411 research outputs found
Phytosanitary Rules for the Movement of Olive (Olea europaea L.) Propagation Material into the European Union (EU)
No full textPhytosanitary legislation involves government laws that are essential to minimize the risk of the introduction and diffusion of pests, especially invasive non-native species, as a consequence of the international exchange of plant material, thus allowing us to safeguard agricultural production and biodiversity of a territory. These measures ensure compliance with adequate requirements relating to the absence of pests, especially of harmful quarantine organisms through inspections and diagnosis tests of the consignments to ascertain the presence of the pests concerned. They also regulate the eradication and containment measures that are implemented in the eventuality of an unintentional introduction of these organisms. In the present contribution, the current plant protection legislation for the exchange of plants or propagation material within the European Union or for export to foreign countries, represented by Regulation (EU) 2016/2031, has been reviewed, with a particular focus on the olive tree (Olea europaea L.). Furthermore, a brief summary of the main olive tree pests transmissible with the propagation material is also reported, indicating their current categorization with respect to the relative quarantine status
exploits pit membranes of susceptible olive cultivars to spread systemically in the xylem
No full textXylella fastidiosa subspecies pauca strain De Donno (XfDD) ST53 is the causal agent of olive quick decline syndrome, a severe disease first described in Apulia, Italy. Although the two local cultivars Cellina di Nardo and Ogliarola Salentina showed high susceptibility, traits of resistance to the bacterium were found in the cultivar Leccino. Previous studies in field-grown olives suggested that vascular occlusions and anatomophysiological properties of the different cultivars played a role in the olive response to XfDD. The present investigation reports observations at the early stage of the infection on artificially inoculated olives. Electron microscope studies showed that XfDD exploits the pit membranes (PMs) of the susceptible cultivar Cellina di Nardo to spread systemically. In this cultivar, PMs were degraded upon XfDD infection, suggesting activity of bacterial cell wall-degrading enzymes. Moreover, occluded vessels contained an amorphous electrondense matrix resembling gum. Conversely, in Leccino, occluded vessels were mainly filled by callose-like granules that tightly entrapped XfDD cells. In addition, PMs from Leccino had a compact undegraded structure that was not permeable to XfDD. Our study suggests that exploitation of PMs is a key event in the infection process of X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca ST53 in susceptible olive cultivars
EVALUATION OF MINOR APULIAN OLIVE GENOTYPES FOR RESISTANCE TO XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA
No full textThe spread of olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS) caused by the bacterium
Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca is threatening Apulia's olive resources,
damaging the regional economy and landscape heritage. To reduce the impact
of the disease, a breeding program has been launched in 2017 aimed at
identifying new sources of resistance to expand the range of varieties that
can be used in the infected areas, together with the resistant varieties
“Leccino” and "FS17". One hundred olive samples, including 19 unknown
accessions from free pollination of Cv. Simone and 81 minor local
cultivars, were grown in the epidemic-affected areas in Apulia and tested
for resistance in a three-block randomized scheme field trial by
artificially infecting them with an X. fastidiosa strain. All cultivars
were genotyped in advance with 10 SSR markers to identify synonyms and
homonyms. Genotypes were evaluated for symptomatology, colony forming units
(cfu)/ml, and Cq value after 4 (2021), 5 (2022), and 6 (2023) years postinoculation
by Real-Time PCR assay. Molecular data were used to investigate
the genetic relationships between the resistant genotypes to provide clues
to start new olive breeding programs. The first results identified some
promising genotypes which show low symptoms, low number of cfu, and high Cq
values which indicate a potential resistance to the disease, comparable to
that of Leccino. The investigation will be continued to consolidate these
results
APULIAN OLIVE GERMPLASM AS POTENTIAL SOURCES OF RESISTANCE TO XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA
No full textThe olive tree (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. europaea) represents the
cornerstone crop of Apulian economic system based on the production of oil
and table olives. During the last years, the high genetic variability of
Apulia's olive germplasm is being exposed to a risk of genetic erosion due
to social, economic, and climatic changes. In addition, since 2013, the
spread of the gram-negative bacterium Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca,
which is responsible for the olive tree rapid decline syndrome (OQDS), has
menaced Apulia's olive biodiversity, damaging the regional economy and
landscape heritage.
