1,720,964 research outputs found
Opplevde inneklimaproblem i norske boliger og tiltak for å bedre disse
Full text linkFormålet med denne oppgaven er å svare på følgende problemstilling: Hvilke tiltak er aktuelle å iverksette i boliger der hvor inneklimaet oppleves problematisk av beboerne?
Mennesker bruker store deler av tiden sin innendørs og det er derfor viktig at inneklimaet er komfortabelt og oppleves som et behagelig miljø å være i. Denne oppgaven skal se på hvilke problemer beboere i Norge opplever ved inneklimaet i boligene sine og hvilke tiltak som kan gjøres for å bedre det.
Det er gjennomført kvalitative forskningsintervju med seks intervjuobjekter fra en pasientorganisasjon og en bedrift. Det er også gjennomført en litteraturstudie. Reliabilitet og validitet er vurdert for begge metoder, det vurderes til tilfredsstillende for forskningsintervjuene, men delvis tilfredsstillende for litteraturstudiet da dette burde hatt mer mangfold og flere studier.
Bakgrunnen til oppgaven går inn på faktorer som former inneklima, ulike kjente inneklimaproblemer og eventuelle tiltak som kan utføres for å bedre det. Ulike ventilasjonstyper og riktig drift og vedlikehold presenteres, blant annet viktigheten av å bytte filter. Boliger og klima i Norge er presentert, i tillegg til ulike væremåter beboere har som kan påvirke inneklimaet.
Resultatene fra forskningsintervjuene viser er klar tendens til at norske beboere plages spesielt med fire ulike opplevde inneklimaproblem. Disse er støy fra ventilasjonssystemer, tørr luft, varme om sommeren og fukt og kondesproblemer. Det er klar enighet mellom intervjuobjektene om at manglende kunnskap hos beboere er en klar grunn til at det norske folk opplever plager ved inneklimaet.
Det finnes flere likheter mellom tidligere studier og resultatene i denne oppgaven. Det er også uenigheter, men i hovedsak viser diskusjonen noen klare sammenhenger med resultatene fra forskningsintervjuene og tidligere studier.
Oppgaven konkluderer med at det er fire opplevde inneklimaproblem som går igjen i norske boliger. I konklusjonen anbefales tiltak for å bedre inneklimaet dersom man opplever problemer med tørr luft, fukt og kondens, støy eller termisk komfort.
Videre arbeid anbefaler å gå nærmere inn på beboeradferd som bedrer eller forverrer inneklimaet og lære mer om hva menneskene gjør i boligene sine som påvirker inneklimaet. Det anbefales også å se nærmere på om luftfukter er en god måte å øke relativ luftfuktighet grunnet uenigheter rundt om dette er en pålitelig måte å øke relativ luftfuktighet på.The purpose of this project assignment is to answer the following research question: What measures are relevant to implement in homes where the indoor climate is perceived as problematic by the residents?
People spend a significant amount of their time indoors, making it important for the indoor environment to be comfortable and perceived as a pleasant place to be. This project assignment will look at what issues that residents in Norway encounter regarding the indoor climate in their homes and identify measures that can be taken to improve it.
Qualitative research interviews have been conducted with six interviewees from a patient organization and a commercial company. A literature review has also been carried out. Reliability and validity have been assessed for both methods, and are considered satisfactory for the research interviews, but only partially satisfactory for the literature review, as it should have had more diversity and several studies.
The background of the project assignment goes into factors that shape indoor climate, various known indoor climate issues, and potential measures that can be undertaken to improve it. Different types of ventilation systems and proper operation and maintenance are presented, including the importance of filter replacement. Housing buildings and climate in Norway are presented, as well as different behaviors of residents that can impact the indoor climate.
The results from the research interviews clearly indicate that Norwegian residents are particularly affected by four distinct indoor climate issues. These include noise from ventilation systems, dry air, heat during the summer, and problems related to moisture and condensation. There is a unanimous agreement among the interviewees that lack of knowledge among residents is a significant factor contributing to the perceived indoor climate issues by the Norwegian population.
