177,111 research outputs found
Intestinal Effects of Dietary Betaine in Piglets
No full textThe study was conducted to investigate the effects of graded dietary inclusion levels
of betaine on ileal and total tract nutrient digestibilities and intestinal bacterial fermentation
characteristics in piglets. A total of 8 barrows (BW 7.9 kg) was fitted with simple T-cannulas at the
distal ileum. The animals were randomly allocated to 1 of the 4 assay diets with 2 pigs per treatment in
4 repeated measurement periods. The assay diets included a basal diet based on wheat, barley and
soybean meal alone, or supplemented with a liquid betaine product at dietary levels of 1.5, 3.0, or 6.0
g betaine kg–1
diet (as–fed). Ileal digestibilities of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF)
increased both quadratically and linearly (P<0.05), and ileal digestibility of glycine increased linearly
as dietary betaine level increased (P<0.05). Moreover, there were linear increases in the concentrations
of ileal D–lactic acid (P<0.05), indicating intensified intestinal bacterial activities as dietary betaine
level increased. At the fecal level, total tract crude protein (CP) digestibility increased quadratically
(P<0.05), and digestibility of amino acids (AA) tended to increase quadratically (P=0.06 to P=0.11),
except for proline (P>0.05), as dietary betaine level increased. The increased bacterial degradation of
CP and AA in the large intestine coincides with the linear increase (P<0.05) in fecal diaminopimelic
acid concentrations, indicating enhanced intestinal bacterial growth with increasing dietary betaine
levels. In most cases, there was a response in the variables that were measured up to 3.0 g betaine per
kg diet, whereas increasing the betaine level from 3.0 to 6.0 g betaine per kg diet had no additional
effect. It can be concluded that dietary betaine stimulates microbial fermentation of fiber in the small
intestine, leaving less fermentable fiber to reach the large intestine and therefore, increased microbial
degradation of protein in the large intestine may occur.
Keywords: piglets, betaine, digestibility, bacterial fermentation, microflor
Betaine, organic acids and inulin do not affect ileal and total tract nutrient digestibility or microbial fermentation in piglets
No full textThe study was conducted to investigate the effects of betaine alone or combined with organic acids and inulin on ileal and total tract nutrient digestibilities and intestinal microbial fermentation characteristics in piglets. In total, 24 four-week-old barrows with an average initial body weight of 6.7 kg were used in two consecutive experiments with 12 piglets each. Betaine, organic acids and inulin at a level of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.2%, respectively, or combinations of these supplements were added to the basal diet. The supplementation of betaine, organic acids and inulin or any of their combinations did not affect ileal and total tract nutrient digestibilities. The microbial fermentation products both at the ileal and faecal level were not affected by any of the treatments. In conclusion, combining betaine with organic acids and inulin did not have any associated effects on the variables that were measured
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Letter from R. R. Zellick, Assistant Trust Officer, Anglo California National Bank of San Francisco, to Joseph R. Goodman, October 2, 1942
No full textLetter from R. R. Zellick, Assistant Trust Officer at The Anglo California National Bank of San Francisco, to Joseph R. Goodman, regarding property owned by Dave Tatsuno. Zellick mentions a dispute between current tenants and Tatsuno, and that Tatsuno has asked Goodman to help locate trustworthy tenants.Personal correspondence, organizational records, government documents, publications, and other papers created or collected by Joseph R. Goodman documenting the forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II, as well as organized resistance to incarceration. Included in the collection are records of the Japanese Young Men's Christian Association and the Japanese American Citizens' League in San Francisco, including papers of the Japanese YMCA's executive secretary Lincoln Kanai; Sakai family papers; Goodman's correspondence to and from Japanese American incarcerees, organizations opposing forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans, the War Relocation Authority, and others; publications, photographs, and ephemera from the Topaz Relocation Center, where Goodman taught high school; War Relocation Authority records and publications; and newspaper clippings, pamphlets, and reports about forced removal and incarceration created by various government, religious, and civic organizations, in California and nationwide
Immune response and nutrient intake
No full textThe oral supply of nutrients to growing animals is essential for the establishment and maintenance of a proper balance in the immune system, between regulator and effector functions. An adequate supply of nutrients is critical when intake is the limiting factor with respect to growth requirements, and when the immune system is challenged by new antigens. This is the case at weaning, particularly when subjects from different litters are mixed.
In this light, the relevance of nutrients for innate and acquired immunity (humoral and cellular), and as vaccine adjuvants is reviewed. Some tools to assess in vivo and ex vivo the efficacy of nutrients are presented, with particular evidence for challenge models.
Some attention has been paid to the effect of supplying nutrients above the standard requirements (for example the case of zinc as a growth promoter in piglet feeding), which allows maximum growth in a clean environment. In addition, some effects of molecules that are not considered essential, but nevertheless can have the role of nutrients in special phases of growth (nucleic acids, conjugated linoleic acid, precursors of glutathione etc.) are also discussed
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Liftings for noncomplete probability spaces
No full textThe current state of knowledge concerning liftings for noncomplete probability spaces is discussed. This is a somewhat expanded version of the author's talk given at the 1991 Summer Conference on General Topology and Applications in Honor of Mary Ellen Rudin and Her Work.PT: S; CR: BURKE MR, IN PRESS P AM MATH S BURKE MR, 1991, ISRAEL J MATH, V73, P33 BURKE MR, 1992, ISRAEL J MATH, V79, P289 CARLSON T, THEOREM LIFTING CHRISTENSEN JPR, 1974, TOPOLOGY BOREL STRUC FREMLIN DH, 1989, HDB BOOLEAN ALGEBRAS, P877 INOESCUTULCEA A, 1966, 5TH P BERK S MATH ST, V2 IONESCUTULCEA A, 1967, CONTRIBUTIONS PROB 1, P63 IONESCUTULCEA A, 1969, TOPICS THEORY LIFTIN JECH TJ, 1978, SET THEORY JOHNSON RA, 1980, P AM MATH SOC, V80, P234 JUST W, IN PRESS T AM MATH S KUPKA J, 1983, INDIANA U MATH J, V32, P717 LOSERT V, 1983, LNM, V1080, P95 MAHARAM D, 1958, P AM MATH SOC, V9, P987 SHELAH S, 1983, ISRAEL J MATH, V45, P90 TALAGRAND M, 1982, P AM MATH SOC, V84, P379 VONNEUMANN J, 1931, CRELLES J MATH, V165, P109; NR: 18; TC: 0; J9: ANN N Y ACAD SCI; PG: 4; GA: BZ86BSource type: Electronic(1
Hansen, Lee (Lee R.). Union, non-union, and managerial pay plan state employees, 2008-2019
No full text1 online resource (2 pages)"July 1, 2021."Provides the number of union and non-union state employees in each of the last 14 years. Also provides the number of state employees paid under the state's managerial pay plan during each of those years. Updates OLR research report 2019-R-011
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