1,720,957 research outputs found
Vernacularisation et traduction des textes pragmatiques en Afrique
Get PDFVernacularisation et traduction des textes pragmatiques en Afrique — La traduction des textes comportant des lacunes d'ordre grammatical, lexical, stylistique ou idiomatique présente habituellement des difficultés particulières, lesquelles sont amplifiées lorsqu'elles sont attribuables à la vernacularisation d'une langue étrangère. Dans les sociétés postcoloniales, l'absence ou la non-disponibilité des études linguistiques sur la plupart des langues locales rend ardue l'analyse des interférences entre ces dernières et les langues officielles étrangères. Cette situation, ajoutée à la grande diversité ethnolinguistique ambiante, ne facilite pas l'interprétation des textes produits par les personnes semi-lettrées. Le traducteur de ces textes se présente davantage comme un rédacteur qui, à partir de l'idée globale qui se dégage de l'original, conçoit et produit un texte répondant aux normes de la langue cible. L'évaluation d'un tel travail ne peut se faire qu'en comparant la finalité des deux textes.Vernacularisation and Translation of Pragmatic Texts in Africa — Written texts with grammatical, lexical, stylistic or idiomatic gaps usually present specific challenges in translation. These challenges are amplified when they stem from the vernacularization of a foreign language. In postcolonial settings, the analysis of interference between local and foreign languages is hindered by the absence or unavailability of linguistic studies related to local languages. When added to the prevailing ethnolinguistic diversity, this situation renders the interpretation of writings by semi-literate individuals more arduous. The translator appears to be more of a (re)writer who relies on the general idea as expressed in the original to produce a text that conforms to the norms of the target language. Assessing the result of such a process can only be based on a comparison of the aim or function of each text involved
What Model for Language Planning in Education and Development?
Get PDFThe implementation of language policies by African countries after independence was very similar to what prevailed in the colonial era in that its centerpiece was the promotion of European languages, to the exclusion of native languages. The official rationale for such policies was political and economic in nature: In a multiethnic context, imposing a foreign language would promote national unity and foster the acquisition of the technical know-how necessary for development. Such a policy was characterized by several weaknesses. In its implementation, for many years, the school system seemed content with being a graduate generating machine, with little attention being paid to the actual role to be played by these diploma holders in developing their immediate environment. Furthermore, governments appeared to ignore or to be unaware of the perverse effects of foreign educational aid that mainly promoted foreign languages, cultures and values. As the flaws of this language policy became obvious, various language-planning models were put forward for a better harmonization between education and development. This article argues that an effective model should be grounded in a structural-historical approach, which takes into account any relevant factors that determine both individual and collective choices, as well as government policies. Such an approach would emphasize the link between language policies, economic development issues, and social changes, and thus lead to a language-planning model that promotes development
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Statut de l’interprète dans l’administration coloniale en Afrique francophone
No full textThroughout the colonial era, interpreters were indispensible intermediaries between European administrators and the African population. As in the case of other categories of employees, interpreters were organized into professional bodies within the colonial civil service. The structure of these bodies were the same everywhere, with the exception of a few local adjustments. The texts organising the bodies notably defined the conditions for recruitment, remuneration and promotion. But for various reasons, these texts were rarely followed to the letter, with the result that the doors of the profession were open to practically any type of profile. The relations between administrators and interpreters were characterized by suspicion. Some administrators lauded interpreters for their loyalty and competence, while others viewed them as notoriously incompetent and untrustworthy. However, although officially the interpreter was no more than an administrative underling, he enjoyed a tremendous prestige within the local community because by the nature of his job, he was the African who was closest to the centres of power. Such an enviable position sometimes brought about resentments in the other local elites, and even in some administrators, and interpreters were often the object of various accusations. Finally, as compared to the other French territories in Africa, the body of interpreters of Algeria was different in that it was made up of French, native and foreign interpreters, a situation which resulted in considerable difficulties.Tout au long de la période coloniale, les interprètes sont des intermédiaires incontournables entre les administrateurs Européens et les populations africaines. À l'instar des autres catégories d'employés, les interprètes sont organisés en un corps au sein de la fonction publique coloniale. Hormis quelques aménagements locaux, la structure de ce corps est partout la même. Les textes organiques énoncent notamment les conditions de recrutement, de rémunération et de promotion. Mais pour diverses raisons ces textes sont rarement suivis à la lettre, avec pour résultat que les portes de la profession sont pratiquement ouvertes à tous les profils. Les rapports entre les administrateurs et les interprètes sont empreints de suspicion. Chez les administrateurs, l'interprète est tantôt loué comme un collaborateur fidèle et efficace, tantôt vilipendé comme un agent incompétent et indigne de confiance. Cependant, bien qu'il ne soit officiellement qu'un auxiliaire subalterne, l'interprète jouit d'un immense prestige auprès des populations locales, parce que de par ses fonctions il est l'Africain le plus proche du centre du pouvoir. Cette situation enviable ne manque pas de provoquer parfois des ressentiments chez les autres élites locales, voire chez certains colons, et l'interprète fait souvent l'objet de diverses accusations plus ou moins fondées. Enfin, par rapport aux autres territoires français d'Afrique, le corps des interprètes d'Algérie présente la particularité de réunir aussi bien des Français que des indigènes et des étrangers, ce qui est à l'origine de bien de difficultés
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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