241 research outputs found
Finite Element Modelling of a Deep Excavation in Boston Blue Clay
No full textAbstractThe work investigates the behaviour of a deep excavation that forms part of a wide basement located in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. The glacial marine clay deposit is modelled with a kinematic hardening model for structured soils, its reduced bubble model version and the well-known Modified Cam Clay model. The aim of the work is to assess the effects of the added features of the advanced model, such as small-strain stiffness, structure degradation and anisotropy, on the numerical prediction of the overall behaviour of the excavation. The first part of the paper provides a brief description of the site conditions, ground profile and construction sequences for the case study under consideration. Then, the soil model calibration process using experimental undrained triaxial, self-boring pressuremeter and constant rate of strain consolidation tests is discussed. Finally, the comparison of the predicted wall deflection and ground settlements profiles with observed movements is presented
Loss of HCN1 enhances disease progression in mouse models of CNG channel-linked retinitis pigmentosa and achromatopsia
No full textMost inherited blinding diseases are characterized by compromised retinal function and progressive degeneration of photoreceptors. However, the factors that affect the life span of photoreceptors in such degenerative retinal diseases are rather poorly understood. Here we explore the role of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 1 (HCN1) in this context. HCN1 is known to adjust retinal function under mesopic conditions, and although it is expressed at high levels in rod and cone photoreceptor inner segments, no association with any retinal disorder has yet been found. We investigated the effects of an additional genetic deletion of HCN1 on the function and survival of photoreceptors in a mouse model of CNGB1-linked retinitis pigmentosa (RP). We found that the absence of HCN1 in Cngb1 knockout (KO) mice exacerbated photoreceptor degeneration. The deleterious effect was reduced by expression of HCN1 using a viral vector. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of HCN1 also enhanced rod degeneration in Cngb1 KO mice. Patch-clamp recordings revealed that the membrane potentials of Cngb1 KO and Cngb1/Hcn1 double KO rods were both significantly depolarized. We also found evidence for altered calcium homeostasis and increased activation of the protease calpain in Cngb1/Hcn1 double KO mice. Finally, the deletion of HCN1 also exacerbated degeneration of cone photoreceptors in a mouse model of CNGA3-linked achromatopsia. Our results identify HCN1 as a major modifier of photoreceptor degeneration and suggest that pharmacological inhibition of HCN channels may enhance disease progression in RP and achromatopsia patients
Untersuchungen zur Funktion und pathophysiologischen Relevanz Zyklonukleotid-aktivierter Kationenkanäle im ZNS und der Retina anhand CNGA3-defizienter Mäuse
No full textCNG-Kanäle sind elementare Bestandteile der Seh- und Riechkaskade. Es existieren sechs verschiedene Gene, die für unterschiedliche CNG-Untereinheiten kodieren.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde zunächst die Expression und Funktion der CNG-Kanäle im ZNS der Maus untersucht. RT-PCR-Untersuchungen zeigten, dass CNGA3 in der Amygdala, dem Cerebellum und dem Hippocampus die am stärksten exprimierte CNGA-Untereinheit war. Auch mittels in situ-Hybridisierung und Immunhistochemie konnte CNGA3 im Hippocampus der Maus nachgewiesen werden.
Um zu untersuchen, ob CNGA3 eine funktionelle Rolle im Hippocampus der Maus besitzt, wurde die synaptische Plastizität in der CA1-Region des Hippocampus CNGA3-defizienter Mäuse gemessen. Bei CNGA3 -/- Mäusen konnte eine signifikant erhöhte Langzeitpotenzierung bei normal erhaltener Langzeitdepression beobachtet werden.
Mit zwei unabhängigen Lernversuchen wurde untersucht, ob dieser Befund Auswirkungen auf die Funktion des Hippocampus für das räumliche Lernvermögen dieser Mäuse besitzt. Die Leistungsfähigkeit sowohl bei einem water-maze Versuch als auch bei der kontextuellen Angstkonditionierung zeigte sich jedoch durch die Deletion von CNGA3 nicht beeinträchtigt.
