7 research outputs found
Modifikasi Fantom ORNL_MIRD untuk Kebutuhan Simulasi Monte Carlo Pasien Radioterapi Kanker Payudara Menggunakan MCNPX
No full textIn medical physics, the simulation of radiation dose distribution in the body of radiotherapy patients is generally carried out using the Monte Carlo method. But in conducting this simulation, medical physicists are often faced with the incompatibility problems of phantom geometry with simulation needs. Phantom ORNL-MIRD is the most commonly used phantom in simulation. In a radiotherapy simulation, cancer cells are usually only assumed to be in the phantom’s body without any concrete form. This can cause the administration of radiation doses that are not right on cancer cells. Phantom ORNL-MIRD is also only composed of three materials, namely bone, lung, and the rest are considered as soft tissue. This certainly provides inappropriate simulation results, especially in the case of breast cancer radiotherapy where the breast is composed of adipose tissue. This study aims to make ORNL_MIRD phantom modelling suitable for the needs of Monte Carlo simulations of breast cancer patients. The phantom modification will be carried out on the soft tissue structure of the breast and the structure of the skin tissue. Cancer cells with a diameter of 2 cm were also added to the left breast at a depth of 2.5 cm. The γ rays from radionuclide 60Co with the energy of 1.1732 MeV and 1.3325 MeV and the probabilities of 0.989 and 0.998, respectively, were exposed to the phantom. The simulation results show that there are significant differences before and after modification. Absorption dose values in the breast with a soft tissue without tumour cells were 0.31 mGy with a relative error of 0.0023, while the absorbency dose rate in the breast with soft tissue and tumour cells was 0.2 mGy with a relative error of 0.0023
Who Preaches Protectionism? Economic and Electoral Influences on Trade-Related Position Taking in the Senate
No full textExisting studies of Congressional behavior devote little attention to understanding legislators' trade-related position taking outside the context of roll call votes. Using a new dataset on bill sponsorship that spans fifteen congresses, the author explores the factors that affect a senator's propensity to introduce protectionist trade bills, including state-level manufacturing characteristics, economic cycles and electoral vulnerability. The results provide support for a number of the prominent economic-based explanations for trade policy preferences, including the Heckscher-Ohlin and Ricardo-Viner models, and also draw attention to several additional economic and political influences on policy outcomes. Beyond trade politics, these findings have implications for the expanding body of research on bill sponsorship as well as the literature on the role of Congress in U.S. foreign policy making.Master of Art
Study of Potential Land Subsidence in East Aceh Region Based on Sediment Characterization Using Logging Data
No full textObservations to determine subsidence potential were conducted in East Aceh, based on sediment characterization using logging data. The study encompassed 9 measurement sites representing 9 villages from 9 sub-districts. The data used obtained from the Aceh Energy and Mineral Resources Service (ESDM). This data is processed to obtain the resistivity value of the subsurface sediment layer. The measurement results were then depicted in 1D profile illustrating the cross-section of subsurface lithology for each measurement point. Subsequently, several measurement points were correlated to generate a 2D bottom image representing two regions, referred to as cross-section A-A' and cross-section B-B'. The correlation outcomes revealed that cross-sectional area A-A', spanning approximately ±50 km from east to west through Cot Geulumpang Village, Java Village, Kuala Lawah Village, Bukit Seroja Village, and Rantau Panjang Village, shows a shallow surface layer consisting mostly of sand and sandy clay soil. The sand layer in this area exhibited a medium to fine size with a configuration of round-shaped particles containing quartz and shell minerals, forming a soft sediment layer. The structure and type of sediment in this area indicate the potential for land subsidence
Nyctereutes donnezani