There are several similarities between previous studies and the findings in this project assignment. There are also disagreements, but overall, the discussion demonstrates some clear connections with the results from the research interviews and previous studies.
This project assignment concludes that there are four recurrent indoor climate issues in Norwegian homes. The conclusion recommends measures to improve the indoor climate if experiencing problems with dry air, moisture and condensation, noise, or thermal comfort.
Further research recommends looking further into resident behavior that improves or worsens the indoor climate and gaining more knowledge about what people do in their homes that affect the indoor climate. It is also recommended to examine whether using a humidifier is an effective way to increase relative humidity, considering the disagreements surrounding its reliability as a method to increase relative humidity
Hydrogen sulphide risk characteristics in wastewater work
Full text linkEnglish summary
Work with sewage has always been considered dirty, and therefore been looked down at. Today we know that this work is essential for the public's health and welfare.
The work with risk-reducing measures starts with understanding the risk. From unpleasant odours for the surroundings, to caustic damage to mucous membranes and, worst case, death. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) from sewage has been shown to have an irregular exposure pattern with very low concentrations on average, so that connections with health outcome have been difficult to understand. With the development of measurement technology that can measure with a short response time, it has become possible to detect peaks with durations of less than one minute, whereas previously you often had to measure up to 10 minutes unless the concentrations were very high.
The development in measuring technology provides new opportunities, and presents the question of how these opportunities can be used for better understanding the risks of exposure. It has been suggested that 8 hour or 15 minute time weighted averages, are unsuitable to describe the risk when the exposure varies a lot. Ceiling value assessments only give a yes/no answer. This contributed to the idea of developing an index to describe the exposure, so that several elements could be weighted, not just a dose calculated based on concentration and time, but also number of peaks and peak height.
Three different strategies have been used to collect exposure data. More than 8000 workdays are measured. In data set A, the 93 expert measurements with activity data on partly randomly selected days was collected among 56 persons in the Oslo area and in Trøndelag County, including Trondheim. Measurements were made with measurement equipment OdaLog L2/LL from ThermoFisher Scientific, PAC 7000 and x-am 5000 from Dräger. In Dataset B routine self-administered data collection from alarm sensors Honeywell BW MicroClipX3 were done among 60 persons in water and wastewater work in Trondheim municipality, the third largest municipality in Norway. This gave 7083 measured workdays. Dataset C is from the same workers and equipment as in B. It is self-administered data collection every day in periods, together with collection of activity data for 872 measured workdays. We thus have data to compare the type of measuring equipment and employee groups, but also the results in values and frequencies. We have proposed a graphical presentation of the time weighted average, exceedance or not of ceiling value, and index value. All in the same figure in order to get a better overall understanding of the risk of the exposure.
The use of alarm sensors in the work is considered a necessity for the safety of the workers. It is recommended to use a retrieving strategy supporting data access, storage and presentation to the employees and employee groups. This includes routine bump checks and routine calibration. Equipment with a short response time (T90) is recommended. Time periods down towards and below 15 seconds is achievable in alarm equipment in 2023. It is recommended that the limit of quantification is a maximum of 10 % of the occupational limit value, and that it can be measured at least to 100 ppm H2S, which is the limit of immediate danger to life or health, defined by NIOSH. Under these conditions, alarm equipment can also be used for documentation of average exposure, not just as alarms and of maximum level.
Choice of technology in work equipment has been shown to influence exposure levels. Among other things, there are big differences when flushing with clean water versus recycled flushing water. More frequent emptying of the septic tank or cesspool means less need to flush in parallel to the emptying of them. Ventilation is important. Employees who go down into water manholes are also exposed to H2S well above the ceiling value. It appears to be due to the possibility of drainage linked to the sewer pipes.Norsk sammendrag
Arbeid med avløp har alltid vært ansett som skittent, og derfor sett ned på. I dag vet vi at arbeidet er helt essensielt for befolkningens helse og velferd.
