323,181 research outputs found
Caracladus zamoniensis Frick & Muff, 2009, spec. nov.
No full text<i>Caracladus zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. <p>(Figs 48–58)</p> <p> <i>Caracladus avicula,</i> Lessert 1907: 108, figs 5–6, ♂ misidentified; Lessert 1910: 160, figs 98–99, ♂ misidentified.</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> <b>HOLOTYPE: Switzerland:</b> <i>Grisons</i>: Sur, Alp Flix, Salategnas, 1960 m [46°31'11.00'' N, 9°38'46.00'' E], 1♂ 24.x.2007, litter sieving, close to the edge of a subalpine forest of Norway spruce (<i>Picea abies</i>), leg. H. Frick, P. Muff, S. Klopfstein, det. H. Frick (NMBE Ar6741). <b>PARATYPES: Switzerland:</b> <i>Grisons</i>: Sur, Alp Flix, Salategnas, 1960 m [46°31'11.00'' N, 9°38'46.00'' E], 3♂ 4♀ 24.x.2007, litter sieving, close to the edge of a subalpine forest of Norway spruce (<i>Picea abies</i>), leg. H. Frick, P. Muff, S. Klopfstein, det. H. Frick (NMBE AR 6742); Sur, Alp Flix, Salategnas, 1960 m [46°31'09.01'' N, 9°38'50.07'' E], 1♀ 17.x.–06.v.2005, pitfall trap, in spruce forest, leg. P. Muff, det. H. Frick (NMBE Ar6736) (Muff <i>et al.</i> 2007); Sur, Alp Flix, Salategnas, 1960 m [46°31'11.00'' N, 9°38'46.00'' E], 1♂ 19.ix.–16.x.2005, pitfall trap, in spruce forest, leg. P. Muff, det. H. Frick (NMBE Ar6735) (Muff <i>et al.</i> 2007); Sur, Alp Flix, Salategnas, 1960m [46°31'11.00'' N, 9°38'46.00'' E], 1♀ 27.v.-24.vi.2005, pitfall trap, in spruce forest, leg. P. Muff, det. H. Frick (MHNG) (Muff <i>et al.</i> 2007); Sur, Alp Flix, Salategnas, 1960 m [46°31'11.00'' N, 9°38'46.00'' E], 1♂ 21.v.–24.vi.2005, pitfall trap, in spruce forest, leg. P. Muff, det. H. Frick (MHNG) (Muff <i>et al.</i> 2007); Sur, Alp Flix, Salategnas, 1960 m [46°31'11.50'' N, 9°38'41.89'' E], 1♂ 17.x.2005 – 06.v.2005, pitfall traps, in spruce forest, leg. P. Muff, det. H. Frick (NMB 2795b) (Muff <i>et al.</i> 2007); Sur, Alp Flix, Salategnas, 1960 m [46°31'11.00'' N, 9°38'46.00'' E], 1♀ 17.x.2005 – 06.v.2006, pitfall traps, in spruce forest, leg. P. Muff, det. H. Frick (NMB 2795a) (Muff <i>et al.</i> 2007); Sur, Alp Flix, Salategnas, 1960 m [46°31'11.50'' N, 9°38'41.89'' E], 1♂ 17.x.2005 – 06.v.2005, pitfall traps, in spruce forest, leg. P. Muff, det. H. Frick (SMF) (Muff <i>et al.</i> 2007); Sur, Alp Flix, Salategnas, 1960 m [46°31'09.24'' N, 9°38'47.74'' E], 1♀ 19.ix.-16.x.2005, pitfall trap, alpine timberline, leg. P. Muff, det. H. Frick (SMF) (Muff <i>et al.</i> 2007).</p> <p> <b>Examined material. Austria:</b> <i>Vorarlberg</i>: Montafon, Garneratal, close to Gaschurn, 1560 m [46°57'56'' N, 10°00'40'' E], 1♂ 19.vii.–29.viii.2000, leg., det. and coll. W. Breuss (Breuss unpubl.). <b>France:</b> <i>Rhône- Alpes</i>: Haute-Savoie, Chamonix, montagne des Posettes (Montroc), 1600 m [45°59'40'' N, 6°56'03'' E], 1♀ 18.viii.1993, spruce forest with some birch trees, ground dwelling, leg., det. and coll. J.-C. Ledoux (Ledoux unpubl.); Vallorcine, entrance to the canyon of Bérard, 1680 m [46°02'30'' N, 6°56'10'' E], 1♂ 17.viii.1993, underbrush of larch trees, in litter, leg., det. and coll. J.-C. Ledoux (Ledoux unpubl.). <i>Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur</i>: Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Banon, ca. 800 m [44°02'16'' N, 5°37'40'' E], 1♂ 11.v.1986, leg. P. Poot, det. and coll. R. Bosmans (Bosmans unpubl.); Hautes-Alpes, Ceillac, ca. 1650 m [44°40'03'' N, 6°46'39'' E], 1♀ 04.viii.1980, leg. P. Poot, det. and coll. R. Bosmans (Bosmans unpubl.). <b>Switzerland:</b> <i>Bern</i>: Axalp, 1550 m [46°43'00'' N, 8°02'20'' E], 1♂ vi., leg. R. de Lessert, det. H. Frick (MHNG) (Lessert 1907). <i>Grisons</i>: Sur, Alp Flix, Salategnas, 1960 m [46°31'11.50'' N, 9°38'41.89'' E], 3♂ 17.x.2005 – 06.v.2005, pitfall traps, in spruce forest, leg. P. Muff, det. H. Frick (NMBE AR 6740) (Muff <i>et al.</i> 2007); Sur, Alp Flix, Salategnas, 1960 m [46°31'11.00'' N, 9°38'46.00'' E], 1♂ 21.v.–24.vi.2005, pitfall trap, in spruce forest, leg. P. Muff, det. H. Frick (coll. H. Frick, SP _0362) (Muff <i>et al.