11 research outputs found
Mastering Chat GPT Fundamentals, Applications, and Ethical Considerations
No full text<p>Welcome to the world of artificial intelligence and natural language processing, where innovation and advancement are constant companions. This book is your portal to explore the incredible journey of Chat GPT, a state-of-the-art language model that has been at the forefront of conversational AI. Whether you're an AI enthusiast, a technology professional, or simply someone curious about the future of human-machine interaction, this text promises to be an enlightening adventure. Chat GPT represents a breakthrough in the realm of AI-driven conversations. Developed by OpenAI, this language model has been designed to understand and generate human-like text responses, enabling seamless interactions between people and machines. The technology underpinning Chat GPT has evolved rapidly, and it has found applications in a wide range of fields, from customer service chatbots to content generation, personal assistants, and more. The primary aim of this book is to provide you with a comprehensive view of the advancements and applications of Chat GPT. As you journey through its pages, you will learn about the inception and evolution of this technology, the science and engineering behind it, and the myriad ways it is being used to improve our daily lives. The authors aim to bridge the knowledge gap between experts and the broader audience, offering a balanced blend of technical insights and practical relevance. From its early iterations to the cutting-edge versions, you'll see how Chat GPT has evolved and how it continues to push the boundaries of what's possible in natural language understanding and generation. You will explore how this technology is facilitating human-computer interactions, aiding content creators, and even serving as a tool for enhancing communication and productivity in various industries. Whether you're a researcher, developer, or simply a curious reader, this book will help you grasp the underlying principles of Chat GPT, its real-world applications, and its potential for shaping the future of AI-driven communication. You'll discover not only the achievements but also the challenges faced by this remarkable technology as it continues to progress. As you delve into the world of Chat GPT, we invite you to contemplate the exciting possibilities it presents. The advancements discussed within these pages are not just about improving AI, but about how this technology is enhancing our daily experiences, making information more accessible, and bridging the gap between humans and machines. </p>
Effects of givenness and constraints on free word order
No full textSkopeteas S, Fanselow G. Effects of givenness and constraints on free word order. In: Zimmermann M, Féry C, eds. Information Structure: Theoretical, typological, and experimental perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2009: 307-331
Icelandic plus English: language differentiation and functional categories in a successively bilingual child
No full textThis thesis investigates the formal and functional properties of the linguistic knowledge of a young bilingual child 'Katla' who successively acquires Icelandic (L1, from birth) and English (L2, from age 1:3). I present new longitudinal natural speech data which I collected in both Icelandic and English from Katla at regular intervals. Audio-recordings were made roughly three times per month at age 1 ;0-4;7 and transcribed in adapted CHILDES/CHAT format. Using a generative framework, I analyse Katla's data qualitatively and quantitatively, focusing on her morphology and syntax during the period 1;6-3;6: determiners and word order in nominals, copula constructions, progressive constructions, imperatives, negation, verb placement, verb inflections, auxiliaries, and periphrastic do. Katla's development is compared with monolingual English-speaking and Icelandic-speaking children, and, where applicable, with other bilinguals. Particular attention is paid to early grammar differentiation and cross- language influence, and to the relationship between child language and input (construction types and frequencies). The empirical results are evaluated in the light of current theories of language acquisition and generative approaches to syntax. Katla's first multi-word combinations (1;6) show productive use of functional morphology (determiners, copulas). Early on, there is evidence of movement into the DP, IP and CP domains, indicating continuity of these functional categories. Moreover, translational equivalents, language-specific functional morphemes and language-specific word orders in Katla's Icelandic and English bear evidence of early language differentiation in successive child bilingualism. The longitudinal development of morpho-syntax largely progresses along separate lines for Katla's two languages; there is no cross- language influence as regards head parameter and movement parameter settings. Some construction transfer occurs where L1 and L2 linear orders are similar. Ensuing implications for transfer and (de)learnability are addressed
Author Correction:PCYT2-regulated lipid biosynthesis is critical to muscle health and ageing (Nature Metabolism, (2023), 5, 3, (495-515), 10.1038/s42255-023-00766-2)
No full textIn the version of this article originally published, the surname and given name of Ferenc Torma were transposed and the middle initial of Andrey V. Kozlov was missing. In addition, an incorrect affiliation (Enterosys SAS) was shown for Adelheid Weidinger; the correct affiliation is Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria. Anoop Kavirayani was incorrectly linked to Division of Anatomy, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology and Medical Imaging Cluster (MIC), instead of to VBCF, Vienna BioCenter Core Facilities, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria. Andrey Kozlov was incorrectly linked to a second affiliation (Enterosys SAS), as was Vincent Jacquemond (INSERM U1220 Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, CHU Purpan, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier Toulouse). Marica Bakovic’s affiliation was shown as Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria) instead of Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. The errors have been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.</p
Author Correction: Burdens of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease attributable to sugar-sweetened beverages in 184 countries (Nature Medicine, (2025), 10.1038/s41591-024-03345-4)
No full textCorrection to: Nature Medicinehttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-03345-4, published online 6 January 2025. In the version of the article initially published, in the eighth paragraph of the Discussion, the text “Among large nations, the largest increases in SSB-related T2D burdens were in Mexico, Thailand and the United Kingdom, and in CVD burdens, Colombia, Nigeria, Thailand and Russia. These changes align with rises in SSB consumption in these nations12. Similarly, declining SSB-related cardiometabolic burdens in Brazil, the United States and the United Kingdom (for CVD) are consistent with their decreasing SSB consumption from 1990 to 202012” was incorrect and has now been updated to “Among largely populated nations, the largest increases in SSB-related T2D incidence was in Colombia, USA and Argentina; and in CVD incidence, Nigeria, Russia, Colombia and Thailand. These changes generally align with rises in SSB consumption in these nations, except in the US where slight declines in SSB consumption were offset by increased burdens of diabetes 12. Similarly, declining SSB-related cardiometabolic burdens in Turkey, Brazil, and the United States and the United Kingdom for CVD are consistent with their decreasing SSB consumption from 1990 to 202012.” Additionally, Supplementary Data 1 and 2 have been updated to remove decimals in values greater than 100. These corrections have been made to the HTML and PDF versions of the article. © The Author(s) 2025
Is emergency doctors’ tolerance of clinical uncertainty on a novel measure associated with doctor well-being, healthcare resource use and patient outcomes?
