1,720,992 research outputs found
Estudio de la dinámica de inóculo de los agentes de biocontrol de aflatoxinas en frutos secos, resistencia varietal al patógeno y caracterización de la población de Aspergillus spp. sección Flavi en España
Full text linkAlmond and pistachio nuts can be occasionally colonized with the fungal species Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus and, concomitantly, contaminated with aflatoxins, potent carcinogenic mycotoxins for humans. As reviewed in chapter I, the most effective pre-harvest management strategy for limiting aflatoxin contamination is the massive release of native atoxigenic strains of A. flavus for the competitive displacement (or competitive exclusion) of wild toxigenic isolates from the agroecosystem. Many farmers from the U.S.A., Africa, and Italy and diverse crop industries benefit from using this technology. Thereafter, in temperate and tropical regions, where the biocontrol strategy is still not implemented, the search for native atoxigenic A. flavus strains is a necessity. In California, for example, the US Environmental Protection Agency granted registration of the atoxigenic strain AF36 of A. flavus for use in pistachio and almond in 2012 and 2017, respectively. This strain is applied using sorghum grains as the AF36 spores carrier with the commercial name AF36 Prevail®. The use of AF36 Prevail® is a clear competitive advantage for U.S. farmers since commercial biocontrol agents to reduce aflatoxin contamination are not available in other nut-growing regions such as Australia, Spain, or Turkey. Although AF36 Prevail® was primarily developed for applying to row crops (e.g. maize, cotton), it has also been effective in limiting aflatoxin contamination in nut trees in California. Even so, AF36 Prevail® often fails in nut orchards because of differential characteristics between row and tree crops. Then, we evaluated (chapter II) the sporulation of the biocontrol strain AF36 in pistachio orchards and advised farmers to spread the AF36 Prevail® product in the moist soil area but avoid the site where the irrigation drops fall. Our study about the dynamics of A. flavus’ spores suggested that AF36 Prevail® could be applied every two rows obtaining an overlapping effect on the non-treated row whether the distance between tree rows is ≤ 10 m. Furthermore, we detected that tree debris in the canopy act as an inoculum source for Aspergillus species included in section Nigri, ochratoxins producers, and biocontrol strategies may act parallelly to protect against both mycotoxins. It is essential to monitor how the atoxigenic AF36 strain survives and competes with aflatoxin-producing species populations in the target agroecosystem to understand how it can displace wild isolates of Aspergillus spp. Traditionally, biocontrol strains of A. flavus have been monitored through vegetative compatibility assays (VCA), but these are tedious and time-consuming. Thus, we tackled this concern by developing and validating a mismatch-qPCR assay to quantify the proportion of AF36 vs. toxigenic genotypes of A. flavus and A. parasiticus from diverse soil and plant samples. Our mismatch-qPCR efficiently quantifies AF36 proportions in the Aspergillus population. To overcome the disadvantages (loss of grains, poor sporulation, etcetera) of applying the strain AF36 using sorghum grains as carriers, we studied (chapter II) the pistachio male inflorescences as an inoculum source of atoxigenic strains. Male inflorescences are an abundant and free substrate, regularly distributed in the orchard. In our trials, the density of AF36 spores on the pistachio canopy of the inflorescence-treated trees was similar (P > 0.05) to this of Prevail®-treated trees. Furthermore, our results indicated that in pistachio orchards, where biocontrol practices are not conducted, eliminating this critical source of toxigenic Aspergillus inoculum is recommended. In chapter III, we characterized the resistance of various almond cultivars against A. flavus and A. parasiticus colonization and aflatoxin contamination. Remarkably, we found high variability in response to aflatoxin contamination of almond cultivars caused by both Aspergillus species. In addition, the