273 research outputs found
BAPLe: Backdoor Attacks on Medical Foundational Models Using Prompt Learning
No full textMedical foundation models are gaining prominence in the medical community for their ability to derive general representations from extensive collections of medical image-text pairs. Recent research indicates that these models are susceptible to backdoor attacks, which allow them to classify clean images accurately but fail when specific triggers are introduced. However, traditional backdoor attacks necessitate a considerable amount of additional data to maliciously pre-train a model. This requirement is often impractical in medical imaging applications due to the usual scarcity of data. Inspired by the latest developments in learnable prompts, this work introduces a method to embed a backdoor into the medical foundation model during the prompt learning phase. By incorporating learnable prompts within the text encoder and introducing imperceptible learnable noise trigger to the input images, we exploit the full capabilities of the medical foundation models (MedFM). Our method requires only a minimal subset of data to adjust the text prompts for downstream tasks, enabling the creation of an effective backdoor attack. Through extensive experiments with four medical foundation models, each pre-trained on different modalities and evaluated across six downstream datasets, we demonstrate the efficacy of our approach. Code is available at https://github.com/asif-hanif/baple.</p
Application of quasi-emulsification and modified double emulsification techniques for formulation of tacrolimus microsponges
No full textMuhammad Zaman,1 Sundus Qureshi,1 Kishwar Sultana,1 Muhammad Hanif,2 Asif Mahmood,1 Zaib Ali Shaheryar,1 Faisal Gulzar,1 Kashif Barkat,1 Mohamed M Abdel-Daim3 1Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; 2Department of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan; 3Department of Pharmacology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt Background: The present study was to develop a stable and sustained-release delivery system of tacrolimus (TCM). TCM is a macrolide antibiotic used as an immunosuppressant. It is formulated as a microsponge, which is a safe and effective delivery system with reduced side effects.Materials and methods: The method used to prepare ethyl cellulose (EC) and xanthan gum (XG)-facilitated EC-based microsponges employed emulsification and modified double emulsification techniques. TCM-containing microsponges were prepared using varying concentrations followed by evaluation of micromeritics, compatibility of drug and excipients, production yield, drug content and entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, size distribution and drug release.Results: The results showed excellent flow properties with adequate entrapment efficiency of the system and satisfactory release of active pharmaceutical ingredient. In vitro dissolution studies, which were conducted to determine the amount of drug released, illustrated a pronounced sustained effect up to 8 h. Zeta size and zeta potential analysis of microsponges confirmed the existence of micro-sized (1.99–3.09 µm) and stable particles (-15.33 to -3.38 mV), respectively.Conclusion: Conclusively, the applied technique and selected combination of ingredients were found suitable for the preparation of TCM-containing sustained-release microsponges. Keywords: ethylcellulose, xanthan gum, macrolides, tacrolimus, sustained releas
Medicinal plants of South Asia : novel sources for drug discovery /
No full textMedicinal Plants of South Asia: Novel Sources for Drug Discovery provides a comprehensive review of medicinal plants of this region, highlighting chemical components of high potential and applying the latest technology to reveal the underlying chemistry and active components of traditionally used medicinal plants. Drawing on the vast experience of its expert editors and authors, the book provides a contemporary guide source on these novel chemical structures, thus making it a useful resource for medicinal chemists, phytochemists, pharmaceutical scientists and everyone involved in the use, sales, discovery and development of drugs from natural sources.Medicinal Plants of South Asia: Novel Sources for Drug Discovery provides a comprehensive review of medicinal plants of this region, highlighting chemical components of high potential and applying the latest technology to reveal the underlying chemistry and active components of traditionally used medicinal plants. Drawing on the vast experience of its expert editors and authors, the book provides a contemporary guide source on these novel chemical structures, thus making it a useful resource for medicinal chemists, phytochemists, pharmaceutical scientists and everyone involved in the use, sales, discovery and development of drugs from natural sources.Print version record.Elsevie
Factors Affecting Quality of Sleep in Intensive Care Unit
No full textBackground: The etiology of sleep disruption in intensive care unit is poorly known and often ignored complication. It is caused by the environmental factors especially pain, noise, diagnostic testing and human interventions that cause sleep disruption. Light, medications and activities related to patient care interfere with patient's ability to have good sleep. There are multi-factorial environmental etiologies for disruption of sleep in ICU.
Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the factors disturbing the sleep quality in intensive care unit (ICU) admitted patients.
Methodology: A cross sectional study was designed involving 150 patients admitted in intensive care unit and high dependency unit of Gulab Devi Chest Hospital. The duration of study was from September 2015 to March 2016. The questionnaire was made and filled with the help of patients. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 16.00.
Results: Mean age of patients was 50.46+10.96 with maximum age of 65 and minimum age of 30 years. There was 53.33% male patients and 46.67% females participating in this study. The sleep quality was significantly poor in ICU than at home. After analysis, 54.67% patients were with poor quality of sleep due to pain and 48.67% were due to noise of environmental stimuli. The other factors were alarms, light and loud talking.
Conclusion: Current study shows that reduced sleep quality is a common problem in ICU with multi-factorial etiologies. Patient reported the poor sleep quality in ICU due to environmental issues that are potentially modifiable.
Conclusion: Current study shows that reduced sleep quality is a common problem in ICU with multi-factorial etiologies. Patient reported the poor sleep quality in ICU due to environmental issues that are potentially modifiable
Prevalence of Common Infectious Diseases in Paediatric Age Group Admitted in Children’s Hospital Lahore, Pakistan
No full textBackground: Infectious diseases are common causes of presenting in emergency having severe signs and symptoms. Having significant mortality and morbidity are on the rise in Pakistan. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of infectious diseases in paediatric population.
Methodology: We studied 200 consecutive patients from 1 month to 12 years of age presenting with infectious diseases. Their detailed history was then taken including symptoms at presentation and the type of infection was assessed with the help of history and laboratory investigations. Following are the common infectious diseases including pneumonia, meningitis, enteric fever, malaria, measles, tuberculosis, acute watery diarrhoea.
Results: Frequency wise infectious diseases are pneumonia (63.5%), meningitis (20%), acute watery diarrhoea (8.5%), enteric fever (4%), malaria (2%), tuberculosis (2%), and no measles case found. Infectious diseases are more common in rural areas than urban areas and success after treatment is more (49.5) than death (2%) but a bad impact is that (48.5%) patient went without treatment.
Conclusion: This data is taken in winter season that is why Pneumonia is most common infectious disease, second most common infectious disease is meningitis, and others are acute watery diarrhoea, enteric fever, malaria and tuberculosis in our patients. The awareness of risk factors amongst the public is low. Thus, there is an urgent need to create more and more awareness about the preventive aspects and healthier life style behaviour in our community
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