201 research outputs found
Mtoro bin Mwinyi Bakari : Swahili lecturer and author in Germany
No full textThis book presents a study of the life history of Mtoro bin Mwinyi Bakari (c. 1869 - 1927). Mtoro bin Mwinyi Bakari grew up and studied Islamic Sciences in Bagamoyo, Tanzania. He became a Swahili lecturer and author in Germany and is known to have written Desturi za Wasuaheli, an important work in Swahili culture. The book introduces the wider historical context of his writings, and, in particular, reconstructs the racism and discrimination in both the colonial and metropolitan contexts, features which negatively influenced his career and his life as a whole. The study also offers insights into contributions of the colonized to the study of African languages and cultures during this same historical context
Perbedaan Penggunaan Toritatejoshi ‘Dake’ Dan ‘Bakari’ Dalam Novel Sakura House Karya Shizuko Toudou
No full textAn individual who only has little knowledge on grammar may use nouns, verbs, and adjectives in Japanese easily this is not the case with particles. Particles cannot be replaced or used at whim. This is the case with the particles ‘dake’ and ‘bakari’. These particles in Bahasa Indonesia language have the same meaning with “hanya”. This article analyzes particles ‘dake’ and ‘bakari’ to determine the difference of the two particles. Source of data is the novel Sakura House by Toudou Shizuko and theory from Tomita Takayuki. Based on the analysis it is found that from the four functions of dake only three are found and from the seven functions of bakari only three functions are found. The authors conclude that differences in the two particles are present on several different functions that have both particle and that the bakari may not follow potential words, while dake can. In this study, the author uses descriptive analytical method and literature review. </jats:p
The natural history of HIV-1 infection and preparations for HIV vaccine trials in Tanzania
No full textIn order to study the natural history of HIV infection in Tanzania, a total of 1887 hotel workers were recruited between 1989 and 1998 in Dar es Salaam. From 682 subjects selected for lymphocyte subset determinations, the median yearly decline of the CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts and percentages among HIV-1 seroprevalents was found to be -21.5 cells/μ1 and -1.3% and among the HIV-1 seroincidents was -22.0 cells/μ1 and -1.5% respectively. The mean duration to a CD4' T lymphocyte level corresponding to definition of AIDS among the HIV-1 seroincidents was 13.3 years or 11.8 years for CD4' counts or percentage respectively.Compared to HIV sero-negatives, HIV-1 sero-positive hotel workers had higher rates of clinical events that occurred at CD4 count levels similar to those reported in developed countries before the introduction of ART. Of the 85 total deaths, 65 (76.5%) were HIV-1 infected. Thus infection with HIV in Tanzania results into similar immune deterioration and consequent clinical manifestations at CD4 count levels as earlier reported from the developed countries, and is associated with significant mortality. Similar management recommendations can therefore be used.Fifty HIV-1 infected workers had >3 CD4 cell determinations and were followed for >5 years. Their selection was not biased for the healthiest individuals. With a criterion of maintaining a CD4 cell count ≥500 cells/μl, 8 (16,0%) of them were long- term non-progressors (LTNP). With a definition of maintaining a CD4 cell slope ≤-10 (loss of not more than 10 cells/μl/year), 13 (26.0%) were long-term slow progressors, (LTSP). Their mean (median) baseline CD4 Cell Count of 547.6 (530) cells/μ1 was higher than that of 403.4 (400) cells/μ1 among the progressors, p=0.009. Eleven of the 13 LTSP (84.6%) had a baseline CD4 cell count Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI's) at baseline among the workers was 16.6% (236/1422) and 15.5% (72/465) in males and females respectively, p=0.573. Serological evidence of active syphilis was present in 12.8% of males and 6.7% of females, pIn preparation for future HIV vaccine trials, an open cohort of 2850 Police officers was recruited beginning 1994 of whom 2733 (96%) consented to be tested for HIV. The overall HIV-1 seroprevalence at recruitment was 