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(23(3):176-187)STUDIES ON THE RELATION AMONG LEAF-AGE INDEX, THE STAGES OF PANICLE DEVELOPMENT AND NUMBER OF TILLERS IN RICE
No full text本試驗利用臺中65號和臺中在來1號等兩水稻品種，採3種肥料施法及3種栽植密度，以裂區設計進行探究水稻葉齡指數與幼穗發育及分蘖間的關係，供稻作栽培上施用穗肥參考。玆將試驗結果摘要如下：
1. 水稻之幼穗發育階段在穗頸分化期之葉齡指數，一期作為70~72，二期作為75~77；枝梗分化期之葉齡指數為77~84，期作間差異不大；穎花分化期之葉齡指數一期作為85~92，二期作為83~89；由幼穗分化完成後到花粉母細胞分化期之葉齡指數一期作為93~95，二期作為89~92。
2. 水稻幼穗形成期所需日數一期作為15天，二期作為12.5~14天；孕穗期所需日數一期作為17天，二期作為19~21天；幼穗發育階段所需日數（即稻穗形成所需日數）一期作為32天，二期作為33~33.5天。
3. 穗頸開始分化時間一期作在插秧後45~46天，二期作在插秧後30~31天；一期作之穎花分化期在插秧後54~65天，最高分蘖期則在插秧後47~54天，二期作之穎花分化期在插秧後37~47天，圾高分蘖期則在插秧後33~40天。
4. 臺中65號之葉齡指數一期作在70~71，二期作在76~77時分蘖達最高二臺中在來1號之葉齡指數一期作在83~84，二期作在82~83時分蘖達鼓高。又一期作在花粉母細胞分化期與減數分裂初期即葉齡指數在94~96，二期作在幼穗分化末期與花粉母細胞分化期，即葉齡指數在87~89時水稻之有效分蘖即已固定。
5. 葉齡指數與幼穗長度呈正相關關係，其相關係數臺中65號為0.77~0.78，臺中在來1號為0.78~0.79；葉齡指數與分蘖呈顯著正相關，其相關係數為0.98~0.99；幼穗長度與分蘖亦呈正相關關係，其相關係數臺中65號為0.67~0.69，臺中在來1號為0.71~0.73。
6. 不同肥料施法與栽植密度對水稻不同生育日數之葉齡指數間無明顯差異二對幼穗長度而言，不同肥料施法在一二期作均以插秧後一次追肥 (F1) 之處理最長，不同栽植密度則一期作以每坪88株 (S2) ，二期作以每坪100株 (S3) 最好；對分蘖而言，不同肥料施法一期作以插秧後二次追肥 (F2) 之處理最好，不同栽植密度則一、二期作均顯示分蘖隨栽植密度之增加而遞減。
The objective of the present studies was to find out the relation among leaf-age index, the stages of panicle development, and number of tillers so that leaf-age index may be used as a reliable indicator for the proper time of fertilizer application to rice plants. Two varieties, Taichung 65 and Taichung native 1, were planted in three different densities. Three different ways of fertilizer application were used. The field was laid out with split plot design, using fertilizer as the main plot and density of spacing as the sub-plot. The results are summarized as follows.
1. The leaf-age index at the panicle neck differentiation stage was 70-72 for the first crop and 75-77 for the second crop. At the branch differentiation stage, it was 77-84 for the two crops and there appeared to he no difference between them. At the spikelet differentiation stage, it was 85-92 for the first crop and 83-89 for the second crop. After the young panicle formation stage to the pollen mother cell differentiation stage the leaf— age index was 93-95 for the first crop and 89-92 for the seond crop. The correlation coefficient between the length of the panicle and the leaf-age index was γ=0.77-0.78 in Taichung 65 and γ=0.78-0.79 in Taichung native 1.
2. The time of panicle formation was 32 days in the first crop and 33-33.5 days in the second crop, it included a young panicle formation period (15 days in the first crop and 12.5-14 days in the second crop) and a panicle pregnancy period (17 days in the first crop and 19-21 days in the second crop).