Da CNGA3 auch in der Amygdala nachgewiesen werden konnte, wurden die CNGA3 -/- Mäuse auf eine Beeinträchtigung der physiologischen Funktion dieser Gehirnregion getestet. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine akustische Angstkonditionierung durchgeführt. Bei diesem klassischen Test der Amygdalafunktion zeigten die CNGA3-defizienten Mäuse überraschenderweise ein signifikant weniger stark ausgeprägtes Angstverhalten. Detailliertere Untersuchungen sind notwendig, um die genaue Funktion von CNG-Kanälen in der Amygdala aufzuklären.
Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit sollte die bei CNGA3-defizienten Mäusen zu beobachtende retinale Degeneration untersucht werden. Die Konsequenzen der Deletion von CNGA3 sollten auf molekularer Ebene beschrieben werden.
Interessanterweise zeigte die Degeneration der Seh-Zapfen keine gleichmäßige Verteilung über die gesamte Netzhaut. Im oberen Teil der Netzhaut war ein verlangsamter Verlauf des Seh-Zapfen-Verlustes zu erkennen. Selbst bei über 1 Jahr alten CNGA3-defizienten Mäusen war in der dorsalen Retina eine Persistenz von etwa 50 % der Seh-Zapfen zu beobachten. Dagegen waren in der unteren Retina viel früher schon fast keine Zapfen-Außensegmente mehr zu sehen.
Auf molekularer Ebene zeigte sich schon während der ersten Wochen der postnatalen Entwicklung ein Verlust elementarer Proteine der Phototransduktionskaskade. Sehr früh war für die zwei Zapfen-Opsine der Maus, wie für die meisten weiteren untersuchten Proteine der Seh-Kaskade der Zapfen, ein Verlust der Immunreaktivität in den Zapfen-Außensegmenten zu beobachten. Die Transkription der untersuchten Gene war, mit Ausnahme des SWS-Opsins, bei 3 Monate alten CNGA3 -/- Mäusen vergleichbar der bei Wildtyp Mäusen.
Das Ausmaß und der Beginn des degenerativen Prozesses in der CNGA3 -/- Retina wurde durch den Nachweis einer sehr früh beginnenden und stark ausgeprägten Induktion von Müller-Gliazellen deutlich. Charakteristische Merkmale die für die Aktivierung einer Apoptose in Photorezeptoren sprechen konnten bei CNGA3 -/- Mäusen ausgemacht werden. Mittels TUNEL-Analyse konnte eine erhöhte DNS-Fragmentation beobachtet werden mit einem Maximum zwischen der dritten und vierten postnatalen Woche. Im gleichen Zeitraum war ebenfalls eine Aktivierung der Caspase 3 und eine Freisetzung von Cytochrom c zu erkennen.
Zusätzlich zu den Veränderungen in den Photorezeptoren konnten subtile Veränderungen in der inneren Netzhaut der CNGA3 -/- Mäuse gezeigt werden. Zum einen entwickelten die Horizontalzellen neuronale Ausläufer, die in die äußere Körnerschicht hineinwuchsen. Zum anderen wurde ein Verlust der Immunreaktivität für das G-Protein Goa in ON-Bipolarzellen CNGA3-defizienter Mäuse festgestellt
Untersuchungen zur Funktion und pathophysiologischen Relevanz Zyklonukleotid-aktivierter Kationenkanäle im ZNS und der Retina anhand CNGA3-defizienter Mäuse
No full textThe cGMP-dependent protein kinase II Is an inhibitory modulator of the hyperpolarization-activated HCN2 channel
No full textOpening of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels is facilitated by direct binding of cyclic nucleotides to a cyclic nucleotide-binding domain (CNBD) in the C-terminus. Here, we show for the first time that in the HCN2 channel cGMP can also exert an inhibitory effect on gating via cGMP-dependent protein kinase II (cGKII)-mediated phosphorylation. Using coimmunoprecipitation and immunohistochemistry we demonstrate that cGKII and HCN2 interact and colocalize with each other upon heterologous expression as well as in native mouse brain. We identify the proximal C-terminus of HCN2 as binding region of cGKII and show that cGKII phosphorylates HCN2 at a specific serine residue (S641) in the C-terminal end of the CNBD. The cGKII shifts the voltage-dependence of HCN2 activation to 2-5 mV more negative voltages and, hence, counteracts the stimulatory effect of cGMP on gating. The inhibitory cGMP effect can be either abolished by mutation of the phosphorylation site in HCN2 or by impairing the catalytic domain of cGKII. By contrast, the inhibitory effect is preserved in a HCN2 mutant carrying a CNBD deficient for cGMP binding. Our data suggest that bidirectional regulation of HCN2 gating by cGMP contributes to cellular fine-tuning of HCN channel activity
Retinal Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels: From Pathophysiology to Therapy
