231 research outputs found
RC relaxational oscillator with high supply rejection
No full textA low power RC relaxation oscillator with very low voltage and temperature sensitivities is presented. Supply sensitivity is reduced by using a self-regulation loop that biases the oscillator near its zero-voltage coefficient point. Fabricated in a 65nm CMOS process, the prototype 1.5MHz oscillator consumes 6μW from 1V supply and achieves better than ±50ppm/ ̊C and ±1500ppm/V temperature and voltage sensitivities, respectively.Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2020-05-01The student, Tianyu Wang, accepted the attached license on 2018-04-25 at 16:33.The student, Tianyu Wang, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2018-04-25 at 16:37.This Thesis was approved for publication on 2018-04-26 at 08:25.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #12497 on 2018-08-31 at 17:30:30Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-04T20:47:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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Erratum: Highly thermal-stable ferromagnetism by a natural composite
No full textNature Communications 8: Article number: 13937 (2017); Published 18 January 2017; Updated 21 March 2017 The Author Mi Yan was incorrectly omitted from the list of corresponding Authors in the PDF of this Article, and the author Tianyu Ma was incorrectly listed as a corresponding author; the HTML version of the paper was correct from the time of publication.</jats:p
Patent data
No full textThe data is well processed and used for PICMET project named "Knowledge component combinations and breakthrough idea generation: an analysis of patent "
The corresponding author is Tianyu HOU
Supporting Data: Xylem perforation plate phenotypes affect water use and drought adaptation in maize (Zea mays L.)
No full text<p>These data were collected to assess how xylem perforation plates affect water use strategies in maize (<em>Zea mays </em>L.) under water deficit through empirical studies in controlled environments and in the field. In this work, our goals were to explore the extent of intraspecific variation for the structure of perforation plates within an annual monocot and assess how this variation affects transport and use of water under drought stress. Specifically, we test the hypotheses that (1) simple perforation plates have a significant effect on water transport, (2) intraspecific variation exists for these features in maize, and (3) this variation affects water use strategies under drought stress. </p><p><strong><em>Anatomical Measurements</em></strong></p>
<p>To visualize internal anatomy of roots and leaves, samples were preserved, sectioned, and imaged by laser ablation tomography (LAT) as described in Strock <em>et al</em>., (2019, 2022). Analyzed dimensions of brace roots and subterranean roots include cross-sectional and longitudinal images. Analyzed dimensions of leaves include cross-sectional and longitudinal images of the lamina and the midrib, midway along the length of the leaf, approximately 2 cm from the midrib.</p>
<p><strong><em>Germplasm Selection</em></strong></p>
<p>For much of this work, we utilized maize recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the intermated B73 x Mo17 (IBM) population. RILs descend from the same two parents, hence represent distinct genotypes sharing the same genetic background, thereby reducing the risk of confounding effects from genetic interactions, epistasis, and pleiotropy (Zhu <em>et al.</em>, 2005, 2006). RILs are especially useful tools in cases in which the genetic basis of a phenotype is complex or unknown, as is the case with perforation plate prominence and metaxylem vessel length in maize, thereby precluding the use of single-gene variants.</p>