No full textIntroduction: Emergency doctors routinely face uncertainty-they work with limited patient information, under tight time constraints and receive minimal post-discharge feedback. While higher uncertainty tolerance (UT) among staff is linked with reduced resource use and improved well-being in various specialties, its impact in emergency settings is underexplored. We aimed to develop a UT measure and assess associations with doctor-related factors (eg, experience), patient outcomes (eg, reattendance) and resource use (eg, episode costs). Methods: From May 2021 to February 2022, emergency doctors (specialty trainee 3 and above) from five Yorkshire (UK) departments completed an online questionnaire. This included a novel UT measure-an adapted Physicians' Reaction to Uncertainty scale collaboratively modified within our team according to Hillen et al's (2017) UT model. The questionnaire also included well-being-related measures (eg, Brief Resilience Scale) and assessed factors like doctors' seniority. Patient encounters involving prespecified 'uncertainty-inducing' problems (eg, headache) were analysed. Multilevel regression explored associations between doctor-level factors, resource use and patient outcomes. Results: 39 doctors were matched with 384 patients. The UT measure demonstrated high reliability (Cronbach's alpha=0.92) and higher UT was significantly associated with better psychological well-being including greater resilience (Pearson's r=0.56; 95% CI=0.30 to 0.74) and lower burnout (eg, Cohen's d=-2.98; -4.62 to -1.33; mean UT difference for 'no' vs 'moderate/high' burnout). UT was not significantly associated with resource use (eg, episode costs: beta=-0.07; -0.32 to 0.18) or patient outcomes including 30-day readmission (eg, OR=0.82; 0.28 to 2.35). Conclusions: We developed a reliable UT measure for emergency medicine. While higher UT was linked to doctor well-being, its impact on resource use and patient outcomes remains unclear. Further measure validation and additional research including intervention trials are necessary to confirm these findings and explore the implications of UT in emergency practice.CC BY 4.0Correspondence to Dr Luke Budworth; [email protected] report is independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research Yorkshire and Humber Applied Research Collaboration (ARC) (NIHR200166) and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Yorkshire and Humber Patient Safety Research Collaboration (PSRC). The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the National Institute for Health Research or the Department of Health and Social Care. ADS is funded by a postdoctoral fellowship from THIS Institute, NIHR (AI_AWARD01864 and COV-LT-0009), UKRI (Horizon Europe Guarantee for DataTools4Heart) and British Heart Foundation Accelerator Award (AA/18/6/24223).</p
Author Correction: Burdens of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease attributable to sugar-sweetened beverages in 184 countries (Nature Medicine, (2025), 10.1038/s41591-024-03345-4)
No full textCorrection to: Nature Medicinehttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-03345-4, published online 6 January 2025. In the version of the article initially published, in the eighth paragraph of the Discussion, the text “Among large nations, the largest increases in SSB-related T2D burdens were in Mexico, Thailand and the United Kingdom, and in CVD burdens, Colombia, Nigeria, Thailand and Russia. These changes align with rises in SSB consumption in these nations12. Similarly, declining SSB-related cardiometabolic burdens in Brazil, the United States and the United Kingdom (for CVD) are consistent with their decreasing SSB consumption from 1990 to 202012” was incorrect and has now been updated to “Among largely populated nations, the largest increases in SSB-related T2D incidence was in Colombia, USA and Argentina; and in CVD incidence, Nigeria, Russia, Colombia and Thailand. These changes generally align with rises in SSB consumption in these nations, except in the US where slight declines in SSB consumption were offset by increased burdens of diabetes 12. Similarly, declining SSB-related cardiometabolic burdens in Turkey, Brazil, and the United States and the United Kingdom for CVD are consistent with their decreasing SSB consumption from 1990 to 202012.” Additionally, Supplementary Data 1 and 2 have been updated to remove decimals in values greater than 100. These corrections have been made to the HTML and PDF versions of the article.696696119,04558,7Q1Q1SCIE10,
Burdens of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease attributable to sugar-sweetened beverages in 184 countries
