البيت. يدل هذا الاختلاف على أن هناك نموذج وصحة البيانات التاريخية للنبي محمد المختلفة بين هذين المذهبين التي يبدأها القطبان.
أما أغراض البحث فهي معرفة طريقة اختيار الأحاديث النبوية كمصدر تاريخي للنبي محمد من أكرم ضياء العمري و جعفر مرتضى العاملي والتشابه والاختلاف بينهما.
المصطلح المستخدم في كتابة تاريخ حياة النبي محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم هو السيرة النبوية للكشف عن الأحداث النبوية المهمة لمزيد من التفاصيل. يتم تحديد صحة المعلومات حول السيرة من المصدر المأخوذ. ومن مصدر السيرة النبوية هو الحديث النبوي. يختلف نموذج اختيار الأحاديث بين السني والشيعي. تمثل دراسة بعض الشخصيات في هذين مذهبين اختلافاتهما وكذلك معادلاتهما.
في هذا البحث، يستخدم الكاتب طريقة وصفية مع نهج تحليل المحتوى (content analysis)، وطريقة جمع البيانات هي دراسة مكتبية (library research).
وينتج من هذا البحث ما يلي: 1) نظرية الحديث عن أكرم ضياء العمري التي تم تطبيقها على السيرة النبوية، تشير إلى نظرية الحديث في أهل السنة والجماعة، 2). نظرية الحديث عن جعفر مرتضى العمالي التي تم تطبيقها على السيرة النبوية، تشير إلى نظرية الحديث عن الشيعة الإمامية إثنا عشرية، 3) المعادلة بين نظريات الحديث في أكرم وجعفر هي في معاير نوعية الحديث من الصحيح والحسن والضعيف، وكان الاختلاف في مصطلح الموثق (تقسيم الحديث) في النظرية الشيعية التي تؤثر على تفكير جعفر. لا يستخدم السني مصطلح الموثق. والاختلاف الآخر هو تقييم صحابة النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم، حيث اتبع أكرم نظرية الصحابة كلهم عدل (جميع الصحابة عادل)، وكان جعفر هو عكس ذلك
In vitro and in silico antiproliferative potential of isolated flavonoids constitutes from Pistacia integerrima
No full textCancer is one of the most demanding domains for innovative, effective, safe, and affordable therapeutically active chemicals. The main aim of this study is to research new phytochemicals with anticancer activity. The current experiment identified and analyzed six compounds for anti-cancer potential supported by molecular simulation studies. The defatted methanolic extract underwent column chromatography, resulting in the isolation of six flavonoids. These include 3,5,7,4′-tetrahydroxy-flavanone (1), naringenin (2), 3,5,4′-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-flavanone (3), sakuranetin (4), spinacetin (5), and patuletin (6). The isolated compounds (1-6) were assessed for in vitro anti-cancer activity against various cell lines such as HepG2 (hepatoma G2), A498 (kidney), NCI-H226 (lungs), and MDR2780AD (human ovarian). The maximum antiproliferative effect was against HepG2 and MDR2780AD. When compounds 6, 5, and 1 were compared to a standard anti-cancer medicine (paclitaxel) with an IC50 of 7.32, it was shown that compounds 6, 5, and 1 exhibited significant activity against HepG2 with IC50 values of 14.65, 20.87, and 27.09 μM, respectively. All tested compounds showed an IC50 of less than 1 μM and had notable effects against MDR2780 AD cell lines. Compound 6 exhibited notable potency against the HepG2, A498, and MDR2780AD cell lines, among the six compounds that were evaluated. In contrast, compound 3 demonstrated the most pronounced impact on the NCI-H226 cell line. Docking investigations were performed using tubulin as the specific target concerning PDB ID 4O2B. The six compounds under investigation interact hydrophobically and hydrophilically with tubulin-binding site amino acid residues
Sources of Public Finance in an Islamic Economy
No full textSince interest is prohibited in Islam, the government in an Islamic economy cannot issue interest based T-Bills, T-Bonds and/or obtain interest based sovereign debt. Based on the literature review, it is argued that neither Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) nor the pious Caliphates (rta) levied any taxes other than Zakah. Accordingly, this study explores the sources of revenue for a government in an Islamic economy. In discussing sources of tax revenue, it is maintained that Zakah is the only tax the government in an Islamic economy can levy. Nevertheless, the government can charge service/performance based fees, duties, charges etc in providing public goods. Furthermore, the profitable operations of state owned enterprises form an important part of non-tax revenues. It is also analyzed that how the non-profitable public institutions like police and courts will be funded. This study also discusses that how the government can finance its deficit keeping in view that interest is prohibited in Islam and Zakah rates are very low and Zakah base is very narrow as per common understanding. The study also gives brief insights into how much Zakah can be collected in Pakistan. Finally, it suggests that the nominal GDP growth linked rate of return can be used to benchmark domestic and external loans including those from IMF, WB and IDA etc.Public Finance, Taxation, Expenditure, Fiscsl Policy, Deficit Financing, Zakat, Redistribution.