<p>To understand the variation that exists for perforation plate prominence and metaxylem vessel length, 234 RILs from the IBM population were grown at the Ukulima Root Biology Center (URBC) in Limpopo Province, South Africa (24.533367°S, 28.123783°E) from February through May 2011. At flowering, root crowns of two representative plants per genotype were extracted and washed as in Trachsel <em>et al</em>., (2011), and the anatomy was analyzed from one segment of nodal root from the fourth node of each plant, 5 cm from the base of the root. Root segments were sectioned and imaged using LAT as described above. The lengths of fifteen representative metaxylem vessels measured in LAT images of each root segment using imageJ (Schneider <em>et al.</em>, 2012). From these 234 RILs of the IBM population, four accessions with distinct metaxylem vessel lengths were selected for use in subsequent controlled environment and field studies. The four IBM accessions included IBM015 and IBM111, which were classified as having roots with less prominent (short) perforation plates and long metaxylem vessels, and IBM177 and IBM205, which were classified as having roots with prominent (tall) perforation plates and short metaxylem vessels. Seeds used in all glasshouse and field studies were provided by Dr. Shawn M. Kaeppler from U-Wisconsin, Madison, USA.</p>
<p>Additionally, perforation plate height and MXVL were phenotyped using LAT in 469 genotypes of the Wisconsin Diversity Panel. The Wisconsin Diversity Panel is composed of inbred lines that display uniform vigor and reach physiological grain maturity in the Northern Midwest of the United States. Plants were grown at the Apache Root Biology Center in Wilcox, AZ, USA (32.032079°N, 109.691171°W) in 2016 and samples from forth node roots were collected for anatomical analysis at anthesis. Averages over reps of perforation plate height and MXVL were used for further analysis.</p>
<p><strong><em>Vulnerability to Cavitation Study </em></strong></p>
<p>Vulnerability to cavitation was measured using a modified version of the optical methods described by Gauthy <em>et al.</em>, 2020. Three IBM genotypes with contrasting MXVL phenotypes were grown in Hagerstown-Opequon series soil at Mr. Toad’s Glee Club and Research Farm (Boalsburg, PA; 40.794655°N, -77.764351°W). Ten cm of the fifth leaf apex was harvested once fully mature and hydrated in wet paper towels for 2 h before imaging. Leaf segments were affixed to a diffuse LED light source with adhesive tape heated to 37°C while imaging a region of interest 5 cm from the cut leaf edge every 1 min on a Nikon SMZ 1500 stereo microscope. Images were converted to 8-bit grayscale before subtraction of sequential frames in ImageJ to visualize cavitation events by optical refraction/darkening. Due to the parallel venation of maize leaves, medial shrinkage/slippage caused artifacts that prevented automated analysis of cavitation. ImageJ was used to manually measure the length of cavitation events on each frame for comparison between genotypes.</p>
<p><strong><em>Controlled Environment Study</em></strong></p>
<p>This study was conducted in a glasshouse located at Pennsylvania State University in University Park (40.801955°N, 77.862544°W). Plants were grown from April through June 2021 under a 16/8-h (light/dark) photoperiod, 40% relative humidity, and maximum/minimum temperatures of 28°C/26°C. Midday photosynthetic active radiation was 900 to 1,000 μmol photons m<sup>-2</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>.<strong> </strong>Natural light was supplemented from 06:00 to 22:00 with approximately 500 μmol photons m<sup>-2</sup>s<sup>-1 </sup>from metal-halide lamps. Seeds were surface sterilized in a 25% (v/v) NaOCl in water for 2 min, rinsed in deionized water, and germinated in 0.5 mM CaSO<sub>4</sub> in the dark at 28°C for 72 h.<strong> </strong>Uniform seedlings were transplanted to the glasshouse in opaque, 30 L mesocosms 15 cm in diameter and 155 cm in height and lined with transparent 6 mm high-density polyethylene film to facilitate root sampling.<strong> </strong>Mesocosms were filled with a mixture of 4% (w/w) coarse grade A perlite (Whittemore), 50% (w/w) medium-grade sand (US Silica),<strong> </strong>26% (w/w) D3 coarse grade A vermiculite (Whittemore), and 20% (w/w) field soil (Ap2 Hagerstown silt loam [fine, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludalf]) sieved through 6 mm mesh.<strong> </strong>The soil was incorporated to replicate features found under field conditions, such as the presence of organic matter, soil biota, and oxide surfaces that serve to buffer nutrient availability. Mesocosms were fertilized with 5 g kg<sup>-1</sup> Osmocote (15-9-12; 5-6 mo.) (The Scotts Co., Marysville, OH) incorporated into the media at the time of mixing and consisting of (%): NO<sub>3</sub> (8) NH<sub>4</sub> (7), P (9), K (12), S (2.3), B (0.02) Cu (0.05), Fe (0.68), Mn (0.06), Mo (0.02), and Zn (0.05).</p>
