915 research outputs found
Developing a scale to measure the presence of possible prejudicial stereotyping in police interviews with suspects: the minhas investigative interviewing prejudicial stereotyping scale (MIIPSS)
No full textIf police interviewers’ hold negative feelings towards certain groups, this may affect how they interview them (either as victims, witnesses or suspects) in that they may not obtain reliable accounts, being the aim of such interviews. The Minhas Investigative Interviewing Prejudicial Stereotyping Scale (MIIPSS) has been developed to assess the level of any investigative interviewers’ prejudicial stereotyping towards suspects. The current exploratory study involved semi-structured interviews with twenty people, who had previously been interviewed as suspects in England and also eight very experienced lawyers. Both their views were measured using the MIIPSS before being subjected to a Guttman analysis. Statistical analyses showed that MIIPSS satisfies the criteria for classification as a valid unidimensional and cumulative scale. Therefore, researchers could use MIIPSS as a tool to measure prejudicial stereotyping in investigative interviews. Interviewers could also use MIIPSS to monitor their own attitudes towards certain groups or individuals suspected of different types of crimes
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Racial and prejudicial stereotyping by police ::its impact on investigative interviewing and the outcomes of criminal investigations /
No full text"This book uncovers the influence of racial and prejudicial stereotyping during police investigation of suspects from stigmatised communities. The book examines the under-researched aspect of whether and how negative stereotypes appear to influence the police interviews, investigative decision-making, and outcomes of criminal investigations when officers investigate individuals from stigmatised communities as suspects of crime. In the UK, the US, and Europe, the war on terror has been argued to impact adversely on existing race relations policies. In the aftermath of terrorist activity in both the US and Europe. Recent research has suggested that changes in legislation and counter-terrorism measures have contributed to the construction and reinforcement of the Muslim community as a suspect, which, in turn, may result in police bias and prejudice towards members of the Muslim communities. Based on novel and groundbreaking research studies, the author examines whether such police bias could influence the police investigation and interviewing processes concerning individuals from the suspect community as well as the outcome of a criminal investigation. The author introduces the Minhas Investigative Interviewing Prejudicial Stereotyping Scale (MIIPSS), an instrument developed and used to assess the level of police interviewers' racial and prejudicial stereotyping towards suspects from stigmatised groups, and maintains that its use would serve to minimise the influence of racial and prejudicial stereotypes on investigation. It is further suggested that training of police officers on the implications of such prejudicial (racial/religious) stereotyping is essential to improving interviewing performance, case outcomes, and community cohesion. This book will benefit academics, researchers, police officers, lawyers, social policy officers, and probation officers across the globe"-
Racial and Prejudicial Stereotyping by Police Its Impact on Investigative Interviewing and the Outcomes of Criminal Investigations
No full textThis book uncovers the influence of racial and prejudicial stereotyping during police investigation of suspects from stigmatised communities. The book examines the under-researched aspect of whether and how negative stereotypes appear to influence the police interviews, investigative decision-making, and outcomes of criminal investigations when officers investigate individuals from stigmatised communities as suspects of crime.
In the United Kingdom, the United States, and Europe, the war on terror has been argued to impact adversely on existing race relations policies in the aftermath of terrorist activity in both the United States and Europe. Recent research has suggested that changes in legislation and counterterrorism measures have contributed to the construction and reinforcement of the Muslim community as a suspect, which, in turn, may result in police bias and prejudice towards members of Muslim communities. Based on novel and groundbreaking research studies, the author examines whether such police bias could influence the police investigation and interviewing processes concerning individuals from the suspect community as well as the outcome of a criminal investigation.
The author introduces the Minhas Investigative Interviewing Prejudicial Stereotyping Scale (MIIPSS), an instrument developed and used to assess the level of police interviewers’ racial and prejudicial stereotyping towards suspects from stigmatised groups, and maintains that its use would serve to minimise the influence of racial and prejudicial stereotypes on investigation. It is further suggested that the training of police officers on the implications of such prejudicial (racial/ religious) stereotyping is essential to improving interviewing performance, case outcomes, and community cohesion.
