202 research outputs found
Examples of grades of trachomatous scarring from S1 to S4.
No full textOriginal source: Wolle MA, Muñoz B, Mkocha H, West SK. Age, sex, and cohort effects in a longitudinal study of trachomatous scarring. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009 Feb;50 [2]:592–6 [15]. Copyright is held by ARVO.</p
The prayer for the Caliph al-Ma’mun by Theodore Abu Qurra, bishop of Harran
No full textThis is a translation of a prayer for the Abbasid Caliph al-Ma’mun (813–833), attributed to Theodore Abu Qurra, Arab Orthodox bishop of Harran (ca. 750 — ca. 830) and composed in rhymed prose (saj‘). Although this text can be considered as a model of prayer for virtually any ruler, certain formulae suggest that the author was referring to the historical fi gure of al-Ma’mun. The text is of interest as a piece of evidence for al-Ma’mun’s popularity among Arab Christian authors who attempted to create his positive image in texts of various genres
The terms of sound, interval, tune, genre and scale In the work of Hasan B. Ahmad Ibn Ali Al-Katib titled “Kamal Adab Al-Ghina”
No full textX. yüzyılın sonu veya XI. yüzyılın ilk yarısında yazıldığı tahmin edilen Hasan b. Ahmed b. Ali el-Kâtib’e ait Kemâlü Edebi’l-Gınâ adlı ansiklopedik eser, mûsikî nazariyesi ve tarihine dair verdiği malumat bakımından önemlidir. İçerik olarak ses, aralık, nağme, cins, lahin, mûsikî, îkâ‘, çalgılar, mûsikî felsefesi, dönemin mûsikîşinasları, edebiyatçıları, yöneticileri gibi birbirinden farklı pek çok konuyu 43 bölümde ele almıştır. Kemâlü Edebi’l-Gınâ’da ses sistemi, kendinden önceki Kindî (ö. 874), Fârâbî (ö. 950), İbn Sinâ (ö. 1037) ve İbn Zeyle’nin (ö. 1048) görüşleriyle paralellik arz etmektedir. Kitabın müellifi Ali el-Kâtib hakkında kaynaklarda yeteri kadar bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmayla Ali el-Kâtib’e ait bu kıymetli eserin akademik camiada bilinirliliği ve öneminin anlaşılması hedeflenmektedir. Yararlanılan ana kaynak Gattas Abdülmelik’in tahkikli neşridir. Makalede yöntem ve metodoloji belirlendikten sonra Kemâlü Edebi’l-Gınâ’da ses, aralık, nağme, cins ve cem‘ konusuna dair verilen bilgiler incelenecektir.The encylopedic work called the Kemâlü Edebi’l-Gınâ, which is estimated to be written at the end of the 10th century or during the first half of the 11th century by Hasan b. Ahmed b. Ali el-Kâtib, is important in terms of its content about musical theory and history. Many different topics such as sound, pitch, tune, interval, genre, music, instruments, lahin, rythm, the musical philosophy, the musicians, litterateurs, statesmen of era are handled in 43 chapters. The sound system in Kemâlü Edebi’l-Gınâ shows parallelism with the opinions of those before them such as Kindi, Farabi, Ibn Sina, and Ibn Zeyle. There isn’t enough information about the author of the book, Ali el-Kâtib, in the resources. In this study, it is aimed to show the importance and ensure the recognition of this valuable work owned by Ali el-Kâtib in the academic community. The main resource that we referred to is Gattas Abdulmelik's critical edition. In the article, after determining the methodology, the information about the sound, pitch, interval, tune, genre and scale will be examined
The Wujuh and Nazair Wıthin The Context of The Quran Translations: The Example of Sabel
No full textDillerin yapısal bir özelliği olarak bazı kelimeler zikredildiği siyaka göre farklı anlamlara gelebilmektedir. Bu tür kelimelerin ve ifade ettiği farklı anlamların bilinmesi Kur’an’ın yorumlanmasında ve tercüme edilmesinde dikkate alınması gereken bir husustur. Tefsir literatüründe, içerisinde bu tür kelimelerin tespit edilip farklı anlamlarının zikredildiği eserler vücûh ve nezâir genel adıyla anılır. Bir kelimenin, zikredildiği farklı yerlerde farklı anlamlarda kullanılması vücûh, aynı anlamda kullanılması nezâir terimleriyle ifade edilir. Günümüze ulaşan ilk tefsir eserinin yazarı Mukātil b. Süleyman’ın (öl. 150/767) aynı zamanda el-Vücûh ve’n-Nezâir isimli bu alanda yazılmış müstakil ilk çalışmayı da yapmış olması Kur’an’ın doğru anlaşılması hususunda konunun önemini gösterir. Tefsir ve Kur’an çevirileri alanında çalışma yapanların bu literatürü öncelikli olarak incelemesi beklenir. Kur’an-ı Kerîm’in farklı yerlerinde farklı anlamları ifade eden bu tür kelimelerin tutarlılık adına hedef dile tek bir anlamı esas alınarak çevrilmesi âyetlerin gerçek anlamlarının ortaya çıkmasına engel olacaktır. Kur’an çevirilerinde bu alanın önemini göstermesi açısından bu çalışmada vücûh ve nezâirin Kur’an çevirilerine etkisi “sebîl” kelimesi örnekliğinde incelenecektir. Kelimenin Kur’an’da farklı anlamlarda kullanıldığı yerler tespit edilecek ve nasıl çevrilmesi gerektiği bu çerçevede değerlendirilecektir.As a structural feature of language, some words may have different meanings depending on the context in which they are uttered. Knowing these kinds of words and their different meanings is a significant issue to be considered while interpreting and translating the Quran. In the Exegesis literature, the works in which such words are identified and used with different meanings are called wujuh and nazair. When a word has different meanings in different contexts, it is called wujuh. On the other hand, if it has similar meanings in different places, it is called nazair. Muqatil b. Sulayman (d. 150/767), author of the first extant exegetical work, carried out the first single study in this field named al-Wujuh and al-Nazair. His work clearly shows the importance of wujuh and nazair in understanding the Quran correctly. Those who study the field of Exegesis and Quran translations are primarily expected to examine this literature. Translating such words, which express different meanings in different parts of the Quran, with a uniform meaning to have consistency in the target language will semantically damage the meaning of some verses. In order to illustrate the importance of the lexical studies in Quran translations, this study will examine the effect of "wujuh and nezair" on Quran translations through the example of the word "sabil". First, the places where the word is used with different meanings in the Quran will be spotted, Then, the way that it should be translated will be examined within the framework of wujuh and nezair studies