</i> 2007); Sur, Alp Flix, Salategnas, 1960 m [46°31'11.00'' N, 9°38'46.00'' E], 1♀ 17.x.2005 – 06.v.2006, pitfall traps, in spruce forest, leg. P. Muff, det. H. Frick (coll. H. Frick, SP _0363) (Muff <i>et al.</i> 2007); Trins, Mulins, above Purcs, ca. 1800 m [46°50'42.32'' N, 9°21'11.41'' E], 1♂ 2♀ 01.viii.1930, leg. E. Schenkel, det. P. Muff (NMB 2795f) (Schenkel 1933); Trins, Mulins, Bargis–Rischiglus–Furca–Flimserstein [46°51'30'' N, 9°17'30'' E], 1♀ 11.viii.1930, alpine zone, leg. E. Schenkel, det. P. Muff (NMB 2795f) (Schenkel 1933); Trins, Mulins, Belmont–Bargis, ca. 1550–2000 m [46°51'10'' N, 9°18'40'' E], 1♀ 21.vii.1930, leg. E. Schenkel, det. P. Muff (NMB 2795f) (Schenkel 1933); Trins, Mulins, below Alp Mora, ca. 1800 m [46°50'44'' N, 9°21'10'' E], 1♂ 2♀ 11.viii.1931, upper forest part, leg. E. Schenkel, det. P. Muff (NMB 2795f) (Schenkel 1933); Trins, Mulins, Si Munt-Uaul Sec, ca. 1200 m [46°50'0'' N, 9°21'10'' E], 1♂ 1♀ 04viii.1930, leg. E. Schenkel, det. P. Muff (NMB 2795f) (Schenkel 1933). <i>Nidwalden</i>: Bruniswaldalp close to Altzellen,> 1400 m [46°51'20'' N, 8°23'20'' E], 1♂ 4♀ viii., leg. E. Schenkel, det. P. Muff (NMB 2795g) (Schenkel 1923). <i>Ticino</i>: Val Bedretto, Bedretto to Alpe di Folcra, 1400–1800 m [46°30'8'' N, 8°30'59'' E], 1♀ 11.–22.vii.1927 /1928, forest slope on the right valley side, leg. E. Schenkel, det. P. Muff (NMB 2795e) (Schenkel 1929). <i>Valais</i>: close to Fiesch, Rafgarten – Ober Titer, 1500 m – 1600 m [46°30'50'' N, 8°18'20'' E], 6♀ 15.vii.1925, leg. E. Schenkel, det. P. Muff (NMB 2795c) (Schenkel 1926); Fionnay, 1500 m [46°01'54'' N, 7°18'26'' E], 1♂ 2♀ ix.1906, in moss of spruce forest, leg. R. de Lessert, det. H. Frick (MHNG) (Lessert 1907; Thaler 1972); Leukerbad, ca. 1400 m [46°22'30'' N, 7°37'30'' E], 1♂ 4♀ viii.1930, leg. R. de Lessert, det. H. Frick (MHNG), 1♂ 1♀ viii.1930, leg. R. de Lessert, det. P. Muff (NMB 2795h) (Lessert 1930); Lötschental, close to Ried, 1500 m – 1600 m [46°24'50'' N, 7°48'20'' E], 1♂ 11♀ vii.1938, leg. E. Schenkel, det. P. Muff (NMB 2795i) (Schenkel 1939); Saas-Tal, Saas-Tal below Saas-Fee, Almagell–Saas-Fee, ca. 1600 m [46°06'30'' N, 7°55'40'' E], 1♂ vii./viii., leg. E. Schenkel, det. P. Muff (NMB 810d) (Schenkel unpubl.).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. is most similar to <i>C. avicula</i> but differs in the shape of the male and female genitalia and the shape of the male cephalic lobe.</p> <p> <i>Males</i>: Cephalic lobe of <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. more robust than in <i>C. avicula</i>: the neck-like prolongation of <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. is of equal diameter directly below and above the eye-field (AME, ALE, PLE) (Fig. 54) but much thinner below the eye-field in <i>C. avicula</i> (Fig. 23); distance between sulcus and AME is below 0.11 mm in <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. (Fig. 53) and above 0.12 mm in <i>C. avicula</i> (Fig. 22); sulcus cup-like in <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. and channel-like in <i>C. avicula</i>. Embolus of <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. short, broad and robust basally, thin and U-shaped distally (Figs 49, 50); <i>C. avicula</i> with long, straight and whip-like embolus that narrows constantly towards the end (Figs 18, 19). <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. tibia I proximally bent and dorsally with glabrous area on the proximal half (Fig. 55) and no macroseta, in <i>C. avicula</i> with one dorsal macroseta in small glabrous field (Fig. 24).</p> <p> <i>Females</i>: Epigyne of <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. with two anterior pouches formed by the ventral and dorsal plate, anterior borders highly sclerotised (Fig. 56). Pouches in <i>C. avicula</i> much larger and less sclerotised (Fig. 26). <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. with ventrally visible square dorsal plate, sclerotised parts of the vulva visible in transparency through ventral and dorsal plate defining a bright hourglass-like form centrally (Fig. 56). <i>C. avicula</i> with rectangular dorsal plate without sclerotised parts visible in transparency through dorsal plate but lateral to it (Fig. 26). Vulva of <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. without copulatory duct, those of <i>C. avicula</i> with. Vulva of <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. simple with hook-like sclerotised pouch borders, originating anterior and mesal to the receptacula (Figs 57, 58), in <i>C. avicula</i> shapes more complex (Figs 27, 28).