3. The panicle neck began to differentiate 45-46 days after transplanting in the first crop and 30-31 days in the second crop. Spikelet differentiation take place 54-65 days after transplanting in the first crop and 37-47 days in the second crop. The stage with the highest number of tillers occurred at 47-54 days in the first crop and at 33-40 days in the second crop.
4. The leaf-age index at the stage with the highest number of tillers was 70-71 in the first crop and 76-77 in the second crop for Taichung 65, and was 83-84 in the first crop and 82-83 in the second crop for Taichung native 1. The correlation coefficient between the leaf-age index and the length of the panicle was γ=0.98-0.99. In the first crop, the effective tiller number became constant at the period between the pollen mother cell differentiation stage and meiosis when the leaf-age index was 94-96. In the second crop, the effective tiller number became constant at the period between the end of the young panicle formation stage and the pollen mother cell differentiation stage when the leaf-age index was 87-89. The correlation coefficient between the length of the young panicle and the number of tillers was γ=0.67-0.69 in Taichung 65 and γ=0.7l-O.73 in Taichung native 1.
5. The leaf-age index was not different among the plants growing under different conditions. Increasing in panicle length was the fastest when fertilizer application was divided into two times (F1) and when the density was 88 plants per 3.24m2 of land (S2) in the first crop and 100 plants per 3.24m2 of land (S3) in the second crop. The number of tillers decreased when the density of spacing increased. Plants in the second crop had the highest number of tillers when fertilizer application was divided into three times (F2)
Inheritance Of Resistance To Different Races Of Piricularia Oryzae Part III
No full text1) The F2 and F3 hybrids between 28 japonica rice strains were tested for blast disease resistance by using four different races, 4, 13, 22 and 25. Spore suspension was inoculated with rice seedlings at the five-leaf stage by using both spraying and injection methods.
2) The resistance to the four races were found to be each controlled by a resistant gene. The four resistance genes found, Pi4, Pi13, Pi2 and Pi25 were independent of one another in some cases. Also they were not linked with marker genes involved in the crosses, A,P, Ps, lg, Bf, I-Bf, d2, Rc and Ph.
3) The resistances to leaf and neck blasts widely varied due to variety, year, crop season and location. In 81% of strains so far tested, leaf and neck resistances were correlated, and appeared to be controlled by the same genes. In the remaining 19%, the leaf and neck resistances were not correlated. Whether or not this is due to the occurrence of different races remains unknown
(26(2):100-111)PRODUCTION OF RICE PLANTLETS BY ANTHER CULTURE
No full text培養42種不同水稻品種、品系及雜交第一代之花藥於MS、ML和MW三種培養基上，可誘導癒合組織之形成，其發生頻率介於0~20.21％之問，因品種不同而不同。此等培養基均含有5ppm NAA、2.5ppm Kinetin、15％椰子汁及6％蔗糖。日本型水稻適合於MS培養基；印度型水稻則適台於ML培養基。蔗糖濃度對癒合組織形成率之影響很大，多於或少於6％蔗糖的培養基均將降低癒合組織之形成率；甘露蜜醇(mannitol)雖有調節滲透壓的功效，然其效果則遠次於蔗糖。花藥事先經由低溫（5°、10°及15℃)處理一日，與癒合組織的形成車之相關甚少。二期作花藥癒合組識之形成率遠低於一期作。
癒台組織移入含有0.5ppm NAA、4ppm Kindill、40ppm Adelline sulfate、15%椰子汁及3％蔗糖的MS培養基後二至四週，就有小植株的分化，其分化頻率由30至80不等。再則分化率亦因癒合組織之齡期、品種和期作而有所差異。十日大（0.2至0.4公釐）的癒合組織再分化率最高，分化成綠苗之百分比亦大；太老或經由繼代培養之癒合組織之分化率降低，且形成白苗的百分比亦提高。椰子汁對再分化並不十分重要，反而有抑制現象。
Anthers of 42 varieties and F1 hybrids of rice (Oryza sativa L. ) were culture on synthetic medium. Calluses were successfully induced from pollens and the number of anther which could produce calluses ranged from 0 to 20. 21%. Callus—formation rates were different among varieties and hybrids in the order of Japonica varieties> F1 Hybrid> Indica varieties. Basic media used for anther culture were developed by Miller (ML), Murashige and Skoog (MS) and modified White medium. These media contain 5ppm NAA, 2.5ppm Kinetin, 15% Coconut milk and 6% Sucrose. The MS medium was useful to Japonica varieties and ML medium was apt to Indica varieties. Concentration of sucrose was an important factor for callus induction. Sucrose concentrations higher or lower than 6% would decrease the induction frequency. It is impossible to substitute mannitol for sucrose. Anther treated with low temperatures can not produced calluses with higher frequencies, except Kabara. The callus-formation rate of the 2nd crop of rice was far lower than that of 1st crop.
