371 research outputs found
Kharaj and land proprietary right in the sixteenth century: An example of law and economics
No full textKharaj (land-tax) has been a controversial subject since the formative period of Islamic jurisprudence. It is said that Muslim jurists have been very conservative while dealing with the subject of kharaj. But this is wrong perception or opinion. The Controversy have mainly been revolved around the kharaj-payer's relationship with the land he owned or cultivated. This nature of relationship was necessary, for in circumstances it alone determined what to do with the kharaji land. A host of problems surfaced over the centuries and the Muslim jurists dealt with them differently. The later jurists, specially during the Ottoman period, face situations which did not exist in early period. So they were compelled to develop their own thoughts over a number of issues and in so doing they had to differ from their predecessors. It may, therefore, be argued that the Islamic law on kharaj has never been rigid and static.Land-tax, Land property, Kharaj,Ottoman Economic History, Islamic Economic Thought, Law and Economics.
Diagnosis of hepatoma using grayscale and Doppler ultrasound in patients with chronic liver disease
No full textWasim A Memon, Zishan Haider, Mirza Amanullah Beg, Muhammad Idris, Tanveer-ul-Haq, Waseem Akhtar, Sidra IdrisRadiology Department, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan Every author contributed equally to the workObjective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of liver ultrasound for the detection of hepatoma in chronic liver disease (CLD) patients by either taking histopathology or serum α-fetoprotein levels or a biphasic computed tomography (CT) scan (whichever is available) as the gold standard.Study design: Cross-sectional.Place and duration of study: Radiology Department, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, from January 2007 to January 2010.Methods: A total of 239 patients (156 males and 83 females) with clinical suspicion or surveillance of hepatoma in CLD referred to the radiology department for ultrasound evaluation followed by either liver biopsy and histopathology or serum α-fetoprotein level or biphasic CT scan.Results: The sensitivity of ultrasound for hepatoma detection in CLD was 65%, specificity was 85%, and accuracy was 70%, and positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 92% and 45%, respectively.Conclusion: Ultrasound is a relatively quick, safe, reasonably accurate, and noninvasive imaging modality for the detection of hepatoma in CLD and can be complemented with clinical assessment of screening high-risk patients.Keywords: hepatoma, ultrasound, radiology, chronic liver diseas
The application of Shari’ah and international human rights law in Saudi Arabia
No full textThis thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel UniversityThe present dissertation provides an analytical and comparative study of the application of Islamic law (Shari’ah) and international human rights law in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It provides an analysis of the sources of Islamic law as well as the sources of international law to set the background for analysis and defines the nature of both laws. It also tackles the subject of the domestic application of international human treaties in Saudi Arabia.
In addition, it examines some reservations Saudi Arabia has entered to some of the international human rights treaties it has ratified, specifically the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). It also sheds some light on the political, cultural and religious obstacles to the realisation of norms protected by international human rights treaties in the country, and in other countries for that matter, clearly stating the impossibility of implementing the provisions of the international human rights treaties in their entirety. This is due to the various political and legal developments towards the internationalization of the concept of human rights. It observes that despite the existence of the international human rights treaties, which aim at reinforcing a universal realisation of international human rights, these rights cannot be possibly realised by all countries.
To stress the importance Saudi Arabia attaches to the issue of human rights, the dissertation discusses some rights of women before Saudi courts in family matters, an issue which has been criticised by some international human rights treaties, and examines to what extent the country has managed to tackle the issue of domestic violence, particularly violence against women. It provides an overview of the major causes of domestic violence against women in Saudi Arabia, presents some cases of domestic violence before Saudi courts and sheds some light on the measures taken by the Saudi government to combat domestic violence against women. It also tackles this issue both in the international and domestic legal frameworks, clearly stating the Islamic standpoint on the issue, namely that Islamic law, and Saudi Arabia for that matter, whose laws are essentially derived from the two main sources of Shari’ah. It also discusses the common forms of violence against women in Saudi Arabia and suggests a number of recommendations towards more effective protection of women against violence in the country.