No full textNyctereutes donnezani (Depéret, 1890) CRANIAL AND DENTAL REMAINS FROM ÇALTA Two rather complete skulls (MNHN.F.ACA291, ACA292) belonging to fully adult individuals; damaged right upper canine (ACA300); right P4 on a piece of bone (ACA298); two isolated M1 (ACA296, ACA297); a palate (unnumbered) at the Natural History Museum of Ankara bearing right and left P4-M2 series; a left isolated M1 (AKÇ-136) at the same museum; right mandible with the alveolus of p1 and p2-m3 (ACA549); fragment of right mandible with p4-m2 (ACA294); fragment of right mandible with c-p3 (ACA295); fragment of left mandible with m1-m2 and alveolus of m3 (ACA387); fragment of left mandible with p4 and alveoli of p1-p3 (FSL- 212806); right m1 on a piece of bone (ACA548); left lower canine (ACA299); fragment of left mandible with m1-m2 (AKÇ-134) and another fragment of left mandible with m1-m2 (unnumbered) in the collections of the Natural History Museum of Ankara. In addition to the cranial remains, there are a few postcranial bones that Ginsburg (1998) described and measured. They are not used in the present study. DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISON Skull The description of the cranial and dental remains is largely inspired by Ginsburg (1998) who provided a detailed comparative description of the Çalta fossils with Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) and some species of Nyctereutes, in particular N. donnezani and N. megamastoides (Pomel, 1843). In dorsal view, the Çalta skulls are narrow, elongated, and the muzzle thins progressively forward like in Vulpes vulpes but unlike in the extant Nyctereutes procyonoides (Gray, 1834), N. sinensis from China and N. megamastoides from western Europe, which have a much more massive skull and short muzzle. In dorsal view, the narrowing of the muzzle is progressive on the Çalta skulls, while it is abrupt in N. sinensis and N. megamastoides. The nasal bones are thin and long like in all other species of Nyctereutes, and they reach the level of the orbital constriction, distal to the maxillary-frontal suture. The posterodorsal part of the maxillae is slightly inclined as in N. sinensis and more than in V. vulpes. The postorbital processes are thick and well developed. They present a dorsal depression as in V. vulpes, N. sinensis and N. megamastoides. The ridges issuing from the distal margin of the postorbital processes join the sagittal crest behind the postorbital constriction, similar to N. tingi Tedford & Qiu, 1991. In N. megamastoides, N. sinensis and N. procyonoides, the fusion of the postorbital ridges with the sagittal crest takes place in the middle of the braincase, i.e. much more caudally than in N. tingi and in the skulls of Çalta. The sagittal crest is stronger than in V. vulpes and N. megamastoides. The braincase is curved as in the other species of Nyctereutes and Vulpes. In lateral view, the jugal bone is larger in the specimens from Çalta than in N. sinensis and V. vulpes. The tympanic bullae are more rounded than in V. vulpes and Canis lupus (Linnaeus, 1758). The paroccipital process (or jugular process) is appressed to the tympanic bullae and descends ventrally the level or even below the level of the bullae. This process is much higher in V. vulpes, N. tingi, N. sinensis and N. megamastoides. The nuchal crest fully dominates the occipital surface. It is stronger than in V. vulpes and C. lupus, but is similar in thickness to that of N. megamastoides. Ginsburg (1998) did not note that the two skulls from Çalta are different in size, MNHN.F.ACA291 being clearly larger than ACA292. In particular, the former is more robust and has stronger sagittal and nuchal crests, better defined temporal line and occiput structures, thicker zygomatic process of the maxillary bone, elongated but less rounded braincase, and thicker postarticular process. An anecdote deserves to be mentioned here. When the second author (S. Sen) was cleaning and preparing the fossils from Çalta in 1974, Björn Kurtén (1924-1988), the famous Finnish vertebrate paleontologist, visited the Institute of Paleontology of the Museum in Paris. He came to see the Çalta fossils under preparation, and asked for carnivores. He took the two Nyctereutes skulls of Çalta in his hands, observed them for a while, and said only “Monsieur et Madame”, and he left. We agree with B. Kurtén in considering the differences noted here above as due to sexual dimorphism. We will see that such differences also exist on the mandibles. Mandible The ascending ramus is broken in all of the seven fragments of mandible from Çalta, which all represent parts of the corpus and bear various numbers of teeth. The corpus is quite long and moderately thick, and its depth increases progressively backward, more so on specimen MNHN.F.ACA549 than on ACA294 and FSL-212806. The ventral margin is slightly convex, mainly below the p4 and the molars. The symphyseal process is well defined under the p2, interrupting the ventral profile of the body (Fig. 3). This process is apparently absent in the extant species, but variably present in fossil