1,721,855 research outputs found
Standing Up To Words: Writing and Resistance in Toni Morrison s A Mercy
Full text linkIn Toni Morrison s A Mercy, the protagonist represents both the historical and the contemporary African American author. As Mueller argues, her act of carving words into walls can be read as an act of resistance against the historical silencing of the black voice as well as politically against symbolic violence exercised through language
Feldman, Harry A. -- 1950 -- Correspondence, Toxoplasmosis -- letter, 1950-02-06
No full textLetter from Lenbarg, Morrison S. to Sabin, Albert B. dated 1950-02-06.Sabin Collection Fair Use PolicySome personal information has been redacted from this item. See Sabin Redaction Policy.Redacted 2012-04-30
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Activity of preoptic area neurons supports thermal effector activation during fever
No full textProstaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the preoptic area (POA) mimics fever by stimulating thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT), skeletal muscle via shivering and the heart via tachycardia, as well as by reducing heat loss via skin vasoconstriction. PGE2-evoked stimulations of BAT, shivering EMGs and heart rate (HR) are postulated to arise from disinhibition of thermogenesis-promoting neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), and possibly in the rostral raphe pallidus (rRPa), due to the EP3 receptor (EP3-R)-mediated inhibition of GABAergic, warm-sensitive neurons in the POA that project to inhibit DMH (and possibly rRPa) neurons. We tested the hypothesis that neurons in the medial preoptic (MPO) provide the necessary excitatory drive to downstream, thermogenesis-promoting neurons for febrile heat production. Bilateral muscimol injection in the MPO completely inhibited the shivering EMGs and reversed the increases in BAT temperature and HR following injection of PGE2 into the POA. We conclude that the MPO contains neurons whose activity is necessary to support thermogenesis during fever. The data are consistent with a model in which a population of MPO neurons provides a tonically-active, excitatory (glutamatergic) input to DMH (and rRPa?) neurons that drives thermogenesis upon disinhibition of DMH neurons during EP3-R activation in the POA and potentially during cold exposure. Support NIH grant NS40987
Inhibition of median preoptic area neurons inhibits brown adipose tissue sympathetic outflow
No full textThe rostral raphe pallidus (rRPa) contains sympathetic premotor neurons controlling brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and energy expenditure that are excited during cold-defense responses to skin cooling. Cutaneous thermal cold afferent signals are transmitted via the dorsal horn and lateral parabrachial nucleus to provide a glutamatergic drive to median preoptic area (MnPO) neurons that mediate skin-cooling evoked increases in BAT sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and BAT temperature. The present study sought to determine whether there is a level of tonic discharge in MnPO neurons that contributes to the excitability of BAT sympathetic premotor neurons in the rRPa. In chloralose/urethane-anesthetized, artificially-ventilated Wistar rats, nanoinjection of GABA (9 nmol in 30 nl) into the midline MnPO elicited a long-lasting reduction in the amplitudes of the BAT SNA and heart rate responses (a) to nanoinjections of NMDA into the rRPa and (b) to episodes of skin cooling. We conclude that the MnPO contains a population of neurons whose tonic discharge supports the excitability of BAT and cardiac sympathetic premotor neurons in rRPa. Supported by a grant from NINDS: NS040987(SFM)
An excitatory projection from median preoptic area to the dorsomedial hypothalamus contributes to the activation BAT thermogenesis (1104.28)
No full textDisinhibition of brown adipose tissue (BAT) sympathoexcitatory neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), by reduced discharge of their input from GABAergic, in the preoptic area (POA), is thought to be a key step in the cold-defense and febrile activations of BAT sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and BAT thermogenesis. Here we present evidence supporting the hypothesis that a population of median preoptic area (MnPO) neurons projecting to the DMH provides the excitatory drive to DMH neurons that is essential for cold-defense and febrile BAT thermogenesis. To determine if the MnPO contains putative BAT thermogenesis-promoting neurons that are activated during cold exposure and project to DMH, we injected the retrograde tracer, CTb into DMH and exposed the rats to a cold (10°C) ambient temperature to elicit BAT thermogenesis. We observed a larger number of c-fos and CTb immunoreactive neurons in the MnPO of cold-exposed rats than in those maintained at 25°C, confirming the existence of cold-activated neurons in MnPO that project to DMH. In urethane/chloralose-anesthetized, Wistar rats, bilateral nanoinjection of the GABAA agonist, muscimol (120nl, 1mM), into the medial preoptic area (MPA), a region containing warm-sensitive neurons, did not decrease cold-evoked BAT SNA, consistent with the hypothesis that the MPA is not the source of DMH excitation required for BAT thermogenesis. However, subsequent nanoinjection of muscimol (120nl, 1mM) into the MnPO completely reversed cold-evoked BAT SNA. Moreover, in other experiments, the activation of BAT SNA following PGE2 nanoinjection into MPA was also inhibited by muscimol nanoinjection into MnPO. These data demonstrate that the MnPO contains essential thermogenesis-promoting, BAT sympathoexcitatory neurons
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
- …