The dissertation concludes by presenting a number of obstacles in the way of executing judicial decisions in the Kingdom as well as the obstacles which negatively affect the performance of the new code of law practice. It also presents some recommendations concerning personal status law obstacles and hindrances to progress and attempts to answer the research questions it has posed
A scene image classification technique for a ubiquitous visual surveillance system
No full textThe concept of smart cities has quickly evolved to improve the quality of life and provide public safety. Smart cities mitigate harmful environmental impacts and offences and bring energy-efficiency, cost saving and mechanisms for better use of resources based on ubiquitous monitoring systems. However, existing visual ubiquitous monitoring systems have only been developed for a specific purpose. As a result, they cannot be used for different scenarios. To overcome this challenge, this paper presents a new ubiquitous visual surveillance mechanism based on classification of scene images. The proposed mechanism supports different applications including Soil, Flood, Air, Plant growth and Garbage monitoring. To classify the scene images of the monitoring systems, we introduce a new technique, which combines edge strength and sharpness to detect focused edge components for Canny and Sobel edges of the input images. For each focused edge component, a patch that merges nearest neighbor components in Canny and Sobel edge images is defined. For each patch, the contribution of the pixels in a cluster given by k-means clustering on edge strength and sharpness is estimated in terms of the percentage of pixels. The same percentage values are considered as a feature vector for classification with the help of a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. Experimental results show that the proposed technique outperforms the state-of-the-art scene categorization methods. Our experimental results demonstrate that the SVM classifier performs better than rule and template-based methods. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
The concept of tarikah in the Islamic law of succession with special reference to the practices of the civil courts and the Syariah courts in Malaysia
No full textEThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo
ڈاکٹر خلیل بن ابراہیم ملا خاطر کے تنقیدِ روایات کے اسالیب کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ: An Analytical Study of the Methodologies of Narration Criticism by Dr. Khalil bin Ibrahim Mulla Khatir
No full textThis article explores the scholarly contributions of Khalil bin Ibrahim Mulla Khatir, a notable figure in the field of Seerah (biographical writing about the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ). ) Born in Deir ez-Zor, Syria, in 1938, Mulla Khatir was renowned for his expertise in Hadith and Seerah studies. He adhered strictly to the principles of Hadith criticism, emphasizing authentic sources and avoiding weak narrations. His methodology incorporated both traditional and modern approaches, refining earlier principles established by scholars like Shibli Nomani and Idris Kandhlawi.Mulla Khatir authored over 100 books, with more than 60 focusing on Seerah. His critical approach addressed inconsistencies in narrations, established coherence through comparative analysis, and highlighted the importance of adhering to established scholarly consensus. The article also discusses his contributions to education, his critique of fabricated and weak narrations, and his enduring legacy in Islamic studies. His work represents a comprehensive and methodical approach to Hadith and Seerah, making a significant impact on contemporary Islamic scholarship
Istihsan (juristic preference) : the forgotten principle of Islamic law
No full textEThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo
Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan dan Gerakan Pembaharuan di Aligarh
No full textKertas ini mengkaji usaha dan sumbangan Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan dalam mempelopori gerakan islah dan pembaharuan di Aligarh Muslim Universiti. Ia menyorot sejarah awal perjuangan beliau dalam menubuhkan Aligarh bagi mencetuskan kebangkitan akliah dan menggerakkan usaha modernisasi pendidikan Islam. Metodologi kajian adalah berdasarkan kaedah induktif, dan deduktif dengan menganalisis penulisan tentang Sir Sayyid dan pemikirannya serta sumbangannya dalam pembangunan Aligarh dan cuba merumuskan pandangan dan sumbangan yang diberikan dari perjuangan dan gerakan intelektual ini kepada pembaharuan dan kebangkitan Islam. Kajian ini penting bagi melihat pengaruh dan kesan daripada perjuangan Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan dalam menegakkan perubahan dan membawa kesedaran dan faham rasionalisme Islam yang meluas. Aspirasi ini diteruskan dalam dasar pendidikan tinggi di Aligarh dan dunia Islam lain bagi mengangkat nilai kemodenan dan sains dalam harakat pendidikan dan pemikiran Islam moden.
A critical reading of Fazlur Rahman's Islamic methodology in history : the case of the living Sunnah
No full textIncludes bibliographical references.Sunnah has become synonymous with hadith as it is found primarily in the six canonical works of hadith. This change, Rahman argues, came about after Mohammad b. Idris al-Shafi'i articulated his bayan scheme, which in a nutshell means that the entirety of law resides in two texts the Qur'an and the Sunnah and that Sunnah is only the Sunnah of Muhammad (concept and content). In search for uniformity and stability, Rahman claims, that Shafi'i destroyed the living Sunnah or more precisely the organic relationship between Sunnah, ijtihad (progressive interpretation) and ijma. But was this living Sunnah conceptually linked to the """"Ideal Sunnah"""" of the Prophet? Why did Shafi'i decimate an entire tradition and what were his reasons and how did he do it? This thesis seeks to answer these questions by critically analyzing Rahman's living Sunnah notion. On the other hand whilst it appreciates Shafi'i's argument for the Sunnah, of the Prophet only, as the exclusive legislative supplement to the Qur'an it problematizes how Shafi'i dealt with the materials from which he reconstructed (the content) the Prophetic Sunnah (as a concept)
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