<p>A Randomized Complete Block Design was utilized with two irrigation levels; water stress (WS) and well-watered (WW). Irrigation was supplied through drip rings, with pots being brought to field capacity daily. Irrigation was halted on pots assigned to the WS treatment at 17 days after planting (DAP). The experiment was run for a total of 42 d with destructive measurements taken from all genotypes in all treatments at 17, 31, and 42 DAP. Each genotype had four replications at each time point and treatment.</p>
<p>To determine net water loss from pots in the WS treatment, 5 pots from each phenotypic group were weighed hourly from 17 to 42 DAP using Adam CPWplus 75 floor scales (Adam Equipment, Oxford, CT). Gravimetric soil moisture was also determined at 31 and 42 DAP at 20 cm increments by depth from the soil surface to the bottom of the container. Leaf relative water content and specific leaf area were determined from 5, 2.5 cm leaf discs collected at 16:00 on 41 DAP as in Smart and Bingham (1974).<strong> </strong>Predawn water potential of plants in the WS treatment was determined using the PMS model 615 Scholander pressure bomb at 42 DAP from 03:00 to 06:00 (PMS Instruments, Albany, OR).</p>
<p>At 17, 31, and 42 DAP destructive measurements were taken including leaf number, leaf area, internode distance, plant height, as well as dry root and shoot biomass. Leaf area was determined using the Li-Cor LI-3100C leaf area meter (Li-Cor, Lincoln, NE). Dry mass was determined from tissues dried at 65°C for 7 d.</p>
<p>At 31 DAP, two, 10 cm segments of nodal roots from the most recently emerging node were collected 5 cm from the base of the root for measurement of root respiration.<strong> </strong>Root respiration rates were determined immediately after excavation and washing using a Li-Cor 6400 gas-exchange system with a modified respiration chamber (Li-Cor, Lincoln, NE). Lateral roots were removed from these segments with a razor prior to respiration measurements.<strong> </strong>Measurements were performed under ambient glasshouse conditions, with the sealed chamber being kept at a temperature of 28°C and baseline sample chamber and reference chamber CO<sub>2 </sub>concentration of 400 μmol mol<sup>-1</sup>.</p>
<p>42 DAP, mesocosms were cut into 20 cm increments by depth from the soil surface to the bottom of the container. Roots were washed, collected, and imaged from each 20 cm segment using an EPSON Perfection V700 PHOTO scanner and total length was quantified with WinRhizo software (WinRhizo Pro; Reagent Instruments). The scanned roots were then dried and weighed to determine specific root length, calculated by dividing the total root length by the total root dry weight.</p>
<p>At 42 DAP, two, 10 cm segments of nodal roots from the most recently emerging node were collected 5 cm from the base of the root. Lateral roots were then removed with a razor and <em>in situ</em> measures of axial conductance were then performed on these root segments as in Strock <em>et al.</em>, (2021).<strong> </strong>Prior to measurement, each 10 cm root segment was soaked in a de-gassed 20 mM KCl solution for 30 min. Paraffin wax was melted and painted on the surface of the root to preclude radial losses of flow through lateral root junctions across the segment. A 0.0093 MPa hydraulic head of degassed 20 mM KCl solution was attached to one end of the root segment and flow out the opposite end of the segment was quantified over a 1 min period using an Adventurer Pro AV13C analytical balance (Ohaus Corporation, Pine Brook, NJ). Following measurement of axial conductance across the 10 cm segment, 2.5 cm increments of root were subsequently excised from the end of the segment and the measurement was repeated with 7.5, 5, and 2.5 cm lengths of root to determine the effect of perforation plated on axial flow.</p>