species of Nyctereutes. One of the diagnostic features of Nyctereutes is the presence of the subangular lobe, which is the insertion ridge of the digastric muscle. This muscle links the corpus of the mandible to the paroccipital process. The digastric muscle is involved in all complex jaw action, mainly by pulling the lower jaw backward and pivoting it at the jaw joint to open the mouth. The subangular lobe is strong on the specimen MNHN.F.ACA549, similar in importance to that of N. donnezani from Perpignan and N. tingi from the Yushe Basin (Depéret 1890; Tedford & Qiu 1991), but weak on specimen ACA294 (Fig. 3). The lobe is stronger and placed distally in N. megamastoides, N. sinensis and N. abdeslami (Boule 1889; Depéret 1890; Teilhard de Chardin & Piveteau 1930; Viret 1954; Martin 1971; Tedford & Qiu 1991; Koufos 1993; Geraads 1997; De Vos et al. 2002; Rook et al. 2017), as well as in the extant species N. procyonoides (Hidaka et al. 1998). The degree of development of this lobe, which is weak in the species from late the Miocene/early Pliocene (N. donnezani and N. tingi), but strong in the younger species (N. megamastoides, N. sinensis, N. abdeslami and N. procyonoides), is used to distinguish species. However, as shown by the specimens from Çalta, the robustness of this lobe may also be due to sexual dimorphism. To quantify the importance of the subangular lobe, we calculated the index (depth of the body behind m2/ depth of the body in front of p4) × 100. This index is 148 on the mandible with a strong subangular lobe (ACA549), and 130 on the mandible with a weak subangular lobe ACA294. We hypothesize that this difference in the development of the subangular lobe is due to sexual dimorphism, a strong subangular lobe being characteristic of male individuals. This value is 147 for the type mandible of N. donnezani from Perpignan, 133 for the mandible of Layna, Spain, 123 for the type mandible of N. tingi, but 142 for the other mandible referred to this species from the Upper Gaozhuang Formation (Tedford & Qiu 1991: fig. 1G). In other words, all these specimens are similar in the robustness of the subangular lobe if we consider that the large values indicate male individuals and the small values female individuals. This index cannot be applied to N. megamastoides, N. sinensis, N. abdeslami and N. procyonoides because in these species the subangular lobe is situated in a different position, as we will see below. Another character of the subangular lobe is its position and shape.On specimen MNHN.F.ACA549 it extends from beneath the distal half of m1 to behind m3, and its distal margin is curved. The mandibles of N. donnezani from Perpignan and N. tingi from the Yushe Basin have a similar shape and position of the subangular lobe (Depéret 1890; Tedford & Qiu 1991). On the fragment of mandible from Layna (Soria & Aguirre 1976: pl. 2, fig. 1; Bartolini Lucenti et al. 2018: fig. 4A-C), the subangular lobe is weaker and starts a little more distally than on the type mandible from Perpignan. We suggest that the Layna hemimandible may represent a female individual of N. donnezani. Koufos (1997) referred to N. tingi a well-preserved skull from Megalo Emvolon, Greece, but its mandible is unknown. In N. megamastoides from Perrier (France) and from many other localities in Europe, N. vulpinus from St Vallier, N. abdeslami from Morocco, as well as in the extant species N. procyonoides, the ventral margin of the body is almost flat and the subangular lobe is situated more posteriorly, its maximum development being under the coronoid process. In N. sinensis from China, the ventral margin of the mandible is irregularly curved, and the subangular lobe is situated a little more anteriorly than in N. megamastoides and N. abdeslami. Distal to the subangular lobe, MNHN.F.ACA549 displays an open angle between the subangular lobe and the base of the ascending ramus; this part is not preserved on the other specimens of Çalta. In the mandibles of N. donnezani from Perpignan and Layna, this angle is also a rather open curve. In N. megamastoides, N. abdeslami and N. sinensis the distal margin of the subangular lobe is almost vertical, and the angle between this lobe and the angular process is sharp. For this character, N. vulpinus displays an intermediate position. The labial face has two mental foramina, the larger one is under the p1 at the mid depth of the body, and the second smaller one is under p3 and situated in the upper part of the body. In N. tingi, the second foramen is placed under the anterior root of the p3. Although there are two mental foramina in all species, their position is somewhat variable between individuals. Judging by our reading of the literature, sexual