186,480 research outputs found
Možnosti medpredmetnega povezovanja športne vzgoje in spoznavanja okolja v prvem razredu osnovne šole
No full textThe role of private military companies in iraq war
No full textVojna v Iraku se je začela 20. marca 2003, uradno pa se je končala 18. decembra 2011. ZDA, Avstralija, Poljska in Velika Britanija so ob podpori petinštiridesetih drugih držav brez predhodne odobritve Varnostnega sveta Združenih narodov izvedle vojaško invazijo na Irak, čemur so nasprotovale predvsem Rusija, Francija, Nemčija in večina arabskih držav. Šlo je za dlje časa trajajoč oborožen konflikt med mednarodnimi vojaškimi silami z ZDA na čelu in iraško vojsko, ter kasneje uporniškimi frakcijami v Iraku. ZDA je v iraški vojni poleg lastnih oboroženih sil najemala tudi pripadnike zasebnih vojaških podjetij, ki so se borili na strani mednarodne koalicije zavezniških sil. Zasebna vojaška podjetja so po svoji naravi pravne osebe, ki opravljajo vojaške in varnostne storitve. Zaradi spremembe ustroja vojsk v zahodnem svetu po hladni vojni se je v sodobne oborožene konflikte v vse večji meri vključeval zasebni sektor. Potreba po zasebnih vojaških podjetjih je bila najbolj razvidna med vojno v Iraku, kjer so bila uporabljena v obsegu, kakršnemu do takrat še nismo bili priča. ZDA se je kot največja svetovna sila močno zanašala na uporabo zasebnih vojaških podjetij, saj je v določenih letih vojne v Iraku število pripadnikov teh podjetij preseglo število pripadnikov oboroženih sil ZDA. Razloga za odvisnost ZDA od vojaških podjetij v času iraške vojne sta bila nezmožnost ameriških oboroženih sil, da opravijo vse potrebne vojaške naloge in zmanjševanje negativnega političnega vpliva vojne. Uporaba zasebnih vojaških podjetij je postala širši ameriški in mednarodni javnosti znana zaradi nekaterih medijsko odmevnih incidentov, v katerih so bili udeleženi pripadniki teh podjetij. Prav tako ZDA niso imele na voljo niti učinkovitega pravnega mehanizma niti politične volje, ki bi omogočala kazenski pregon pripadnikov zasebnih vojaških podjetij v primeru storitve kaznivega dejanja. Pregon kaznivih dejanj, ki so jih storili pripadniki zasebnih vojaških podjetij med vojno v Iraku, je bil zaradi pomanjkanja zakonske podlage težaven in v nekaterih primerih nemogoč.The war in Iraq began on March 20, 2003 and officially ended on December 18, 2011. The United States, Poland, Australia and Great Britain along with forty-five other countries launched a military invasion of Iraq without the prior approval of the United Nations Security Council. Russia, France, Germany and a majority of Arab states opposed the military invasion of Iraq. The Iraq War was a prolonged armed conflict between the international coalition of allied forces, led by the U.S., and the Iraqi Army, and later the rebel factions in Iraq. In addition to its own Armed Forces, the U.S. hired members of private military companies to fight in the Iraq War on the side of the international coalition of allied forces. Private military companies are, by their very nature, legal entities providing military and security services. The change in the composition of the post-Cold War armies in the Western world has increasingly involved the private sector in modern armed conflicts. This was very evident in the Iraq War, where private military companies were used to an extent we had never witnessed before. The United States, as the world\u27s largest power, relied heavily on the use of private military companies. In some years of the Iraq War, the number of members of these companies exceeded that of the U.S. Armed Forces. The reason for the U.S. dependence on military companies during the Iraq War was the inability of the U.S. Armed Forces to carry out all the necessary military tasks and to reduce the negative political impact of the war. The use of private military companies has become widely known to the U.S. and international public because of some high-profile media incidents involving members of these companies. Nor did the US have the political will or an effective legal mechanism in place to prosecute members of private military companies if they committed a crime while performing their duty, or even if they committed a crime off duty. The prosecution of crimes committed by members of private military companies during the Iraq War was difficult and, in some cases, impossible due to a lack of legal basis
Chemotaxonomic significance of flavonoids and phenolic acids in the Hieracium rohacsense group (Hieracium sect.Alpina;Lactuceae,Compositae).
No full textdRNA-seq shows a long 5’ UTR of the <i>mraZ</i> gene in <i>R</i>. <i>sphaeroides</i>.