Crystalline phase, surface morphology and electrical properties of monovalent-doped Nd0.75Na0.25Mn1-yCoyO3 manganites
No full textPerovskite-type manganites Nd0.75Na0.25Mn1-yCoyO3 (y = 0 – 0.05) have been investigated to clarify the influence of Co-doped on crystal phase and morphological study as well as electrical transport properties. The Nd0.75Na0.25Mn1-yCoyO3 samples are prepared via solid state synthesis method. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed all the samples are essentially single phased and the peaks are indexed to an orthorhombic structure with Pnma space. The morphological study from scanning electron microscope shows the improvement of the grains boundaries and sizes as well as the compaction of particles can be seen as cobalt doping increased. On the other hand, the temperature dependence of electrical resistivity measurements using four-point-probe technique indicates all samples maintained an insulator like behaviour down to low temperature. Analysis of the resistivity change with respect to temperature, dlnρ/dT-1 versus T reveals a slope changes of resistivity has been observed and a boarder peak exist for y = 0 sample and the peaks become significantly obvious for y = 0.02 and 0.05 samples. The peaks are observed in the range of charge ordering (CO) transition indicate the existence of CO in the system
A reappraisal of attitudes to the 'People of the Book' in the Qur'an and hadith, with particular reference to Muslim fiscal policy and the covenant of 'Umar
No full textEThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo
Wireless body sensor networks for health-monitoring applications
No full textThis is an author-created, un-copyedited version of an article accepted for publication in
Physiological Measurement. The publisher is
not responsible for any errors or omissions in this version of the manuscript or any version
derived from it. The Version of Record is available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/29/11/R01
Interval-valued fuzzy ku-ideals of ku-algebras
No full textIn this paper, we introduced the notion of interval-valued
fuzzy KU-ideals of KU-algebras and some related properties are investigated. We proved that U is a KU-ideal if and only if the interval-valued fuzzy subset is an interval-valued fuzzy KU-ideal of a KU-algebra for e-
KARAKTERISASI SIFAT FISIK MINYAK Eucalyptus DARI Eucalyptus grandis SECARA ENZIMATIS
No full textJudul penelitian adalah “Karakterisasi Sifat Fisik Minyak Eucalyptus dari
Eucalyptus grandis Secara Enzimatis”. Penelitian ini Dibimbing Langsung oleh
Bapak Dr. Muhammad Taufik, M.Si, Selaku Ketua Komisi Pembimbing dan Ibu
Dr.Ir. Desi Ardilla, M.Si, Selaku Anggota Pembimbing.
Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui waktu maserasi dan ukuran
partikel pada Karakterisasi Sifat Fisik Minyak Eucalyptus dari Eucalyptus grandis
Secara Enzimatis yang dilihat dari sifat fisik minyak yang dihasilkan.
Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktorial
dengan 2 (dua) ulangan. Faktor 1 adalah ukuran partikel dengan simbol huruf (U)
yang terdiri dari 4 taraf yaitu U1= 20 mesh, U2= 40 mesh, U3= 60 mesh, U4= 80
mesh. Faktor 2 adalah waktu maserasi dengan simbol huruf (M) yang terdiri dari 4
taraf yaitu M1= 2 hari, M2= 3 hari, M3= 4 hari, M4= 5 hari. Parameter yang
diamati meliputi Rendemen, Bobot Jenis, Indeks Bias, dan Aroma.
Hasil analisa secara statistik pada masing-masing parameter memberikan
kesimpulan sebagai berikut :
Rendemen
Ukuran partikel memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda sangat nyata (p<0,01)
terhadap parameter rendemen minyak atsiri daun Eucalyptus grandis. Rendemen
tertinggi berada pada perlakuan ukuran partikel 80 mesh (U4) yakni sebesar 0,228
% dan nilai terendah berada pada perlakuan ukuran partikel 20 mesh (U1) yakni
sebesar 0,163 %. Perlakuan waktu maserasi memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda
sangat nyata (p<0,01) terhadap parameter rendemen. Nilai tertinggi berada pada
perlakuan waktu maserasi 4 hari (M3) yakni sebesar 0,202 % dan nilai terendah
berada pada perlakuan waktu maserasi 1 hari (M1) yakni sebesar 0,142 %. Nilai
rata-rata rendemen dari keseluruhan perlakuan yaitu sebesar 0,166 %
Bobot Jenis
Pada analisa minyak atsiri daun Eucalyptus grandis, Ukuran partikel
memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda sangat nyata (p<0,01) terhadap parameter
bobot jenis minyak atsiri. Bobot jenis yang tertinggi berada pada perlakuan ukran
partikel 80 mesh (U4) yakni sebesar 0,874 g/ml dan nilai terendah berada pada
perlakuan ukuran partikel 20 mesh (U1) yakni sebesar 0,869 g/ml. Pada perlakuan
waktu maserasi memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda sangat nyata (p<0,01)
terhadap parameter bobot jenis minyak atsiri. Bobot jenis tertinggi berada pada
perlakuan waktu maserasi 5 hari (M4) yakni sebesar 0,883 g/ml dan nilai terendah
berada pada perlakuan waktu maserasi 2 hari (M1) yakni sebesar 0,863 g/ml. Nilai
rata-rata bobot jenis dari keseluran perlakuan yaitu sebesar 0,860 g/ml.
Indeks Bias
Pada analisa produk minyak atsiri dari daun Eucalyptus grandis, ukuran
partikel memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda sangat nyata (p<0,01) terhadap
parameter indeks bias minyak atsiri. Indeks bias tertinggi berada pada perlakuan
ukuran partikel 80 mesh (U4) yakni sebesar 1,312 m/s dan nilai terendah berada
pada perlakuan ukuran partikel 20 mesh (U1) yakni sebesar 1,306 m/s. Perlakuan
waktu maserasi memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda sangat nyata (p<0,01)
terhadap parameter indeks bias. Nilai tertinggi berada pada waktu maserasi 5 hari
(M4) yakni sebesar 1,363 m/s dan nilai terendah berada pada perlakuan waktu
maserasi 2 hari (M1) yakni sebesar 1,258 m/s. Nilai rata-rata indeks bias yaitu
berkisar 1,3008 m/s.
Aroma
Pada analisa minyak atsiri daun Eucalyptus grandis, ukuran partikel
memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda sangat nyata (p<0,01) terhadap parameter
aroma minyak atsiri. Aroma minyak atsiri yang disukai berada pada perlakuan
ukuran partikel (U4) yakni sebesar 3,488 dan yang terendah berada pada perlakuan
ukuran partikel (U1) yakni sebesar 3,263. Pada perlakuan waktu maserasi
memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda sangat nyata (p<0,01) terhadap parameter
aroma minyak atsiri. Aroma tertinggi pada perlakuan 5 hari (M4) yakni sebesar
3,550 dan nilai terendah berada pada perlakuan waktu maserasi 2 hari (M1) yakni
sebesar 3,263. Nilai rata-rata aroma dari keseluruhan perlakuan yaitu sebesar
3,384
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