</p> <p> <b> Description. <i>Male</i></b> (Holotype, NMBE Ar 6741): Total length 2.18 mm. Cephalothorax: honey brown (138 U); reticulated; broad oval; 0.85 mm long without cephalic lobe (Fig. 54), 1.22 mm long with cephalic lobe (Fig. 54); 0.65 mm wide. Cephalic lobe: honey brown (138 U); shaft with few long hairs (Fig. 52); shaft constantly thick, at thinnest part below the eye-field 0.10 mm wide laterally, 0.11 mm wide dorsally (Figs 52, 54); tip of lobe laterally flattened with many short, stout and few long, slender hairs anterior to the PME (Figs 52, 54); sulcus 0.08 mm below AME (Fig. 53). Eyes: PME topmost on the cephalic lobe; AME projecting forward, lateral eyes besides the AME; one long macroseta projecting forward between AME (Fig. 54). Clypeus: directed obliquely backwards. Sternum: very fine brown (469 U) pigmentation on yellow (124 U) ground, dark brown (469 U) on the margins; 0.47 mm long; 0.51 mm wide; shield-shaped. Chelicerae: yellow (124 U); promargin with 5 teeth; retromargin with 5 denticles; stridulatory striae very dense and fine. Legs: yellow to light brown (120 U); formula 4-1-2-3; tibia I proximally bent and dorsal with glabrous area from proximal to more than half its length (Fig. 55), tibia III–IV with one dorsal proximal macroseta (0-0-1-1); metatarsi I–III with one trichobothrium, Tm I: 0.54 mm, metatarsus IV without trichobothria. Pedipalp: patella two times longer than broad, tibia retrolateral with expansion (round glabrous area, Fig. 51), one retrolateral and one prolateral trichobothrium (Fig. 51); paracymbium a simple clasp; tegulum distal with short and long papillae on protegulum (Fig. 48); suprategular apophysis semi-circular; marginal suprategular apophysis rather small, emerging close to the tip; distal suprategular apophysis robust, highly sclerotised (Figs 49, 50); column broad; embolic membrane slender; radix simple without any processes other than the elongated radical tailpiece and the embolus; embolus strongly sclerotised, twisted; broad at the base; very thin, curved tip (Fig. 50). Abdomen: dark olive green-brown (125 U); booklung covers very light brown (467 U); scaly.</p> <p> <i>Female</i> (Paratype, NMBE Ar 6742): Total length 1.81 mm. Cephalothorax: honey brown (138 U); reticulated; 0.89 mm long; 0.65 mm wide. Eyes: posterior row slightly procurved; anterior row straight. Sternum: very fine brown (469 U) pigmentation on yellow (124 U) ground, dark brown (469 U) on the margins; 0.46 mm long; 0.46 mm wide; shield-shaped. Chelicerae: honey brown (138 U); promargin with 5 large teeth; retromargin with 5 denticles; stridulatory striae very fine and dense. Legs: yellow (122 U); formula 4-1-2-3; tibia I–IV with one dorsal proximal macroseta (1-1-1-1); metatarsi I–III with one trichobothrium, Tm I: 0.52 mm, metatarsus IV without trichobothria. Epigyne: simple with hook-like sclerotised pouch borders, originating anteriorly and mesally to the receptacula (Figs. 57, 58); dorsal plate square, fully visible in ventral view; sclerotised parts of vulva visible in transparency through ventral and dorsal plate, defining a bright hourglass-like form centrally (Fig. 56). Vulva: without copulatory duct; receptacula globular, incoming dorsally. Abdomen: dorsal olive green-brown (119 U), ventral darker (147 U).</p> <p> <b>Variation</b>. The measurements are based on all type material (10♂ 9♀) plus specimens from the NMB (810i: 1♂ 2♀) and the MHNG (Axalp: 1♂; Fionnay: 1♂ 1♀).</p> <p> <i>Males</i> (n=13, means in brackets): The coloration is variable. Total length 1.91–2.18 mm (2.09 mm). Cephalothorax: 0.73–0.86 mm (0.82 mm) long without cephalic lobe, 1.10–1.23 mm (1.18 mm) long with cephalic lobe; 0.61–0.69 mm (0.65 mm) wide. Cephalic lobe: at thinnest part below the eye-field 0.10–0.13 mm (0.11 mm) wide laterally, 0.09–0.11 mm (0.11 mm) wide dorsally; sulcus 0.07–0.11 mm (0.08 mm) below AME (Fig. 53). Legs: Tm I: 0.50–0.59 mm (0.54 mm).