This book will benefit academics, researchers, police officers, lawyers, social policy officers, and probation officers across the globe
Rashid al-Din’s “Shuab-i Pandjghana”: Research Perspectives
No full textThe author of the present study describes Rashid al-Din’s work “Shuab-i Pandjghana” obtained from the archives of the Topkapi Palace Museum in Istanbul. The article contains a brief description of the previous study of this important work. The author presents his own version about how “Shuab-i pandjghana” came to Anatolia, how the latest version of Rashid al-Din’s work corresponds to his famous composition “Compendium of Chronicles”, and tries to determine the date when this wide genealogy was created. The author also analyzes the information on the “Shuab-i pandjghana” contained in A.P.Grigoryev’s study
Strategic Reforms for Accelerated Agricultural Growth in Pakistan
No full textAgricultural growth rates in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s show that strong growth during the 1960s was driven by several factors, including greater certainty in the use of irrigation water (as a result of an agreement with India), the introduction of productivityenhancing fertiliser-seed packages, the introduction of tubewells and the electrification of rural areas, and policy changes that improved the profitability of farming. Growth during the 1970s dropped to 2.3 percent as a result of the uncertainty created by land reforms in 1972 and 1977, severe climatic shocks, a cotton virus that depressed production for most of the decade, and political instability. The recovery in the 1980s and early 1990s can be attributed to the introduction of new cotton varieties and improved management techniques, as well as to a gradual improvement in economic incentives. Closer inspection of the nature and sources of this growth raises concerns about its sustainability and casts doubt on the ability of the sector to grow by more than 3–4 percent a year in the future. Many of the past sources of agricultural growth in Pakistan appear to have been fully exploited. Strategy for the future must effectively address the followings. Allowing the market to Operate, policy reforms that support the ongoing structural adjustment should be given top priority. To address the crisis in irrigation management market-determined incentives must be allowed to determine resource allocation within the irrigation system. Reform in extension should include establishing closer links with research institutions and reducing the number of front-line extension workers and replacing them with fewer, bettertrained workers who are more responsive to the needs of farming systems. Full-fledged land reform is difficult to enact and can be considered only after a comprehensive study of costs and benefits. Some important measures can be implemented immediately, however. Foremost is providing security of tenure to many farmers, especially tenants-at-will, thereby improving responsiveness to incentives and creating better incentives for long-term investments.
F-OSFA: A Fog Level Generalizable Solution for Zero-Day DDOS Attacks Detection
No full textThe globalization and digitization of society have caused a surge in network traffic, making reliable online services essential for user trust and system functionality. However, these services face ever-increasing threats, particularly complex and well-developed Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. Zero-day DDoS attacks, a type of DDoS attack, are especially challenging because their new and unseen nature and lack of training data render traditional Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS) ineffective. To tackle this, we propose the Fog-based One Solution For All (F-OSFA) system - a model with three specialized components. The first component uses a hybrid machine learning and deep learning framework that combines convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and decision trees to detect traditional DDoS attacks. The second component employs a few-shot learning module with a contractive autoencoder for zero-day attack detection. The third component is a signature-based resource usage analyzer to counter attacks mimicking normal traffic. We demonstrate the efficacy of F-OSFA on publicly available datasets and prove the scheme is generalizable and effective. F-OSFA achieves an accuracy of 99.72% on CICDDoS2019 and 99.96% on CICIDS2017. In addition, it demonstrates its efficacy in the zero-day scenario as well by achieving a 96.77% on CICDDoS2019 and 95.98% on CICIDS2017. These evaluations testify to F-OSFA as a reliable and versatile solution against ever-evolving DDoS threats
Communication Technologies for Vehicles: Third International Workshop, Nets4Cars/Nets4Trains 2011 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, March 23-24, 2011 Proceedings
No full textThe Communication Technologies for Vehicles workshop series provides an international forum on latest technologies and research in the field of intra- and inter-vehicle communications in which to present original research results in all areas relating to communication protocols and standards, mobility and traffic models, experimental and field operational testing, and performance analysis
Pakistan: Breaking out of stagflation into sustained growth
No full textThis paper proposes that the underlying cause of the macroeconomic problems facing Pakistan today are a series of supply shocks which have constrained output growth. It is argued that while the current debate has solely focused on government expenditures and revenues, it is critical to also address the acute energy shortages which is constraining supply. The paper goes on to present four recommendations for breaking out of the present stagflation: (i) prudent macroeconomic management, (ii) reviving the role of the government in development while restoring fiscal balance, (iii) loosening monetary policy in order to spur the private sector, and (iv) improving social safety nets.Economic Growth, Supply Shock, Pakistan
‘Suspect’ Community Stereotyping and Criminal Investigations: “In pursuit of higher transparency”: A study of how police officers in England and Wales are believed to investigate people from the Muslim community