Arbeidet med risikoreduserende tiltak starter med å forstå risikoen. Fra ubehagelig lukt for omgivelsene, til etseskader på slimhinner og i verste fall død. Hydrogensulfid (H2S) fra kloakk har vist seg å ha et uregelmessig eksponeringsmønster med gjennomsnittlig svært lave konsentrasjoner, slik at sammenhenger har vært vanskelige å forstå. Med utvikling av måleteknologi som kan måle med kort responstid har det blitt mulig å oppdage topper med varigheter under ett minutt, mens man tidligere ofte måtte opp i 10 minutter med mindre konsentrasjonene var svært høye.
Med utviklingen i måleteknologi kommer også nye mulighet og spørsmålet om hvordan disse kan benytte til å bedre forstå risikoen ved eksponeringen. Tankene om at gjennomsnittsverdier over 8 timer eller 15 minutter ikke er egnet for å beskrive risikoen når eksponeringen varierer mye, har vært luftet av flere. Takverdivurderinger gir bare et ja/ nei-svar. Dette bidro til tankene om å utvikle en indeks for å beskrive eksponeringen, slik at flere elementer kunne vektes, ikke bare beregne en dose basert på konsentrasjon og tid, men også antall topper og maks-nivå.
Tre forskjellige strategier har blitt brukt for å samle eksponeringsdata. Mer enn 8000 arbeidsdager er målt. I datasett A er det 93 ekspert-målinger med aktivitetsdata på til dels tilfeldig utvalgte dager blant 56 personer i Oslo-området og i Trøndelag fylke, herunder også Trondheim kommune. Målinger ble gjort med måleutstyret OdaLog L2/LL fra ThermoFisher Scientific, PAC 7000 og x-am 5000 fra Dräger. Datasett B dekker 7083 arbeidsdager med selvadministrert datainnhenting fra alarmsensorer Honeywell BW MicroClipX3 fra 60 personer i vann- og avløpsetaten i Trondheim kommune, den tredje største kommunen i Norge. De samme personene har i datasett C foretatt selvadministrert datainnhenting fra alarmutstyret hver dag i perioder, sammen med aktivitetsdata. I alt har datasettet 872 målte dager. Dermed har vi data til å sammenligne type måleutstyr og arbeidstakergrupper, men også resultatene i verdier og frekvenser. Vi har foreslått en grafisk presentasjon av gjennomsnitt, takverdioverskridelse og indeksverdi i samme figur for å få en bedre samlet risikoforståelse av eksponeringen.
Bruk av alarmsensorer i arbeidet anses som en nødvendighet for arbeidstakernes sikkerhet. Når utstyret først må skaffes og brukes, anbefales det en innsamling av måledata som støter opp under datatilgang, oppbevaring og presentasjon for arbeidstakerne og arbeidstakergruppene. I dette inngår rutinemessige bump-kontroller og jevnlig kalibrering. Det anbefales utstyr med kort responstid (T90). Tider ned mot og under 15 sekunder er i 2023 oppnåelig også i alarmutstyr. Det anbefales at kvantifiseringsgrensen maksimalt er på 10 % av grenseverdien, og at det kan måles minst til 100 ppm H2S, som er grensen for umiddelbar fare for liv eller helse, definert av NIOSH. Under disse forutsetningen kan også alarmutstyr benyttes til dokumentasjon av gjennomsnittseksponering, ikke bare som alarmer og av topp-nivå.
Valg av teknologi i arbeidsutstyret har vist seg å påvirke eksponeringsnivåene. Blant annet er det store forskjeller ved spyling med rent vann kontra resirkulert spylevann. Hyppigere tømming av septikk gir mindre behov for å spyle parallelt med tømmingen. Ventilasjon er også viktig. Ansatte som går ned i vannkummer er også utsatt for H2S langt over takverdi. Det ser ut til å skyldes mulighet for avrenning som er knyttet til avløpsledning
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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