</p> <p> <i>Females</i> (n=12, means in brackets): The colorations are variable. Total length 1.62–2.00 mm (1.82 mm). Cephalothorax: 0.75–0.89 mm (0.82 mm) long; 0.60–0.65 mm (0.62 mm) wide. Legs: Tm I: 0.48–0.60 mm (0.53 mm).</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Endemic to the Alps, occurring in the Western- and Central Alps in France, Switzerland and Austria (Fig. 59). The Eastern distribution border seems to be in Western Austria. Checking of specimens of <i>C. avicula</i> collected west of Vorarlberg (Austria) revealed no misidentifications.</p> <p> <b>Habitat.</b> <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. occurs in the litter layer of Norway spruce (<i>Picea abies</i>) forests at the alpine timberline. Most sampling sites were inside the forest with no direct sunlight under branches of Norway spruce. The collection site and its surroundings were sampled intensively in two previous studies (Frick <i>et al.</i> 2006; Frick <i>et al.</i> 2007; Muff <i>et al.</i> 2007). We found no specimens of <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. around stand alone trees in the dwarf-shrub heath with a similar microclimate as the closed forests. <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. seems to avoid the open land. We only found two specimens in more open areas in the dwarf-shrub heath close to the subalpine forest. <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. was never collected together with <i>C. avicula</i> in the same pitfall trap but already in pitfall traps about 20 m away from <i>C. avicula</i>. The locus typicus is approximately 50 m away from the alpine timberline in the subalpine deciduous forest. We found the type specimens in litter under snow close to the tree trunk under a Norway spruce (Fig. 47) at 1960 m a.s.l. Other specimens were found between 1400–2000 m in litter and moss of spruce forests (e.g. Schenkel 1939). One record was much lower at app. 800 m in France (Bosmans pers. comm.).</p> <p> <b>Phenology.</b> This species seems to be eurychronous. All records of other authors at altitudes from 1400 m to 1800 m were between July and September. However, at the type locality (1960 m) specimens were exclusively found between September and June. This corresponds with the time between the first snow fall and the beginning of the snow free time.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The cephalic lobe of the male is morphologically very similar to the noses of the so called dwarf pirates and other imaginary figures from “Zamonia”. Zamonia is a continent inhabited by freaky creatures in the novel “The 13 ½ Lives of Captain Bluebear” by the German writer Walter Moers (2000). Translated, the species name means “ <i>Caracladus</i> from Zamonia”.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. lacks a copulatory duct. The insertion of sperm is assumed to take place through a space between the ventral and the dorsal plates which are supposed to be pressed apart during copulation.</p> <p> The specimens that Lessert (1907, 1910) shows have been evaluated by H.F. The figures of males in Lessert (1907: figs 5, 6) and reprinted in Lessert (1910: figs 98, 99) show <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. and not <i>C.</i></p> <p> <i>avicula</i>. The female mentioned in Lessert (1907: fig. 7) and Lessert (1910: fig. 100) shows <i>Diplocentria bidentata</i> (Emerton, 1882) (Thaler 1972).</p> <p> The specimen that was pictured by Pesarini (1996: figs 9–10) was not available to the authors. A definite assignment to either <i>C. avicula</i> or <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. is not possible. However, his records are referred to as <i>C. avicula</i> in the distribution map (Fig. 59) and the list of records.</p> <p> The remaining pictures so far named as <i>C. avicula</i> in Heimer and Nentwig (1991: figs 350.1–350.5), Millidge (1977: fig. 162), Simon (1884: figs 408, 409 and fig. 8 on plate 27) and Thaler (1969: figs 16–21, 1972: figs 7–11) are correctly assigned to <i>C. avicula</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>Frick, Holger & Muff, Patrick, 2009, Revision of the genus Caracladus with the description of Caracladus zamoniensis spec. nov. (Araneae, Linyphiidae, Erigoninae), pp. 1-37 in Zootaxa 1982</i> on pages 20-26, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/185321">10.5281/zenodo.185321</a>