After the calluses were transferred to MS medium containing 0.5 ppm NAA, 4 ppm Kinetin, 40 ppm Adenine sulfate, 15% Coconut milk and 3% Sucrose, plantlets regenerated in 2-4 weeks. The range of regenerative rates was from 30 to 80%. Potentially of regeneration of plantlets from pollen calluses was found to be related with callus age, varieties and rice crop season. The 10-day-old calluses were most optimal, older or younger calluses would decrease the regenerative frequency and produce more albino plantlets. The coconut milk was not essencial for plantlet regeneration
(29(2):131-136)A preliminary observation on field performance of doubled-haploid rice through anther culture
No full text本研究為了初步檢討水稻花藥培養所育成雙單元體植株之育種價值，乃選用遺傳質純接合稻株之花藥所誘得雙單元體品系進行本試驗。結果發現：從花藥之培養到雙單元體植株之誘導的整個過程中，產量4 要素之有關遺傳因子極可能發生各類不易查覺之突變，且突變後之遺傳因子對本省一、二期作生育環境之適應能力也有若干程度之差異。文中曾就此等結果加以討論，並據此等結果推論水稻之花藥培養應有利於雜接合育種集團遺傳多樣性之擴大，而實際俾益於新品種之選育。
The present studies were conducted to evaluate the value of doubled-haploid plants in rice breeding. Four of 100 completely homozygous lines developed through anther culture were randomly selected for field trial. The results of statistical analysis showed that the micromutation of quantitative characters had been induced during the process of doubled haploid development following anther culture. The performance of four major yield components controlled by minor genes as well as mutated genes, differed from crop seasons due to different climatic conditions. The advantages of using hybrid anther for tissue culture to increase the genetic variability of doubled-haploid plants so that to increase the chance of selection had been stressed
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
(24(3-4):1-7)INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE TO YELLOW DWARF DISEASE IN RICE
No full text為探究水稻黃萎病抗病性之遺傳行為，利用黃萎病感病品種臺農61號和臺南5號分別與抗病品種Firooz-(1)和Kabara進行雜交，其F1再與兩雜交親本回交和自交，同時獲有F1、F2、BCPS、F12、BCPR等雜交世代材料，再將此等材料與親本同時種植，於幼苗期進行黃萎病抗病性檢定。第一年以以集團接種法在幼苗長至5~6公分時接種帶菌質昆蟲24小時（蟲苗比1.5倍），然後種植田間；第二年以個體接種法在幼苗長至10~15公分約2~3葉齡時接種帶菌質昆蟲24小時（一試管一幼苗，放入兩隻帶菌質昆蟲），然後移植於塑膠盆中。移植後約5~6週病徵即開始出現，經初步調查後將其宿根，宿根後2~3週間詳細調查宿根後之發病情形，並進行遺傳分離法則符合度測驗，結果顯示黃萎病抗病品種Firooz-(1)和Kabara之抗病性係受一對顯性抗病因子所支配。
This study was designed to investigate the inheritance of yellow dwarf disease in rice. Two susceptible varieties, Tainung 61 and Tainan 5, were crossed with two resistant varieties, Firooz-(1) and Kabara and the F1’s were seif-polinated and backcrossed to their respective parents. Seedlings of F1, F2, BCPS and BCPR were inoculated with vector insects (Nephotettix nigropictus and N. cincticeps) for 24 hours. In the first experiment, the seedlings of 5-6 cm in height were inoculated by