<p>Following these <em>in situ</em> conductance measurements, the wax coating was removed, and the root segments were preserved in 75% (v/v) ethanol in water. Preserved segments were sectioned in both the longitudinal and cross-sectional dimensions with laser ablation tomography (Strock <em>et al.</em>, 2019). Length of metaxylem vessels was measured in the longitudinal dimensions while the number and area of metaxylem vessels was measured from the cross-sectional dimension at both ends of the segment. Theoretical axial metaxylem conductance (k<sub>h</sub>; kg m MPa<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>)<sup> </sup>was calculated for each cross-sectional image using the modified Hagen-Poiseuille law, where d is the diameter of the vessel in meters, r is the fluid density (equal to water at 20°C; 1000 kg m<sup>-3</sup>), and h is the viscosity of the fluid (equal to water at 20°C; 1 x 10<sup>-9</sup>MPs s<sup>-1</sup>; Tyree and Ewers, 1991). The mean theoretical conductance estimate calculated from images at each end of the segment were used for comparison with the <em>in situ</em> measure of conductance across that segment.</p>
<p><strong><em>USA Field Trials</em></strong></p>
<p>The PA19 and PA20 field trials was conducted at the Russell E. Larson Agricultural Research Farm at Rock Springs, PA, USA (40.711365°N, 77.953089°W) from June through September 2019 and 2020, respectively. The soil at this site is a Hagerstown silt loam (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf). A split plot design was utilized with two irrigation levels; two, 0.02 ha rainout shelters were split into two, 0.01 ha blocks each, and two 0.02 ha irrigated fields split into two, 0.01 ha blocks. In 2019, sixteen genotypes and in 2020, four genotypes were randomized within each block. To manage fungal pathogens, seed were treated with Captan 50W fungicide solution (0.2g/ L) at a rate of 0.5 ml/100 seeds prior to planting. All fields were fertilized to meet the nutrient requirements of maize as determined by soil tests at the beginning of the season. Each genotype was planted in a single row, 4.6 m long plot with 76 cm row spacing at a density of 73,300 plants ha<sup>-1</sup>. During periods of inadequate rainfall, irrigation was supplied to the well-watered treatment. Drought treatment was initiated at 20 DAP, after which water-stressed plots experienced no rainfall or irrigation through the time of yield harvest. Each genotype had four replications within each irrigation treatment.</p>
<p>At anthesis, leaf, brace root, and forth node root samples were collected for anatomical analysis as described above. Dry masses were determined from tissues dried at 60°C for 7 d.</p>
<p><strong><em>Graneros, Chile Field Trial</em></strong></p>
<p>The CL20 field trial was conducted at the Tuniche Research Farm near Graneros, Chile (-34.108279°S, -70.748495°W, soil order is Inceptisol) from November 2019 through May 2020. A split plot design was utilized with two irrigation levels; one field where irrigation was limited was split into two water-stressed blocks, and one irrigated field split into two blocks. Thirty hybrid genotypes known to contrast in water use efficiency (15 drought tolerant genotypes, 15 drought sensitive genotypes) were randomized within each block. All fields were fertilized to meet the nutrient requirements of maize. Each genotype was planted in a two row, 4.6 m long plot with 76 cm row spacing. During periods of inadequate rainfall, irrigation was supplied to the well-watered treatment. Each genotype had four replications within each irrigation treatment.</p>
<p>At anthesis, destructive measurements were taken including dry shoot biomass, leaf samples and forth node root samples for anatomical analysis as described above. Dry masses were determined from tissues dried at 60°C for 7 d.</p>
<p><strong>Literature Cited</strong></p>
<p><strong>Gauthey A, Peters JMR, Carins-Murphy MR, Rodriguez-Dominguez CM, Li X, Delzon S, King A, Lopez R, Medlyn BE, Tissue DT, Brodribb TJ, Choat B.</strong> <strong>2020.</strong> Visual and hydraulic techniques produce similar estimates of cavitation resistance in woody species. <em>New Phytologist</em> <strong>228</strong>: 884-897.</p>