No full textThe consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, an updated and comprehensive assessment of the global burden attributable to SSBs remains scarce. Here we estimated SSB-attributable T2D and CVD burdens across 184 countries in 1990 and 2020 globally, regionally and nationally, incorporating data from the Global Dietary Database, jointly stratified by age, sex, educational attainment and urbanicity. In 2020, 2.2 million (95% uncertainty interval 2.0–2.3) new T2D cases and 1.2 million (95% uncertainty interval 1.1–1.3) new CVD cases were attributable to SSBs worldwide, representing 9.8% and 3.1%, respectively, of all incident cases. Globally, proportional SSB-attributable burdens were higher among men versus women, younger versus older adults, higher- versus lower-educated adults, and adults in urban versus rural areas. By world region, the highest SSB-attributable percentage burdens were in Latin America and the Caribbean (T2D: 24.4%; CVD: 11.3%) and sub-Saharan Africa (T2D: 21.5%; CVD: 10.5%). From 1990 to 2020, the largest proportional increases in SSB-attributable incident T2D and CVD cases were in sub-Saharan Africa (+8.8% and +4.4%, respectively). Our study highlights the countries and subpopulations most affected by cardiometabolic disease associated with SSB consumption, assisting in shaping effective policies and interventions to reduce these burdens globally. © The Author(s) 2025
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An investigation into Indian apparel and textile supply chain networks
No full textThe activities of the Indian clothing industry supplying Western markets have been investigated, with particular reference to identifying where improvements could be made to supply chain management. Focus group discussions, case studies and questionnaire analysis established that long lead-times in pre-production areas were of great concern. However Indian apparel manufacturers were found to be more cost conscious and rather less conscious about the value of time in pre-production areas. It was found that pre-production activities constituted 73% of total manufacturing lead time and have high positive correlation (0.96) with total manufacturing lead time. Preproduction activities in India mainly consist of prototype making and pre-production sample development; of which approval processes were found to have a high correlation (0.63) with pre-production. A significant (more than 50%) time of all activities consist of waiting time, which has positive influence on total lead time (0.86)
High-sensitivity troponin in the evaluation of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome: a stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised controlled trial
No full textBackground:
High-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays permit use of lower thresholds for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, but whether this improves clinical outcomes is unknown. We aimed to determine whether the introduction of a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) assay with a sex-specific 99th centile diagnostic threshold would reduce subsequent myocardial infarction or cardiovascular death in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome.
Methods:
In this stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised controlled trial across ten secondary or tertiary care hospitals in Scotland, we evaluated the implementation of an hs-cTnI assay in consecutive patients who had been admitted to the hospitals' emergency departments with suspected acute coronary syndrome. Patients were eligible for inclusion if they presented with suspected acute coronary syndrome and had paired cardiac troponin measurements from the standard care and trial assays. During a validation phase of 6–12 months, results from the hs-cTnI assay were concealed from the attending clinician, and a contemporary cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assay was used to guide care. Hospitals were randomly allocated to early (n=5 hospitals) or late (n=5 hospitals) implementation, in which the high-sensitivity assay and sex-specific 99th centile diagnostic threshold was introduced immediately after the 6-month validation phase or was deferred for a further 6 months. Patients reclassified by the high-sensitivity assay were defined as those with an increased hs-cTnI concentration in whom cTnI concentrations were below the diagnostic threshold on the contemporary assay. The primary outcome was subsequent myocardial infarction or death from cardiovascular causes at 1 year after initial presentation. Outcomes were compared in patients reclassified by the high-sensitivity assay before and after its implementation by use of an adjusted generalised linear mixed model. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01852123.
Findings:
Between June 10, 2013, and March 3, 2016, we enrolled 48 282 consecutive patients (61 [SD 17] years, 47% women) of whom 10 360 (21%) patients had cTnI concentrations greater than those of the 99th centile of the normal range of values, who were identified by the contemporary assay or the high-sensitivity assay. The high-sensitivity assay reclassified 1771 (17%) of 10 360 patients with myocardial injury or infarction who were not identified by the contemporary assay. In those reclassified, subsequent myocardial infarction or cardiovascular death within 1 year occurred in 105 (15%) of 720 patients in the validation phase and 131 (12%) of 1051 patients in the implementation phase (adjusted odds ratio for implementation vs validation phase 1·10, 95% CI 0·75 to 1·61; p=0·620).
Interpretation:
Use of a high-sensitivity assay prompted reclassification of 1771 (17%) of 10 360 patients with myocardial injury or infarction, but was not associated with a lower subsequent incidence of myocardial infarction or cardiovascular death at 1 year. Our findings question whether the diagnostic threshold for myocardial infarction should be based on the 99th centile derived from a normal reference population.
Funding:
The British Heart Foundation