the mass inoculation method. In the second experiment the seedlings of 10-15 cm in height which were about at 2- or 3-leaf stage were inoculated by the individual inoculation method. Five to six weeks after inoculation, the degree of resitance to yellow dwarf disease was investigated and then the upper part of the plants near the land about 5-6 cm were cut out (ratoon). Two to three weeks later, another detail investigation was made on ratoons. It was found that the resistance of Firooz-(1) and Kabara to yellow dwarf disease was controlled by a single dominant gene
A Preliminary Study on the Inheritance of Resistance of Rice to Different Races of Rice Blast Fungus (Piricularia Oryzae)
No full text(17(4):19-23)A SCREENING TEST FOR RICE VARIETIES RESISTANT TO YELLOW DWARF DISEASE
No full text水稻的黃萎病（Yellow dwarf）係由黑尾浮塵子（Nephotettix apicalis）及偽黑尾浮塵子（N. cincticeps）所傳播的一種菌質病（Mycoplasm disease）。本病普遍發生於亞洲國家，1910年在日本首先發現，而在臺灣則於1929年黑澤英一氏發現該病發生於第二期作之蓬萊稻。然在當時併不嚴重，殆至近年來發生率普遍增高。據農林廳之調查於53年全省發病之水稻田面積為5,877.84公頃，發生地區以宜蘭縣、桃園縣、新竹縣、苗栗縣、臺中縣、彰化縣等為主，其他縣市發生面積較少或無發生，但至54年全省發病面積增為8,050.45公頃，55年復增為41,799.79公頃，此趨勢有繼續之傾向而成為一嚴重水稻病害。
按本病之發生預防方法，雖可用藥劑驅除媒介昆蟲或清除其潛伏處所，撲滅越冬成蟲或幼蟲，但媒介昆蟲移動性甚大，不易收事半功倍之效，故最經濟而有效的預防方法為育成抗病品種。邱人璋氏 （1966）綜合報告有關本省水稻品種之抗黃萎病檢定經過如下：1932年黑澤氏曾調查49個水稻品種之黃萎病抵抗性，其中包括臺中65號，發現全部品種均屬感病性。大崎氏（1948）檢定18個品種之本病抗病性，其中新竹8號、臺中153號、嘉南13號及高雄18號等四種未罹病。臺中改良場於1960年第二期作在東勢所做之稻熱病檢定田內意外的得到參試品種之黃萎病反應。結果參試45個品種全部罹病。南改育27號之罹病率最低，即11.9%。
為對本病獲得進一步之認識，乃於民國57年第一期作進行試驗準備，同時進行檢定工作，茲將檢定方法及結果，作一簡要報導。
Due to the increasing importance of yellow dwarf disease in Taiwan, a screening test for rice varieties resistant to this disease was initiated at the Institute by use of controlled inoculation techniques. Five to eight seedlings (7 days old) per variety were fed for 24 hours to leaf hoppers including Nephotettix apicalis and N. Cincticeps, which were acqu- sition-fed with the diseased plants for 48 hours 30 days previously. All feeding was done in cages. About 40 days after the inoculation-feeding, the symptoms appeared on young tillers, but did not show distinct dwarfing. The testing plants were degenerated about two weeks after the first appearence of symptoms. TIe new plant arose from stubbles showed typical yellow dwarfing and severe infection with the disease. Among 70 varieties, consisting of ponlai, Taiwan indica and Japanses varieties plus a few varieties from China maixland and the philippines, only three varieties, Taipei 310, Taipei 131 and No-lin 49 were free of the disease. Other varieties showed various degrees of infection, ranged from 28.6 percent to 100 percent
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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