dimorphism in fossil species of Nyctereutes is unknown. This may be partly explained by the limited number of specimens in most localities and their fragmentary nature, which is insufficient to demonstrate sexual dimorphism. However, some localities, such as Saint-Vallier (France, latest Pliocene) have yielded abundant remains of raccoon dog. The Saint-Vallier material has been studied by Viret (1954), Martin (1971) and Argant (2004) who referred it to N. megamastoides, by Soria & Aguirre (1976) who distinguished it as a new subspecies N. megamastoides vulpinus, and by Monguillon et al. (2004) who recognized a distinct species N. vulpinus. These authors did not mention any differences to be interpreted as sexual dimorphism in the Saint-Vallier assemblage. On the other hand, Hidaka et al. (1998) and Kim et al. (2012) observed some features indicating sexual dimorphism in the extant species N. procyonoides, such as stronger canine width, longer m3, thicker mandibular body and narrower postorbital constriction in male individuals, and a more globular braincase in female individuals. These observations partly overlap with the morphological differences that we noted as due to sexual dimorphism in the skulls and mandibles from Çalta. Dentition The only upper incisor preserved is an I3 of MNHN.F.ACA292, which has an asymmetric and rather sharp crown (Fig. 1). Its buccal face is slightly curved. The lingual face is curved mainly at the base of the crown. The morphology is quite similar to that of the I3 of V. vulpes and N. procyonoides. The upper canine is long, sharp and barely curved. It is similar in size and thickness to that of N. donnezani of Perpignan (Fig. 2). In N. megamastoides from Dafnero in Greece and Kvabebi in Georgia (Vekua 1972; Koufos 1993; Rook et al. 2017), as well as in the extant N. procyonoides, the upper canine is rather gracile and curved distally, similar in that of N. tingi from China. The canines of V. vulpes are slightly more pointed than in the specimens of Çalta. The P1, P2 and P3 are not preserved. There is a diastema of about 5 mm between the single alveolus of P1 and the anterior alveolus of the P2. The P4 is robust compared to that of V.vulpes, but similar to that of N. donnezani from Perpignan and Layna (Figs 1; 2). The anterior depression between the protocone and paracone is moderately deep, similar to N. donnezani (Perpignan and Layna). In N. megamastoides of Perrier this depression is more lingual, as it is in N. tingi, while in other specimens of N. megamastoides (Montopoli, Dafnero, Sesklon, Kvabebi) and N. sinensis (Nihowan and Yushe Basin), the anterior face of the P4 is almost straight. The latter two species differ in having the protocone strongly projected antero-lingually like in V. vulpes, while on the Çalta specimens, it does not exceed the level of the anterior margin of the paracone or is barely anterior to it. In N. tingi, the protocone is small, protrudes anterior to the paracone and is situated near it, thus shaping slender the outline of P4. There is a sharp ridge descending from the tip of the paracone anteriorly. Bartolini Lucenti (2017) provided a detailed morphological analysis of P 4 in different species of Nyctereutes. He noted that the metastylar blade is short in N. donnezani from Perpignan and Layna, and N. vulpinus from Saint-Vallier, France, while it is long in the type material of N. megamastoides from Perrier, indicating a more carnivorous diet. We tried to calculate the ratio of the metastylar blade to the total buccal length (paracone + metastylar blade) in all available records of Nyctereutes from Eurasia. Our results are not conclusive. The metastylar blade represents 37 to 46% of the total length, without, however, discriminating any species. For instance, on seven P4 from Çalta, this ratio varies between 38.8 and 43.1%. A continuous and thick lingual cingulum runs from the distal edge of the protocone to the distal base of the metacone. This cingulum is weak in M. megamastoides (Perrier, Montopoli, Dafnero, Sesklon, Kvabebi), N. vulpinus (St.