<p><strong>Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW. 2012.</strong> NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. <em>Nature Methods</em> <strong>9</strong>: 671-675. </p>
<p><strong>Smart RE, Bingham GE. 1974.</strong> Rapid estimates of relative water content. <em>Plant Physiology</em> <strong>53</strong>: 258-260.</p>
<p><strong>Strock CF, Schneider HM, Galindo-Castañeda T, Hall BT, Gansbeke BV, Mather DE, Roth MG, Chilvers MI, Guo X, Brown K, <em>et al</em>. 2019.</strong> Laser ablation tomography for visualization of root colonization by edaphic organisms. <em>Journal of Experimental Botany</em> <strong>70</strong>: 5327-5342.</p>
<p><strong>Strock CF, Burridge JD, Niemiec MD, Brown KM, Lynch JP. 2021.</strong> Root metaxylem and architecture phenotypes integrate to regulate water use under drought stress. <em>Plant, Cell & Environment</em> <strong>44</strong>: 49-67.</p>
<p><strong>Strock CF, Schneider HM, Lynch JP. 2022.</strong> Anatomics: High-throughput phenotyping of plant anatomy. <em>Trends in Plant Science</em> <strong>27</strong>: 520-523.</p>
<p><strong>Trachsel S, Kaeppler SM, Brown KM, Lynch JP. 2011.</strong> Shovelomics: high throughput phenotyping of maize (<em>Zea mays</em>L.) root architecture in the field. <em>Plant and Soil</em> <strong>341</strong>: 75-87.</p>
<p><strong>Tyree MT, Ewers FW. 1991.</strong> The hydraulic architecture of trees and other woody plants. <em>New Phytologist</em> <strong>119</strong>: 345-360.</p>
<p><strong>Zhu J, Kaeppler SM, Lynch JP. 2005.</strong> Mapping of QTLs for lateral root branching and length in maize (<em>Zea mays</em> L.) under differential phosphorus supply. <em>Theoretical and Applied Genetics</em> <strong>111</strong>: 688-695.</p>
<p><strong>Zhu J, Mickelson SM, Kaeppler SM, Lynch JP. 2006.</strong> Detection of quantitative trait loci for seminal root traits in maize (<em>Zea mays</em> L.) seedlings grown under differential phosphorus levels. <em>Theoretical and Applied Genetics</em> <strong>113</strong>: 1-10.</p>
Comparing Dual Drainage Model (DDM) with SWMM: a case study in John Street watershed, Champaign IL
No full textThis study investigated the capacity and uncertainty of Dual Drainage Model (DDM) in urban storm water management by modeling dual drainage system in John Street watershed, Champaign IL under major and minor storms, by comparing the model performance of DDM to Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and by examining the sensitivity of Green Infrastructure (GI) application in DDM.
Considering storm water dual drainage during severe storms could reduce property damage and economic loss from flooding. Available dual drainage models occupy heavy computational burden, compel demanding setup efforts, or have no interactions between surface and underground flow. Instead, DDM is a one-dimensional (1D) hydrologic-hydraulic model, including innovative surface modules and a traditional SWMM sewer engine. Its execution file is merely 3.14-MB, and the program is easy to set up with auxiliary data from Geographic Information System (GIS). However, there was only one case study and no assessment on model performance.
Therefore, in this study a 458-acre dual drainage system in John Street watershed was assessed by DDM, comprising 26 blocks, 76 streets, 66 inlets, 68 manholes and 67 conduits. The storm water runoff from overland, on street and in sewer were compared to those in SWMM under 2-year, 10-year, 50-year and 100-year 60-minute rainfall. Hydrograph and statistical errors were used to visualize and quantify the model performance. A sensitivity analysis for GI was conducted under five scenarios with different catchment and sewer conditions. Results showed DDM worked better under major high-intensity storms, by providing the closest total runoff volume as SWMM (-1.21% error) and a conservative estimation of surface peak flow. Unit change in GI properties (percent impervious, suction head, hydro conductivity, porosity, etc.) resulted in up to 0.3 unit change of overland runoff during minor storms, supporting that DDM is sensitive to GI. More case studies with real observatory data are recommended for DDM future assessment.