No full textThe first step in vision is the absorption of photons by the photopigments in cone and rod photoreceptors. After initial amplification within the phototransduction cascade the signal is translated into an electrical signal by the action of cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels. CNG channels are ligand-gated ion channels that are activated by the binding of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Retinal CNG channels transduce changes in intracellular concentrations of cGMP into changes of the membrane potential and the Ca2+ concentration. Structurally, the CNG channels belong to the superfamily of pore-loop cation channels and share a common gross structure with hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels and voltage-gated potassium channels (KCN). In this review, we provide an overview on the molecular properties of CNG channels and describe their physiological role in the phototransduction pathways. We also discuss insights into the pathophysiological role of CNG channel proteins that have emerged from the analysis of CNG channel-deficient animal models and human CNG channelopathies. Finally, we summarize recent gene therapy activities and provide an outlook for future clinical application.</jats:p
A Bioengineered In Vitro Model to Assess AAV-Based Gene Therapies for Cyclic GMP-Related Disorders
No full textThe emergence of efficient viral vectors derived from adeno-associated viruses (AAV) has led many groups to develop gene therapies for inherited monogenic diseases, such as retinal dystrophies. To evaluate the potency of new gene therapy vectors in a preclinical context, it is common to use animal models, such as gene-deficient or mutant animal models of a given human disease, and then assess vision restoration with functional or behavioral assays. While such animal models are invaluable to the preclinical testing process, they cannot be readily used as batch release tests during manufacturing or to validate biological activity at later stages of development. There is therefore a need for rapid and reliable in vitro models that can determine whether therapeutic vectors have delivered their cargo gene, and more importantly, whether this has resulted in the intended biological activity. Given our previous experience, we chose CNGA3-linked achromatopsia to develop a cell-based system to verify biological activity of AAV vectors designed to deliver a healthy CNGA3 gene copy into human cone photoreceptors. Our system is based on an immortalized cell line with high susceptibility to AAV transduction, i.e., HeLa cells, which we engineered to express a fungal rhodopsin guanylyl cyclase (RhGC) from Blastocladiella emersonii and a sensitive genetically encoded calcium indicator (GECI) under the control of a tetracycline operator. Using this system, we were able to confirm and quantify the function of the ion channel encoded by AAV/CNGA3 and differentiate between AAV vector potencies with a simple fluorometric assay. Finally, we show that this approach can be readily adapted for the assessment of phosphodiesterase function
Cav1.4 L-Type Calcium Channels Contribute to Calpain Activation in Degenerating Photoreceptors of rd1 Mice.
No full textRetinitis pigmentosa is an inherited blinding disorder characterized by progressive degeneration and loss of photoreceptors. The exact mechanism of degeneration and cell death of photoreceptors is not known, but is thought to involve disturbed Ca2+-signaling. Ca2+ can enter the photoreceptor cell via outer segment cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels or synaptic Cav1.4 L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC). Previously, we have shown that genetic ablation of the Cngb1 gene encoding the B subunit of the rod CNG channel delays the fast progressing degeneration in the rd1 mutant mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. In this study, we crossbred rd1 mice with the Cacna1f-deficient mouse lacking the Cav1.4 α1 subunit of the L-type VGCC. Longitudinal in vivo examinations of photoreceptor layer thickness by optical coherence tomography revealed a significant, but not sustained delay of retinal degeneration in Cacna1f x rd1 double mutant mice compared to rd1 mice. This was accompanied by a reduction of TUNEL positive cells in the early phase of rod degeneration. Remarkably, Cacna1f x rd1 double mutant mice displayed a strong decrease in the activation of the Ca2+-dependent protease calpain during photoreceptor loss. Our results show that genetic deletion of the synaptic Cav1.4 L-type VGCCs impairs calpain activation and leads to a short-term preservation of photoreceptors in the rd1 mouse
The H3 Haplotype of the EPCR Gene Determines High sEPCR Levels in Critically-ill Septic Patients
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be found here. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40121-018-0193-2
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