To reduce the impact of Xylella fastidiosa, breeding programs have been
started to identify agronomically interesting traits and new sources of
tolerance or resistance.
So far, two cultivars "Leccino" and "FS17" (also known as "Favolosa")
showed resistance to X. fastidiosa in contrast to the susceptible cultivars
"Cellina di Nardò" and "Ogliarola salentina". In addition, recent studies
have shown a moderate tolerance in "Frantoio," "Toscanina," "Termite di
Bitetto," "Maiatica," "Dolce di Cassano," "Oliastro," "Nociara," and
"Nocellara Etnea."
This study aims to investigate the variability of interactions with
X. fastidiosa of a large panel of Apulian olive genotypes.
Sixty olive samples (50 cultivars and 10 unknown genotypes) were grown up
in an experimental field, following a randomized block with 5 replicates,
located in the west part of the infected area in province of Lecce, and
they were inoculated with X. fastidiosa. Monitoring of colony-forming units
(CFU) by RealTime-PCR assay allowed to identify a different behavior of the
genotypes to the infection, based on the Cq values. A preliminary subset of
most promising tolerant genotypes (PT) including both cultivars and
unknown, was identified and characterized by molecular analysis with a set
of 10 SSR markers. The allelic profiles were compared with the molecular
profiles deposited in the Di.S.S.P.A database consisting of about 600 olive
genotypes widespread in the Mediterranean basin. Lynch and Ritland Method
(LRM), Neighbor-joining and STRUCTURE analysis allowed to highlight cases
of synonymy and homonymy, evaluate the genetic relationships between
unknown olive genotypes and cultivars, and investigate the genetic
structure of this Apulian olive germplasm
Vito Volterra
No full textVito Volterra (1860-1940) was one of the most famous representatives of Italian science in his day. Angelo Guerragio and Giovanni Paolini analyze Volterra’s most important contributions to mathematics and their applications, as well as his outstanding organizational achievements in scientific policy. Volterra was one of the founding fathers of functional analysis and the author of fundamental contributions in the field of integral equations, elasticity theory and population dynamics (Lotka-Volterra model). He delivered keynote lectures on the occasion of the International Congresses of Mathematicians held in Paris (1900), Rome (1908), Strasbourg (1920) and Bologna (1928). He became involved in the scientific development in united Italy and was appointed senator of the kingdom in 1905. One of his numerous non-mathematical activities was founding the National Research Council (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR). During the First World War he was active in military research. After the war he took a clear stand against fascism, which was the starting point for his exclusion. In 1926 he resigned as president of the world famous Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei and was later on excluded from the academy. In 1931 he was one of the few university lecturers who denied to swear an oath of allegiance to the fascistic regime. In 1938 he suffered from the impact of the racial laws. The authors draw a comprehensive picture of Vito Volterra, both as a great mathematician and an organizer of science
Isolation and molecular characterization of a Xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex strain from almond (Prunus dulcis) in Apulia, Southern Italy
No full textXylella fastidiosa is a xylem-limited phytopathogenic bacterium under regulation in the European Union as a priority pest. Given the potential risk posed by this pathogen to cultivated and ornamental plants, mandatory annual surveys and laboratory testing are required in Member States to early detect outbreaks. In the course of surveys carried out during early spring 2024 in the Apulia region (Southern Italy), X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex was identified using quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain
Reaction (qPCR), in a non-symptomatic sample from an almond tree (Prunus dulcis) in an orchard located in Santeramo in Colle, in Bari province. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to identify the subspecies and sequence type (ST) of the bacterium using the genomic DNAs extracted from the infected sample. Comparative sequence analysis of the seven MLST allele genes indicated that the obtained nucleotide
sequences completely matched allele sequences of X. fastidiosa in PubMLST database corresponding to the allelic profile (Sequence Type) ST26 related to subsp. multiplex. Bacterial colonies consistent in morphology with X. fastidiosa were isolated from asymptomatic host samples and identity was confirmed by real-time PCR analysis. This is the first report of detection of X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex ST26 in the EU
The part-time work and job on call in JustEatTakeaway supplementary company agreement for Takeaway.com Express Italy (Just Eat group) riders
No full textThe comment deals with the part-time work regulation, contained, in particular, in Part II of the JustEatTakeaway supplementary company
agreement. The use of this instrument is expected to be massive, considering that it is, in the parties' plans, the common form of work in the company.