13.8% (378/2733). Females had a significantly higher HIV-1 seroprevalence, 18.0% (551306), as compared to males, 13.3% (323/2427), pList of scientific papersI. Urassa W, Bakari M, Sandstrom E, Swai A, Pallangyo K, Mbena E, Mhalu F, Biberfeld G (2004). Rate of decline of absolute number and percentage of CD4 T lymphocytes among HIV-1-infected adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. AIDS. 18(3): 433-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15090795II. Bakari M, Urassa W, Pallangyo K, Swai A, Mhalu F, Biberfeld G, Sandstrom E (2004). The natural course of disease following HIV-1 infection in dar es salaam, Tanzania: a study among hotel workers relating clinical events to CD4 T-lymphocyte counts. Scand J Infect Dis. 36(6-7): 466-73. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15307570III. Bakari M, Urassa W, Mhalu F, Biberfeld G, Pallangyo K, Sandstrom E (2006). Slow progression of HIV-I infection in a cohort of hotel workers in Dar-Es Salaam, Tanzania as defined by their CD4 cell slopes. [Submitted]IV. Bakari M, Pallangyo K, Swai A, Mhalu F, Britton S, Biberfeld G, Sandstrom E (2006). The association between sexually transmitted infections and HIV-I among hotel workers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, a cohort followed up over a 9-year period. [Submitted]V. Yuko-Jowi C, Bakari M (2005). Echocardiographic patterns of juvenile rheumatic heart disease at the Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. East Afr Med J. 82(10): 514-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16450679</p
Politics, ethnicity and jostling for power : the evolution of institutions of Muslim leadership and Kadhiship in colonial Kenya, 1895-1963
No full textSummary in English.||Bibliography: leaves 265-272.This study demonstrates the flexibility and manipulability of Islamic leadership in a pluralistic situation, and argues that colonial policies and practices concerning Islamic legal practitioners (qadis), their institutions (qadis courts) reflected British prejudices about ethnicity and race. In a broad sense this work first examines how power, politics, ethnicity and colonialism influenced the development of political institutions among Muslims. Secondly, it debates the basis of the authority of the (ula
The Perceptions on Male Circumcision as a Preventive Measure Against HIV Infection and Considerations in Scaling up of the Services: A Qualitative Study Among Police Officers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
No full text\ud
In recent randomized controlled trials, male circumcision has been proven to complement the available biomedical interventions in decreasing HIV transmission from infected women to uninfected men. Consequently, Tanzania is striving to scale-up safe medical male circumcision to reduce HIV transmission. However, there is a need to investigate the perceptions of male circumcision in Tanzania using specific populations. The purpose of the present study was to assess the perceptions of male circumcision in a cohort of police officers that also served as a source of volunteers for a phase I/II HIV vaccine (HIVIS-03) trial in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. In-depth interviews with 24 men and 10 women were conducted. Content analysis informed by the socio-ecological model was used to analyze the data. Informants perceived male circumcision as a health-promoting practice that may prevent HIV transmission and other sexually transmitted infections. They reported male circumcision promotes sexual pleasure, confidence and hygiene or sexual cleanliness. They added that it is a religious ritual and a cultural practice that enhances the recognition of manhood in the community. However, informants were concerned about the cost involved in male circumcision and cleanliness of instruments used in medical and traditional male circumcision. They also expressed confusion about the shame of undergoing circumcision at an advanced age and pain that could emanate after circumcision. The participants advocated for health policies that promote medical male circumcision at childhood, specifically along with the vaccination program. The perceived benefit of male circumcision as a preventive strategy to HIV and other sexually transmitted infections is important. However, there is a need to ensure that male circumcision is conducted under hygienic conditions. Integrating male circumcision service in the routine childhood vaccination program may increase its coverage at early childhood. The findings from this investigation provide contextual understanding that may assist in scaling-up male circumcision in Tanzania.\u