Former observations suggest: i) using DDM for urban dual drainage modeling during major storms and ii) adding GI module in DDM future development. This study is of importance to hydrologist, engineers and researchers because DDM provides detailed flow properties and interactions. It is also critical to city builders, government and residents in terms of reducing economic loss by identify flooding area and causes.Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'U of I Access', the embargo will last until 2017-12-01The student, Tianyu He, accepted the attached license on 2015-12-01 at 13:28.The student, Tianyu He, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2015-12-01 at 13:38.This Thesis was approved for publication on 2015-12-02 at 17:04.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #8894 on 2016-03-02 at 14:07:23Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-02T20:24:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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2D autoregressive model‐based dynamic correlated massive MU‐MIMO channel simulator
No full textTo design a dynamic correlated channel simulator which can precisely depict the space-time correlation properties and be suitable for the massive multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) system, a 2D autoregressive (2D AR) model-based method is proposed. Specifically, by exploiting stationarity in space-time domain, the authors use 2D AR method to create the space-time channel matrices of every user separately. In this way, the space-time dimension of the simulated channel can be modified flexibly without rebuilding the 2D AR model, and spatial correlation matrix with excessively big size is not necessary to guarantee the accuracy of the proposed simulator, making it suitable for massive MU-MIMO system. Simulation results verify the advantages of the proposed simulator.</p
A 10-bit Digital to Time Converter with a Phase Noise Filter
No full textThe growing demand for asynchronous data communication leads to a growing demand for CDR systems to recover the sampling clock of the received data. The DTC in the CDR system is the main jitter source of the recovered data. A low-jitter DTC is required to generate data of low-jitter performance, calling for the application of a phase noise filter. Currently, most phase noise filters are based on the charge injection technique, which can only filter the phase noise of the DLL-based DTC.This thesis presents a new phase noise filter, which can filter both the DLL and PI phase noise. The proposed phase noise filter is inspired by the noise transfer function from the phase detector’s input to the delay locked loop(DLL) output of a type-II DLL, which shows a first-order low-pass transfer function. The noise suppression pole frequency is adjustable and can be modified by changing thegain of each component in the circuit. In addition, by carefully placing the frequency of the LDO’s pole, second-order noise filtering can be realized.During design, a 10-bit DTC is constructed first and the proposed filter is placed behind the DTC to verify the effectiveness of the filter. The design achieves the post-layout level. The simulation results show that the DTC’s phase noise drops from 1.099 psrms to 315.9 fsrms with the filter. The area is 695 μm × 693.5 μm. The design consumes 42.3 mW with 1.8V supply in 180nm BCD technology.Electrical Engineerin
Influence of ChatGPT Expertise, Topical Expertise, and Topical Interest on User Behavior and Engagement in Informational Search Sessions in ChatGPT
No full textChatGPT, a cutting-edge technology based on LLM, demonstrated great potential in search tasks. While the importance and potential of ChatGPT are growing, the gap in the understanding of how users interact and engage in ChatGPT search remains open. Past research has extensively examined traditional information search, but there is a need for investigation into user behaviour and engagement in LLM contexts like ChatGPT. To address this gap, our study aims to examine the impact of ChatGPT expertise, topical expertise, and topical interest on user behaviour and user engagement in ChatGPT search as we assume these factors play an important role in shaping user interactions with ChatGPT. We conducted an experiment to investigate the answer by inviting users (N=198) via the crowdsourcing platform to communicate with the mock ChatGPT application and their interactions were recorded for subsequent analysis. Prior to and after their interaction with the mock ChatGPT application, users are requested to complete a questionnaire to gather information about their user profiles and quantify their engagement. Our finding indicates that ChatGPT expertise has a partial influence on user engagement in ChatGPT search, which may highlight the importance of AI expertise in shaping user interactions. Furthermore, our research also indicates that the Affinity for Technology Interaction (ATI) has an impact on user engagement, which underscores the importance of understanding the psychological aspects in the age of artificial intelligence. The results of this study will not only address the current knowledge gap in ChatGPT search but also provide valuable information on how to improve ChatGPT to enhance user interaction experience.Computer Scienc
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