-Vallier) and in the extant N. procyonoides, but similar in thickness to that of the Çalta specimens in N. donnezani (Perpignan, Layna) and N. sinensis (Nihowan). In summary, the P4 from Çalta is almost identical in proportions and morphology to that of N. donnezani from Perpignan and Layna (Fig. 4). The M1 is almost as long as it is wide (Fig. 4). However, the typical feature of this molar is the narrowness of its lingual part, which gives it an almost triangular outline,a character shared with W W W 7 9 9 5 7 7 3 5 5 1 3 3 681012145101520254681012 N. donnezani - Layna N. donnezani - Çalta N. tingi – Yushe N. donnezani - Perpignan N. donnezani, N tingi, and N. procyonoides. In N. megamastoides, N. abdeslami and N. sinensis, the lingual part is larger, and the molar has a trapezoidal outline. In addition, the occlusal outline of M1 and M 2 in the first group of species is curved distally in their lingual parts, as in Vulpes and Canis, while in the second group the M1 is not curved distally, but the M2 is. The paracone and metacone are equally large on the M1 of Çalta as in N. donnezani from Perpignan and Layna and N. megamastoides from Perrier, Dafnero, Sesklon and Kvabebi. In N. tingi, N. sinensis and N. procyonoides, the metacone is smaller than the paracone. The metaconule is well developed and slightly taller than the protocone. The M1 is surrounded by thick buccal and lingual cingula and thin mesial and distal cingula. The development of the cingula displays intra and interspecific variation and is rarely used for species distinction. The M2 is wider than long. The paracone is a little stronger than the metacone, and the metaconule is weaker than the protocone. These features are also found in N. donnezani, N. megamastoides, N. tingi and N. sinensis, but the latter two species have a metaconule that is even smaller. The hypocone is well developed and strongly raised, as in N. donnezani of Layna and Perpignan. It is different from that of N. sinensis, which has a much more massive hypocone (Teilhard de Chardin & Piveteau 1930). The labial and lingual cingula are present, well developed and continuous. The lingual part is curved distally as in other species of Nyctereutes, but this curvature is a little stronger in N. tingi, N. sinensis and N. procyonoides. The lower canine is sharp, a little shorter than in N. sinensis, N. procyonoides and V. vulpes, and in particular much less curved distally than in these species (Fig. 3). In these characters, it recalls N. donnezani from Layna, and N. tingi from the Yushe Basin. The p1 is small and single-rooted, and its crown is narrow, sharp and, similar to that of N. donnezani and N. procyonoides asymmetric. In M. megamastoides, N. tingi and N. sinensis this tooth is strongly because of its tip is displaced mesially. asymmetric The other lower premolars are two-rooted, narrow, elongated and with a sharp tip (Fig. 3). Their length and width increase from p2 to p4. The mesial ridge is sharper than the distal one as in all other species of Nyctereutes. Only the p4 has a distinct distal accessory cuspid. N. megamastoides and N. sinensis frequently also have a distal accessory cuspid on the p3. The distal edge of the premolars is widened and only the p4 has a distal cingulum, similar to N. donnezani and N. tingi. In other species, the distal edge of the premolars is much wider, in particular in p4, and often surrounded by a cingulum. The m1 is elongate and about twice as long as it is wide (Figs 3; 4). The anterior slope of the paraconid is almost vertical, while its posterior slope is inclined, similar like in N. donnezani. In other species, the distal slope of the paraconid is almost flat or slightly inclined near the protoconid. The protoconid is well developed, massive and greatly dominates the other cusps. The talonid is wide as, or even wider than the trigonid. This is also the case in other species of Nyctereutes, except in N. sinensis and N. donnezani from Perpignan, which have narrower talonids, while in the specimens of Layna, also referred to N. donnezani, the talonid is wider than the trigonid. The hypoconid is slightly more developed than the entoconid. In N. megamastoides, they are almost equal in volume whereas the hypoconid is much more developed than the entoconid in N. tingi and N. sinensis. The presence of a weak hypoconulid can be noted like in N. megamastoides and N. sinensis. The m2 is elongate, and its talonid is a little narrower than the trigonid (Fig. 3). In N. megamastoides the m2 is robust, almost rectangular in outline and more elongated. In N. tingi, N. sinensis and N. procyonoides the talonid of m2 is reduced. This is also the case with the specimens of N. donnezani from Perpignan and a right hemimandible from Layna (LC-3; Soria & Aguirre 1976: pl. 2, fig. 1), which have m2 with a narrow and reduced talonid, while on another right mandible from Layna (unnumbered; Soria & Aguirre 1976: pl. 2, fig. 2), the distal part of m2 is not reduced, and its shape is similar to that of the Çalta specimen. On the m2 of Çalta, the cusps are well developed, the metaconid is larger than the other cusps like in N. sinensis and N. megamastoides. There is a strong anterolabial cingulum as in N. megamastoides and N. donnezani. This cingulum is reduced or vestigial on the m2 of the Chinese species. The m3 is small and ovoid in outline (Fig. 3). It has a welldeveloped protoconid and a weak metaconid. This tooth is different from m3 of N. tingi in having two cusps instead of one. In other species, the m3 has two or even three cusps of variable volume. Regarding the size of teeth (Table 2; Fig. 4), the Çalta raccoon dog displays intermediate values between the larger N. tingi from the Yushe Basin in China and N. donnezani from Perpignan and Layna in western Europe. Using size criteria, Bartolini Lucenti (2018) suggested excluding the Çalta raccoon dog from N. donnezani, and referred it to Nyctereutes sp. In detailed comparison, the p4 and m1 of N. tingi are larger than all specimens referred to N. donnezani, including Çalta, while this is not obvious for the upper cheek teeth and the m3. The m3 of N. tingi is smaller than that of Çalta, Perpignan and Layna. The upper cheek teeth of N. tingi are poorly documented, with only two specimens for each, one small, similar in size to that of N. donnezani, while the other is larger than those of N. donnezani and Çalta. The dimensions of P4, M1, M2 and m2 from Çalta are greater than those of N. donnezani from Perpignan and Layna, while the p4 and m1 are similar in size to the ones from these localities. In summary, the size of the cheek teeth from Çalta are intermediate between the smaller teeth from Perpignan and Layna (N. donnezani) and the larger teeth from the Yushe Basin (N. tingi). Regarding the lack of obvious size differences, one can wonder what is the effect of sexual dimorphism on the dentition of Nyctereutes. Kim et al. (2012: 1614) observed in N. procyonoides that “sexual difference is more apparent from data relating to the skull than that relating to the teeth”. Taking into consideration these results, the size of the cheek teeth alone seems not useful for species differentiation given the lack of statistically significant samples for each species. The skull, mandible and dentition of the Çalta raccoon dog have many morphological similarities with those of N. donnezani from its type locality Perpignan as well as from Layna. As noted above, they display several characters that are different from other species of the genus, in particular N. tingi, N. sinensis, N. megamastoides and N. abdeslami. In view of this, it is very likely that the specimens of Çalta belong to N. donnezani. This identification will be tested by the phylogenetic analysis of cranial and dental characters in various species of the genus Nyctereutes.Published as
Assessing the Complex Evolution of Norms: The Rise of International Election Monitoring
No full textGiven that states have long considered elections a purely domestic matter, the dramatic growth of international election monitoring in the 1990s was remarkable. Why did states allow international organizations and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to interfere and why did international election monitoring spread so quickly? Why did election monitoring become institutionalized in so many organizations? Perhaps most puzzling, why do countries invite monitors and nevertheless cheat? This article develops a rigorous method for investigating the causal mechanisms underlying the rise of election monitoring, and norm cascades more generally. The evolution and spread of norms, as with many other social processes, are complex combinations of normative, instrumental, and other constraints and causes of action. The rise of election monitoring has been driven by an interaction of instrumentalism, emergent norms, and fundamental power shifts in the international system. By dissecting this larger theoretical complexity into specific subclaims that can be empirically investigated, this article examines the role of each of these causal factors, their mutual tensions, and their interactive contributions to the evolution of election monitoring.Versions of this article were presented at annual meetings of the International Studies Association and the American Political Science Association, and at a conference at Northwestern University. I thank Michael Barnett, Valarie Bunce, Jeff Checkel, Gary Goertz, Ian Hurd, Bruce Jentleson, Peter Katzenstein, Fritz Mayer, Layna Mosley, Arturo Santa-Cruz, and three anonymous reviewers for comments on earlier drafts. I am grateful to Lenka Siroki and Valentino Nikolova for research assistance. This material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0550111. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
Artes de canto (1492-1626) y mujeres en la cultura musical del mundo ibérico renacentista