A study of - TATE : in comparison to - TA BAKARI
No full text本稿は、日本語のアスペクト表現「～（動詞・連用形+）たて」の意義素を國廣（1982） の意味分析の方法を用い、中村（1999）で分析した「～たばかり」との比較を通して、特にその語義的特徴と統語的特徴を分析したものである。その結果、「～たて」の意義素には、語義的特徴としては「～たばかり」と同じくと、さらにという二つがあることが今回の分析によって新たに明らかとなった。同時に、統語的特徴としては、「～たての[名詞]」という統語構造に於いては加工・生産活動を表す動詞が、また、「～たて+接続表現」という統語構造に於いては主体または対象の質的変化を表す動詞（句）が前接することが判明した。最後に、今後の課題として、「～たて」の前接動詞のより詳細な析出と分類及び学習者のための説明記述の改善の必要性を論じた。In this paper, the author analyses the semantic features in the sememe of the Japanese aspectual expression - TATE in comparison to - TA BAKARI, using the methodology of semantic analysis in Kunihiro (1982). As a result, two lexical semantic features , similar to - TA BAKARI, and were discovered. On the other hand, as syntactic features in the sememe, it was found that a verb of productive/processing activity precedes - TATE in the structure [-TATE NO + noun] and a verb expressing qualitative change of the agent or object precedes -TATE in the structure [-TATE + conjunction equivalent + following clause]. Finally, as a remaining problem, further investigation of verbs which appear before -TATE and, based on this, improvement of grammatical explanations for Japanese language learners will be needed
Re-examination of -TA BAKARI : From a semantic point of view
No full text本稿は、筆者がNakamura（1990）に於いて分析した日本語のアスペクト表現「～たところ」「～たばかり」の意義素のうち、後者の意義素を構成する意義特徴を國廣（1982）の方法論によって再検討したものである。その結果、「～たばかり」の意義素には、Nakamura（1990）で析出されたとという二つの意義特徴の他に、今回の分析によって新たにという第三の意義特徴があることが明らかになった。但し、この意義特徴のという表現の内包には「意義素の外縁」と考えられる要素も含まれており、なお検討の可能性が残されている。また、今回の分析のために収集した資料から、「～たばかり」は、その文例の約70%が「～たばかりの[名詞]」という名詞修飾構造になっていること、及び名詞修飾構造を除いた用例中約20%が後続主節と逆接関係になっていることが判明し、この表現を教材化する場合は、これらの構造的特徴にも留意する必要があることを述べた。In this paper, the author re-analyzes the semantic features in the sememe of the Japanese aspectual expression -TA BAKARI, using the methodology for semantic analysis in Kunihiro (1982). As a result, a third semantic feature is discovered, in addition to the two semantic features and presented in Nakamura (1990). However, this new semantic feature includes a fuzzy element in its connotation, and needs much further investigation. In addition, it is found that 70% of occurrences of -TA BAKARI are in the structure and 6% in a structure with a disjunctive coordinate conjunction. On the basis of this data, it seems necessary to rewrite grammatical explanations and examples in Japanese textbooks
Studi Kritis terhadap Pemikiran Al-Busairi dalam Kasidah Al-Burdah
No full textTesis ini membahas pemikiran al-Busiri dalam tema-tema syair al-Burdah
yang bernuansa sufistik karena secara spiritual, al-Busiri penganut tarekat al Syadziliyyah.
Tujuan
penelitian
ini
adalah:
1)
Mengenal
lebih
mendalam
kerangka
epistimologi
pemikiran
al-Busiri
dalam
kasidah
al-Burdah
2)
Mengetahui
pemikiran
al-Busiri
dalam
tema-tema
kasidah
al-Burdah.
3)
Mengetahui
hakikat
hubbu-al-Nabi
(cinta Nabi) dan kensekuensinya. 4) Mengambil bagian dalam mendudukkan
persoalan hubbu al-Nabi agar tidak terjebak pada dua kondisi yang kontradiktif,
ifrat wa tafrit antara kultus indifidu dan meremehkan.
Penelitian ini merupakan studi kepustakaan (library research), yaitu
penelitian yang dilakukan melalui riset berbagai literatur yang berkaitan dengan
masalah yang diteliti. Literatur pokok yang menjadi sumber utama penelitian ini
adalah kasidah al-Burdah karya al-Busiri, buku-buku yang ditulis sendiri oleh alBusiri
dan
orang
lain
yang masih
berkaitan
dengan
pemikiran
al-Busiri.
Hasil penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa: Pertama, al-Busiri adalah penyair
mempuni yang corak berfikirnya sufistik karena secara spiritual dia beraliran tarekat
al-syadziliyyah. Kedua, kerangka epistimologi pemikiran al-Busiri dalam syairsyair
al-Burdah yang bernuansa tasawuf, yaitu sekitar taubat, syafa’at, zuhud,
khauf, raja’, dan mahabbah. Dalam dunia psikologi sufi, al-Burdah juga menampilkan
term
nafs,
dan
dalam
tasawuf
falsafi
al-Burdah
dengan
interpretasinya
terdapat
tema
Nur
Muhammad
dan
Hakikat
Muhammad.