R Code and Output Supporting "Accounting for individual-specific variation in habitat-selection studies: Efficient estimation of mixed-effects models using Bayesian or frequentist computation"
No full textSee readme.txt for a description of the files in this repository.This repository contains data and R code (along with associated output from running the code) for fitting resource-selection functions and step-selection functions with random effects, supporting all results reported in:
Muff, S., Signer, J. and Fieberg, J., 2018. Accounting for individual-specific variation in habitat-selection studies: Efficient estimation of mixed-effects models using Bayesian or frequentist computation. bioRxiv, p.411801.Muff, Stefanie; Signer, Johannes; Fieberg, John R. (2019). R Code and Output Supporting "Accounting for individual-specific variation in habitat-selection studies: Efficient estimation of mixed-effects models using Bayesian or frequentist computation". Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://doi.org/10.13020/8bhv-dz98
Diffusive author(s), cohesive author: Analysis of S/N (1994)
No full textThis study indicates the ways in which various aspects of the author(s) are brought forth in Dumb type’s performance art, the S/N production. Previous research has suggested a non-hierarchical organization of Dumb type and the absence of a “privileged author” in Dumb type’s collaborative work, S/N. However, the results that I have investigated from member’s interviews on the creative process of S/N along with my analysis of the recorded images of S/N, indicate a different aspect of the author(s). First, S/N was created through, so to speak, the collective ideas of the members of Dumb type. Further, S/N has at least nine quotations from previous performances, installations, and printed writings, besides the work-in-progress technique. Explicating one of the “author functions” as given by Michel Foucault, each text has plural subjects of the author. However, it has been revealed from members’ interviews that Teiji Furuhashi had a decision-making role in selecting the members’ ideas within the performance. Since then, S/N has had plural subjects of creation; however, Furuhashi is one of the subjects of creation along with the “privileged author.” S/N has plural authors (diffusive authors) yet at the same time, it has a “privileged author,” Teiji Furuhashi (cohesive author)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Author's address:
No full textCan archives of audiovisual TV interviews be used to make authors more visible to students, and thereby reduce the learning gap between native and non-native language speakers in college classes? We examined students in a college course who learned about one scholar's ideas through watching an audiovisual TV interview (i.e., visible author format) and about another scholar's ideas through reading a formal text description (i.e., invisible author format). For the invisible author, native language speakers scored significantly higher than the non-native language speakers on a corresponding exam question (i.e., a cognitive measure), generated more words on the exam question (i.e., a motivational measure), and mentioned the author's name more often in answering the exam question (i.e., an affective measure). For the visible author, the groups did not differ on any of these measures. These findings provide evidence for the idea that making the author visible through audiovisual TV interviews can eliminate the learning gap between native and non-native language speakers. 3 Universities around the world serve students who are non-native speakers of th