Trends in Weekly Reported Net use by Children During and after Rainy Season in Central Tanzania.
No full textThe use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) is one of the principal interventions to prevent malaria in young children, reducing episodes of malaria by 50% and child deaths by one fifth. Prioritizing young children for net use is important to achieve mortality reductions, particularly during transmission seasons. Households were followed up weekly from January through June 2009 to track net use among children under seven under as well as caretakers. Net use rates for children and caretakers in net-owning households were calculated by dividing the number of person-weeks of net use by the number of person-weeks of follow-up. Use was stratified by age of the child or caretaker status. Determinants of ownership and of use were assessed using multivariate models. Overall, 60.1% of the households reported owning a bed net at least once during the study period. Among net owners, use rates remained high during and after the rainy season. Rates of use per person-week decreased as the age of the child rose from 0 to six years old; at ages 0-23 months and 24-35 months use rates per person-week were 0.93 and 0.92 respectively during the study period, while for children ages 3 and 4 use rates per person-week were 0.86 and 0.80. For children ages 5-6 person-week ratios dropped to 0.55. This represents an incidence rate ratio of 1.67 for children ages 0-23 months compared to children aged 5-6. Caretakers had use rates similar to those of children age 0-35 months. Having fewer children under age seven in the household also appeared to positively impact net use rates for individual children. In this area of Tanzania, net use is very high among net-owning households, with no variability either at the beginning or end of the rainy season high transmission period. The youngest children are prioritized for sleeping under the net and caretakers also have high rates of use. Given the high use rates, increasing the number of nets available in the household is likely to boost use rates by older children
Longitudinal Analysis of Antibody Responses to Trachoma Antigens Before and After Mass Drug Administration.
No full textBlinding trachoma, caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis, is a neglected tropical disease targeted for elimination by 2020. A major component of the elimination strategy is mass drug administration (MDA) with azithromycin. Currently, program decisions are made based on clinical signs of ocular infection, but we have been investigating the use of antibody responses for post-MDA surveillance. In a previous study, IgG responses were detected in children lacking clinical evidence of trachoma, suggesting that IgG responses represented historical infection. To explore the utility of serology for program evaluation, we compared IgG and IgA responses to trachoma antigens and examined changes in IgG and IgA post-drug treatment. Dried blood spots and ocular swabs were collected with parental consent from 264 1-6 year olds in a single village of Kongwa District, central Tanzania. Each child also received an ocular exam for detection of clinical signs of trachoma. MDA was given, and six months later an additional blood spot was taken from these same children. Ocular swabs were analyzed for C. trachomatis DNA and antibody responses for IgA and total IgG were measured in dried bloods spots. Baseline antibody responses showed an increase in antibody levels with age. By age 6, the percentage positive for IgG (96.0%) was much higher than for IgA (74.2%). Antibody responses to trachoma antigens declined significantly six months after drug treatment for most age groups. The percentage decrease in IgA response was much greater than for IgG. However, no instances of seroreversion were observed. Data presented here suggest that focusing on concordant antibody responses in children will provide the best serological surveillance strategy for evaluation of trachoma control programs
Electrocoagulation for nitrate removal in groundwater of intensive agricultural region: a case study of Harran plain, Turkey
No full textThis study focuses on the mechanism of Nitrate (NO3?) removal from aqueous solutions by electrocoagulation (EC) using aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) electrodes and on the reduction of high nitrate levels in the groundwater of an arid/semi-arid region. Influence of initial pH, varying electrode material, inter-electrode distance, initial conductivity, and nitrate concentration over percentage removal of nitrate as well as energy consumption were all studied. The process was carried out by batch method at room temperature (25 °C). Tests were performed on a synthetic water sample prepared in the laboratory and ten samples collected from the Harran Plain region. According to the results of experimental studies, optimum experimental conditions were found to be with Al electrodes and initial pH = 6, run time = 210 min, current density = 2.31 A/m2, inter-electrode distance = 10 mm, and conductivity = 1000 µs/cm for removal of 80.1% nitrate (initial concentration = 250 mg/L). The energy consumption for experimental setup and real groundwater were 2.07 kWh/m3 and 1.925 kWh/m3, respectively. As the Al electrode distance was increased from 10 to 20 mm, the percentage of nitrate removal decreased from 80.1 to 62.3% because of the decrease in electrostatic attraction. It was found that Fe electrodes did not have a significant effect on nitrate removal (12.4%). The removal efficiency of Ugurlu groundwater that has the highest nitrate concentration was found to be 62.0% for Al electrode and 39.0% for Fe electrode. The Al-Al electrode combination used in the studies yielded better efficiency than the Fe–Fe electrode combination. It is thought that this method will also be applicable to regions with the same characteristics as the arid/semi-arid study region. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature.17199This study was funded by the Scientific Research Projects Committee of Harran University, (HUBAP) under Project No. 17199
Sci Rep
No full textOcular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis can lead to trachoma, a leading infectious cause of blindness. Trachoma is targeted for elimination by 2020. Clinical grading for ocular disease is currently used for evaluating trachoma elimination programs, but serological surveillance can be a sensitive measure of disease transmission and provide a more objective testing strategy than clinical grading. We calculated the basic reproduction number from serological data in settings with high, medium, and low disease transmission based on clinical disease. The data showed a striking relationship between age seroprevalence and clinical data, demonstrating the proof-of-principle that age seroprevalence predicts transmission rates and therefore could be used as an indicator of decreased transmission of ocular trachoma.26687891PMC468524
Mass treatment with azithromycin for trachoma control: participation clusters in households.
No full textBACKGROUND: Mass treatment to trachoma endemic communities is a critical part of the World Health Organization SAFE strategy. However, non-participation may not be at random, affecting coverage surveys and effectiveness if infection is differential. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: As part of the Partnership for Rapid Elimination of Trachoma (PRET), 32 communities in Tanzania, and 48 in The Gambia had a detailed census taken followed by mass treatment with azithromycin. The target coverage in each community was >80% of children ages <10 years. Community treatment assistants observed treatment and recorded compliance, thus coverage at the community, household, and individual level could be determined. Within each community, we determined the actual proportions of households where all, some, or none of the children were treated. Assuming the coverage in children <10 years of the community was as observed and non-participation was at random, we did 500 simulations to derive expected proportions of households where all, some, or none of the children were treated. Clustering of household treatment was detected comparing greater-than-expected proportions of households where none or all of children were treated, and the intraclass correlation (ICC) was calculated. Tanzanian and Gambian mass treatment coverages for children <10 years of age ranged from 82-100% and 62-99%, respectively. Clustering of households where all children were treated or no children were treated was greater than expected. Compared to model simulations, all Tanzanian communities and 44 of 48 (91.7%) Gambian communities had significantly higher proportions of households where all children were treated. Furthermore, 30 of 32 (93.8%) Tanzanian communities and 34 of 48 (70.8%) Gambian communities had a significantly elevated proportion of households compared to the expected proportion where no children were treated. The ICC for Tanzania was 0.77 (95% CI 0.74-0.81) and for The Gambia was 0.55 (95% CI 0.51-0.59). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: In programs aiming for high coverage, complete compliance or non-compliance with mass treatment clusters within households. Non-compliance cannot be assumed to be at random
Ophthalmic Epidemiol
No full textTrachoma, caused by repeated ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide and is targeted for elimination as a public health problem. We sought to determine whether a one-time azithromycin mass treatment would reduce trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) levels below the elimination threshold of 5% in communities with disease prevalence between 5 and 9.9%.|The study was conducted in 96 sub-village units (balozis) in the Kongwa district of Tanzania which were predicted from prior prevalence surveys to have TF between 5 and 9.9%. Balozis were randomly assigned to the intervention and control arms. The intervention arm received a single mass drug administration of azithromycin. At baseline and 12-month follow-up, ocular exams for trachoma, ocular swabs for detection of chlamydial DNA, and finger prick blood for analysis of anti-chlamydial antibody were taken.|Comparison of baseline and 12-month follow-up showed no significant difference in the overall TF| prevalence by balozi between control and treatment arms. In the treatment arm there was a significant reduction of ocular infection 12 months after treatment (p = 0.004) but no change in the control arm. No change in Pgp3-specific antibody responses were observed after treatment in the control or treatment arms. Anti-CT694 responses increased in both study arms (p = 0.009 for control arm and p = 0.04 for treatment arm).|These data suggest that a single round of MDA may not be sufficient to decrease TF levels below 5% when TF| is between 5 and 9.9% at baseline.201830543311PMC6352373672
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