Ketiga,
kritikan
terhadap
al-Busiri
dalam
kasidah al-Burdah bermuara pada; a) Persepsi yang sangat tidak rasional
tentang eksistensi Nabi saw. bahwa segala sesuatu tercipta karenanya. b) Tidak
proporsional dalam membangun kerangka berpikir dengan menggunakan dalil-dalil
maud}u}’palsu. c) Pujian yang berlebihan terhadap Nabi Muhammad saw. atau yang
dikenal dalam agama dengan istilah guluw, sehingga konsep sufistiknya berbenturan
dengan pesan-pesan al-Qur’an dan hadis.
Implikasi penelitian adalah, (1) Rasa cinta terhadap terhadap Nabi
Muhammad saw. dibuktikan dengan membenarkan setiap berita yang dibawa,
menjalankan perintah dan menjauhi segala larangannya serta mengikuti petunjuknya.
(1) Tidak proporsional dalam hal mencintai Nabi Muhammad saw., berdampak pada
guluw atau kultus individu
A Qualitative Study of Perceived Risk for HIV Transmission among Police Officers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
No full textUnderstanding people's views about HIV transmission by investigating a specific population may help to design effective HIV prevention strategies. In addition, knowing the inherent sexual practices of such a population, as well as the risky circumstances that may facilitate HIV transmission, is crucial for the said strategies to become effective. In this article, we report how police officers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, perceived the problem of HIV and AIDS in their local context, particularly in relation to unsafe sexual practices. The study was done with the view to recommending ways by which HIV transmission could be minimised within the police force. The study was conducted among members of the police force in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Eight focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted, with a total of 66 participants who were mixed in terms of age, gender, and marital status. Some of these were caregivers to patients with AIDS. Data were analysed using the interpretive description approach. The participants believed that both individual sexual behaviour and work-related circumstances were sources of HIV infection. They also admitted that they were being tempted to engage in risky sexual practices because of the institutional rules that prohibit officers from getting married during their training and for three years after. Nevertheless, as members of the Police Force, they stressed the fact that the risky sexual behaviour that exposes them to HIV is not limited to the force; it is rather a common problem that is faced by the general population. However, they complained, the nature of their job exposes them to road accident victims, subjecting them further to possible infection, especially when they have to handle these road accident casualties without proper protective gear. Individual sexual behaviour and job-related circumstances are worth investigating if proper advice is to be given to the police regarding HIV prevention strategies. In order to improve the lives of these police officers, there is a need to review the existing institutional rules and practices to accommodate individual sexual needs. In addition, improving their working environment may minimize the risk of HIV transmission from handling casualties in emergency situations
A Qualitative Evaluation of Volunteers' Experiences in a Phase I/II HIV Vaccine Trial in Tanzania.
No full textEvaluating experiences of volunteers in an HIV vaccine trial will be useful for the conduct of future trials. The purpose of this study among volunteers who participated in a phase I/II HIV vaccine trial in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania was to assess what characterized their experiences during the trial. We conducted four focus group discussions with 35 out of the 60 individuals (women and men) after the five scheduled vaccinations. An interpretive description approach was applied to data analysis. As a result of the trial interventions, both men and women gained confidence in their own abilities to have safer, less risky sexual behaviour. The participants experienced the trial as a way of accessing free [insured] medical services. Most of the men said they had gone from self-medication to professional medical consultation. Despite these benefits, the participants faced various challenges during the trial. Such challenges included mistrust of the trial shown by health care providers who were not connected to the trial and discouragement from friends, colleagues and family members who questioned the safety of the trial. However, they managed to cope with these doubts by using both personal and trial related interventions. We found that during the phase I/II HIV vaccine trial, participants had both the opportunities and the ability to cope with the doubts from the surrounding community. Follow up visits enhanced the opportunities and individuals' abilities to cope with the doubts during the trial. Understanding this discourse may be useful for the trial implementers when designing future trials.\ud
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