No full textIn England and Wales, the ‘war on terror’ has been argued to impact adversely on existing race relations policies. Recent research has suggested that changes in legislation (such as wide discretionary powers of stop and search) and counter-terrorism measures (such as arrest and the extension of pre-charge detention of 28 days under the Terrorism Act [2006], and the use of control orders to detain without trial) may have contributed to the construction and reinforcement of the Muslim community as a ‘suspect’, which, in turn, may result in a police bias towards members of the Muslim community. Research showed that such police bias had contributed to the grave violations of human rights with appalling consequences that involved miscarriages of justice. This thesis focuses on an under-researched aspect of police investigative and interviewing processes, namely, the influence of prejudicial stereotyping on criminal investigations when investigating the suspects from a ‘suspect’ community. This thesis examined the influence of prejudicial stereotyping (within the context of criminal investigations) and originally contributed to the existing knowledge through the course of five studies. The first study focused on the role of prejudicial stereotyping in stop and search practices. This first study examined more than 2,100 stop and search records of the provincial police force in England and Wales, as well as 20 semi-structured interviews which were conducted with serving police officers (from the same force) to examine whether police officers use prejudicial stereotypes to inform suspicions in their day to day policing. This first study ascertained that officers rely on certain types of stereotypes (e.g. people’s age, race, appearance, location, and social class) to inform their suspicions. In order to examine how such prejudicial stereotyping may affect criminal investigations, the second study in this thesis utilised a novel approach. In this second study, an innovative instrument ‘the Minhas Investigative Interviewing Prejudicial Stereotyping Scale’ (MIIPSS) was developed and used to assess the apparent level of interviewers’ prejudicial stereotyping towards suspects from certain stigmatised groups. This study involved semi-structured
interviews with twenty people, who had previously been interviewed as suspects in England and also eight very experienced lawyers. Both their views were measured using the MIIPSS before being subjected to a Guttman analysis. Statistical analyses showed that the MIIPSS satisfies the criteria for classification as a valid unidimensional and cumulative scale. It was found that the MIIPSS could be used as a tool to measure prejudicial stereotyping in investigative interviews towards suspects from stigmatised groups or individuals suspected of different types of crimes. The third study focused on the role of prejudicial stereotyping within the context of a ‘suspect’ community and investigative interviewing practices. As far as it is known, this is the first study that has obtained views from twenty-two real-life Asian Muslim suspects’ and explored their perceptions to examine whether prejudicial stereotypes could influence investigative interviews. Thematic analysis of interviews revealed that around two-thirds of the suspects reported perceiving the demonstration of various stereotyping by police officers during interviews, half of whom indicated that the interviewers demonstrated racial/religious stereotypes via discriminatory behaviour. The fourth study in this thesis broke new ground by examining the perceptions of fifteen very experienced legal representatives who had represented suspects in the police interviews. Thematic analysis of interview transcripts revealed that one-third of the legal representatives reported that they witnessed instances (in what these legal representatives described as a reckoned comparable case) when a white suspect was released whereas a charge was sought against an Asian Muslim suspect. Additionally, a quarter of these legal representatives mentioned instances of perceived police interviewers’ hostile and discriminatory behaviour towards their Muslim clients, also reporting that they felt such hostility was due to their client’s Muslim background. The final study in this thesis is novel and groundbreaking to have analysed the influence of prejudicial stereotyping on real-life police interviewers’ investigative decision-making within the context of the ‘suspect’ community. In order to explore whether a ‘suspect’ community stereotyping could influence police officers’ instigative decision-making, the fifth study utilised information gathered via semi-structured interviews, conducted individually with twenty serving police officers from a single police organisation in England. During these interviews the same scenario was put to each police officer in turn, only differing in the name of the suspect (which for one half of the sample referred to an indigenous person from the UK, while the other half was referred to a suspect with obvious Muslim name). As a result of crisp-set qualitative comparative analysis (csQCA), it was found that when the ‘Muslim suspect condition’ was applied, six times as many officers stated that they would charge him with possession and intent to supply class A drugs than did those in the indigenous suspect condition. These results triangulated with those of the suspects and legal representatives’ perceptions that the ethnicity and religious background may have played a role and influenced the outcome of investigations. In conclusion, findings from this thesis are not only consistent with the Hillyard’s study (i.e. the ‘suspect’ community stereotyping may result in a police bias against members of the ‘suspects’ community) but the findings also suggest that perceived prejudicial stereotypes (based on a suspect’s group membership) indeed may influence the outcome(s) of the criminal investigations
Hindianizing Heidi: Working children in Abdul Rashid Kardar's Do Phool
No full textThis article addresses Do Phool (1958), Abdul Rashid Kardar's film adaptation of Johanna Spyri's classic children's novel Heidi (1880). Kadar's film reconfigures Spyri's vision of the Romantic child within the idiom of popular Hindi cinema - with its particular performance traditions and mythological allusions - in order to project an ideological image of the newly independent State. The film therefore exemplifies what Tejaswini Ganti has called (H)Indianization. Attending closely to the work of the child actors presented in the film can reveal the ideological and allegorical use of childhood in 1950s Hindi cinema, as well as the uneven development of childhood as a universal category. © 2011 The Author
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