No full text[spa] Esta Tesis Doctoral explora la cultura musical del mundo ibérico renacentista a través del estudio de artes de canto en lengua vernácula impresas entre 1492 y 1626 y de su relación con las mujeres de la época. La Tesis consta de siete capítulos, estructurados en dos partes (Vol. I), y de veinte apéndices (Vol. II). La primera parte (Capítulos I al IV) muestra que las características por las que estos libros que contenían los rudimentos de la música han sido infravalorados hasta ahora por la historiografía musical son precisamente las mismas que demuestran que respondían a una necesidad pedagógica y a la demanda de manuales asequibles, breves y prácticos por parte de un amplio mercado. Las artes de canto se imprimieron en tiradas de miles de ejemplares y eran vendidas a bajo precio, tuvieron una enorme circulación en la Península Ibérica y el Nuevo Mundo, y contribuyeron al incremento y la difusión de la educación musical en contextos educativos diferenciados (la iglesia, la universidad y el ámbito privado), así como entre grupos sociales hasta entonces excluidos del aprendizaje de los fundamentos de la música. El Arte de canto llano (Sevilla, 1530) de Juan Martínez emerge como el tratado de música del mundo hispánico más difundido geográfica y cronológicamente en el siglo XVI e inicios del XVII, pero del que casi nada se sabía. En la segunda parte (Capítulos V al VII), las conexiones entre estos libros de música y mujeres muestran que las áreas de superposición entre lo privado y lo público y entre lo oral y lo escrito permiten desafiar la invisibilidad de las mujeres en documentos históricos y vislumbrar trazas no sólo de la cultura musical de las mujeres de la época, sino también de la importancia de la música en la vida cotidiana. Se utiliza una diversidad de fuentes (artes de canto, libros de conducta, documentos inquisitoriales, literatura, correspondencia e inventarios de bienes, entre otras), a través de las cuales se ha podido documentar la relación con la música de, entre otras, Catalina de Zúñiga, VI Condesa de Lemos, Isabel de Plazaola, e Isabel de Aragón, IV Duquesa del Infantado. Empleando metodologías de la musicología tradicional junto a otras tomadas de los historiadores del libro y de la cultura popular, esta Tesis Doctoral presenta una panorámica de la vida musical de la época a través del prisma de doble alteridad que supone el estudio de las artes de canto, generalmente consideradas carentes de interés, y de su relación con las mujeres, insuficientemente representadas en la historiografía musical.[eng] This dissertation explores the musical culture of the Renaissance Iberian world through both the study of small-format treatises in the vernacular containing the rudiments of music –known as artes de canto– printed between 1492 and 1626, and the nexuses between them and women. The dissertation consists of seven chapters, structured into two parts (Volume I), and twenty appendixes (Volume II). Part I (Chapters I to IV) shows that the arte de canto, until now generally overlooked or undervalued in music historiography, was produced in print runs of thousands of copies and sold for a low price; it had a broad circulation in the Iberian Peninsula and the New World, contributing to the spread of musical literacy in distinct didactic contexts (churches, universities, private settings) and among social groups until then excluded from learning the rudiments of music. The little known Juan Martínez’s Arte de canto llano (Seville, 1530) emerges as the most circulated music book in the Hispanic world during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The aim of Part II (Chapters V to VII) is to approach the musical life of the sixteenth-century Iberian world through the exploration of women’s contributions, thus broadening the field of historical research. The study of some connections between music books and women shows that the points of overlap between the private and the public spheres, on the one hand, and the written and the oral music transmission, on the other hand, not only make women’s musical practices visible, but also offer new vistas on the popular culture of the age. Through a variety of source materials (artes de canto, conduct manuals, Inquisition records, literature, letters and inventories of goods, among others) it has been possible to document the musical activities of women such as Catalina de Zúñiga, VI Countess of Lemos, Isabel de Plazaola, and Isabel de Aragón, IV Duchess of the Infantado. Combining methodologies from traditional musicology with those borrowed from book history and popular culture, this dissertation analyzes music in the culture of the Renaissance Iberian world through the prism of double Otherness involved in studying the ‘other’ music books –that is the undervalued artes de canto– and their connections to women of that period