The vanishing author in computer-generated works: a critical analysis of recent Australian case law
No full textAbstract
The use of software is ubiquitous in the creation of many copyright works, yet the requirement in copyright law that every work have a human author who engages in independent intellectual effort means that its use may prevent copyright subsistence. Several recent Australian cases have refocused attention on authorship as an essential criterion of copyright subsistence, and these cases suggest that much computer-produced output may be authorless and thus lack copyright protection. This article, the first in a two-part series, analyses how each case deals with the question of authorship of computer-produced works and why the use of software diminishes copyright protection for a significant number of computer-generated works. The article critiques the application of conventional notions of human authorship developed in the pre-computer age to modern productions and suggests alternative approaches to authorship that satisfy both the major objectives of copyright policy and the need to adapt to the computer age. The article argues that, without a broader judicial approach to authorship of computer-generated works, Parliament must remedy the lacuna in protection for these ‘authorless’ works. Possible solutions for reform are suggested. In a forthcoming article, the author comprehensively examines those reform proposals
The construction of Karen Karnak: The multi-author-function
No full textThis thesis is situated within the comparatively recent developments of Web 2.0 and the emergence of interactive WikiMedia, and explores the mode of authorship within a Read/Write culture compared to that of a Read/Only tradition. The hypothesis of this study is that the role of the audience has become merged with the author, and as such, represents new functions and attributes, distinct from a more conventional concept of authorship, in which the roles of audience and author are more separate. Read/Write and participatory culture, as defined by this study, is focused on collaboration, and includes the influences of D.I.Y. culture, Open-Source practices and the production of text by multiple authors. Multi-authorship presents a re-thinking of several concepts which support the notion of the individual author, since the focus of multi-authorship is not on attribution and ownership of a finished text, but on the continued malleability of a text. Modes of multi-authorship, demonstrated in the use of the pseudonyms Alan Smithee and Karen Eliot, represent declarative authors whose names signify multiple origins, whilst concurrently indicating a distinct body of work. The function of these names form an important context to this study, since primary research involves the construction of an experimental mode of multi-authorship utilising WikiMedia technology and the interaction of thirty nine participants, who are invited to create a body of work under the collective pseudonym Karen Karnak. The data generated by this experiment is analysed using aspects of Michel Foucault's author-function to identify and determine power structures inherent in the WikiMedia context. The interplay of power structures, including concepts such as identity, ownership and the body of work, affect the resulting mode of authorship and contribute to the construction of Karen Karnak, suggesting further areas of research into the emerging multi-author
An Author´s Existence
No full textThis bachelor´s thesis represents a sort of personal looking back vhich goes in two parallel lines - looking for oneself in artistic circles and looking for one own creative approach to the life and pedagogy. The work is divided into three parts. First part maps the author´s (not only) family background, in the second part the author leads us through a period of searching and trying to understand oneself through studying artistic and psychosomatic disciplines and the third integrating part concentrates on the present moment as a point of departure for work with the voice and voice pedagogy
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