The author analyses the provisions contained in the collective agreement, especially in the light of the discipline contained in the CCNL Logistica, Trasporto, Merci e Spedizione and in the Protocol signed on 18 July 2018 for the same sector. The author also discusses the rules on overtime and supplementary work and the rules on intermittent work, which are also subject to specific contractual regulations
Apulian Autochthonous Olive Germplasm: A Promising Resource to Restore Cultivation in Xylella fastidiosa-Infected Areas
No full textThe olive tree (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. europaea) represents the cornerstone crop of Apulian agriculture, which is based on the production of oil and table olives. The high genetic variability of the Apulian olive germplasm is at risk of genetic erosion due to social, economic, and climatic changes. Furthermore, since 2013, the spread of the Gram-negative bacterium Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca responsible for the olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS) has been threatening olive biodiversity in Apulia, damaging the regional economy and landscape heritage. The aim of this study was to investigate the differential response to X. fastidiosa infection in a collection of 100 autochthonous Apulian olive genotypes, including minor varieties, F1 genotypes, and reference cultivars. They were genotyped using 10 SSR markers and grown for 5 years in an experimental field; then, they were inoculated with the bacterium. Symptom assessments and the quantification of bacterium using a qPCR assay and colony forming units (CFUs) were carried out three and five years after inoculation. The study allowed the identification of nine putatively resistant genotypes that represent a first panel of olive germplasm resources that are useful both for studying the mechanisms of response to the pathogen and as a reserve for replanting in infected areas
The working time regulation in JustEatTakeaway supplementary company agreement for Takeaway.com Express Italy (Just Eat group) riders
No full textConsidering that the regulation of the time and the possible economic relevance of the phases of waiting for delivery is a field of discussion still access regarding the work of riders, the Author analyzes, in detail, how the JustEatTakeway supplementary company agreement regulates
the working hours of riders. The Author illustrates the discipline contained in the CCNL Logistica,Trasporto, Merci e Spedizione and in the Protocol signed on July 18, 2018 for the same sector, to which the same company agreement in comment refers
Facilmente digeribile...ma non per la Corte di giustizia! Ovvero: della nozione di «informazioni sulla salute» nell'etichettatura delle bevande alcoliche secondo la normativa UE
No full textIn this article the Author comments on the recent sentence of the Court of Justice EU of 6 September 2012, Deutsches Weintor. After a general introduction of the issue and a summary of the grounds of the decision, the Author highlights problems with the interpretation of the Regulation (Ec) No 1924/06 given by the Court of Justice and finds it both too restrictive and in non-compliance with the principle of proportionality. The negative consequences of the sentence in the specific sector of the functional foodstuffs market are analysed, and the juridical evaluation also covers the Commission Regulation (Eu) No 432/2012 of 16 May 2012 establishing a list of permitted health claims made in foods, as well as the role of EFSA in the definition of the criterion to interpret the Regulation on nutritional and health claims. The article concludes with a request for a future revision of the jurisprudence and the general regulation of this matter in order to achieve a better equilibrium between the protection of health, consumer rights and the economic interests of businesses
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