No full textModified screenshots taken from IGB (integrated genome browser) visualizing the coverage at the genetic locus of mraZ. Shown are normalized cDNA reads on a large scale (upper two panels) and a smaller scale (lower two panels) obtained from TEX treated and untreated total RNA isolated from an exponentially and microaerobically grown R. sphaeroides 2.4.1 culture. The genetic context is displayed at the bottom. mraZ is the first gene of the dcw gene cluster. Position 1 reflects the TSS of sRNA UpsM (206 nt) 268 nucleotides upstream of mraZ. The terminator of UpsM is indicated as hairpin structure and a processing site within the sRNA is highlighted by an arrow.</p
Comprehensive view of <i>mraZ</i> upstream regions in different species.
No full textTerminator predictions are indicated in red. Respective energies are given in kcal/mol. Regions between Start and Stop codons in frame are shown as grey bars. Transcription start sites are derived from public available deep sequencing data (see S4 Fig for details). The phylogenetic tree was build using clustalx [58] (NJ, 10000 bootstraps) based on a clustalOmega [59] alignment of the respective mraZ coding regions. Bootstrap support values are indicated. Seemingly the long mraZ 5’ UTR with an intrinsic terminator is special to the family of Rhodobacteraceae.</p
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Typification and taxonomic remarks on five species names in Cytisus (Fabaceae)
No full textThis paper deals with the typification and taxonomy of five Mediterranean Cytisus species. Cytisus affinis, C. candidus, and C. spinescens nom. illeg., non Sieber ex Spreng. were described from Sicily by Karel Borivoj Presl, Cytisus spinescens was described from Apulia (southern Italy) by Curt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel, and C. villosus was described from southern France by Pierre Andre Pourret (1788). Lectotypes are here designated for Presl and Sprengel's names. A neotype is designated for C. villosus. The taxonomic revision of these five names confirmed that C. villosus Pourr. (= Cytisus affinis C. Presl) is the name to be used for the species occurring in the large part of the Mediterranean countries. Cytisus spinescens Sieber ex Spreng. (≡ C. candidus C. Presl = C. spinescens C. Presl, nom. illeg.) is the correct name for the amphi-adriatic species occurring in peninsular Italy, and along the NE coast of the Adriatic Sea. This species does not occur in Sicily and reference to this latter region in the protologues of both C. spinescens C. Presl and C. candidus C. Presl is a misinterpretation due, possibly, to exchange of labels
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Transcription of <i>mraZ</i> is enabled by the UpsM promotor.
No full text(A) β-galactosidase activity assays of R. sphaeroides 2.4.1 with reporter plasmids with mraZ::lacZ translational fusion and mraZ upstream regions of varying length (long upstream region including the promotor of UpsM, 188 and 67 upstream nucleotides). pPHU235 represents the empty vector control. For each strain, three independent biological experiments with technical duplicates were performed. Error bars indicate standard deviations and an asterisk a significance level of PR. sphaeroides 2.4.1 after 90 min of 1O2 stress. cDNA was generated with the primer depicted as black arrow, whereas cDNAs were amplified by the primer shown as grey arrow. The PCR product was visualized on a gel (10% PAA/TBE) by ethidium bromide staining. 5’ ends (dashed lines) identified by subcloning and sequencing and their corresponding frequencies are highlighted. (C) qRT-PCR products of primer pairs pUpsM, pmraZ (155 bp and 153 bp, both specific for the corresponding mRNA segments) and pUpsM_mraZ (143 bp, spanning from UpsM to mraZ) visualized on a gel (10% PAA/TBE) by ethidium bromide staining. Samples without initial RT step were loaded as control. On the right relative transcript levels are shown in relation to the product quantity of primer pair pUpsM_mraZ. qRT-PCRs were performed in technical duplicates with RNA from three biological independent and unstressed R. sphaeroides 2.4.1 cultures. Error bars indicate standard deviations. (D) β-galactosidase activity assays of R. sphaeroides 2.4.1 conjugated with a reporter plasmid with translational lacZ fusion to the start codon (ATG) within the UpsM gene in comparison to the promoter-less empty vector control (pPHU235) and a control plasmid (pPHU4352) containing a strong 16S rRNA promoter. For each strain, three independent biological experiments with technical duplicates were performed. Error bars indicate standard deviations and an asterisk a significance level of P<0.01 compared to both controls.</p
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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