shells were an insurmountable barrier to the pathogen, regardless of their type of shell (hard, semihard, or paper shell). However, natural-opening shells often occur in paper shell almond cultivars in the field. Our results also pointed out the importance of peach for introgressing resistance to the pathogen in almond breeding programs. Finally, we presented the possibility of combining both cultivar resistance and biocontrol, which offers a particularly promising aflatoxin control strategy. In a final chapter IV, we surveyed two leading Spanish almond- and pistachio-producing regions, Andalusia and Castilla La Mancha. In these surveys, we isolated 78 strains of Aspergillus section Flavi. Remarkably, four A. flavus were identified as atoxigenic (i.e., no-aflatoxin and no-cyclopiazonic acid producers) and, to our knowledge, this is the first report of atoxigenic strains of A. flavus native to Spain. Besides, six A. tamarii strains resulted, for the first time, described as slightly aflatoxigenic. With the work advocated in this Ph. D Thesis, we have contributed definitely to the optimized use of this biological control strain in Californian tree nut crops. In addition, we are closer to offering a safe product option to be used infield shortly by the Spanish almond and pistachio producers.Las almendras y los pistachos son colonizados ocasionalmente por las especies fúngicas Aspergillus flavus y A. parasiticus y, por consiguiente, pueden contaminarse con aflatoxinas, potentes micotoxinas cancerígenas para los humanos. En el capítulo I de la presente Tesis Doctoral, revisamos una de las estrategias de control más efectiva para limitar la contaminación por aflatoxinas en campo: la liberación masiva de cepas atoxigénicas (no productoras de micotoxinas) nativas de A. flavus para el desplazamiento competitivo (o exclusión competitiva) de los aislados toxigénicos del agroecosistema. Muchos agricultores de EE. UU., África e Italia tienen acceso comercial a este tipo de agentes de biocontrol. En cambio, en las regiones templadas y tropicales donde aún no se implementa esta estrategia de biocontrol es necesaria la búsqueda de cepas atoxigénicas de A. flavus. En California, la Agencia de Protección Ambiental (EPA) de EE. UU. otorgó el registro de la cepa atoxigénica AF36 de A. flavus para uso en pistachero y almendro en 2012 y 2017, respectivamente. La cepa AF36 se aplica en campo utilizando granos de sorgo recubiertos de esporas con el nombre comercial AF36 Prevail®. El uso de AF36 Prevail® supone una ventaja competitiva para los agricultores estadounidenses ya que, en otras regiones productoras de frutos secos, como Australia, España o Turquía, no hay agentes de control biológico comerciales disponibles. El producto AF36 Prevail® se desarrolló para su uso en cultivos extensivos (ej. maíz y algodón), aunque también se ha mostrado eficaz disminuyendo la contaminación por aflatoxinas en frutos secos. Aun así, el control biológico de aflatoxinas en frutos secos mediante el uso de AF36 Prevail® fracasa con frecuencia debido a características agronomicas propias de este tipo de cultivos arbóreos. En el capítulo II, por lo tanto, evaluamos la esporulación y dispersión del producto AF36 Prevail® en campos de pistachero y recomendamos a los agricultores aplicar el producto en el área de suelo irrigada por los microaspersores aunque, evitando la zona donde impactan las gotas del agua de riego ya que afecta negativamente a su esporulación. Según nuestro estudio sobre la dispersión de las esporas de A. flavus, las esporas de AF36 fácilmente alcanzan la copa de los pistacheros próximos al punto de aplicación aunque disminuye marcadamente con la distancia a la fuente de inóculo y la altura, ajustándose a distintas ecuaciones de difusión. Nuestros datos apuntan a que AF36 Prevail® podría aplicarse en filas alternas de pistacheros obteniéndose un efecto de protección (densidad de esporas por árbol) similar en el conjunto de los árboles si la distancia entre filas es ≤ 10 m. Además, detectamos que los restos de tejido que quedan en la copa de los pistacheros actúan como fuente de inóculo para las especies de Aspergillus de la sección Nigri, productores de ocratoxinas, por lo tanto, la estrategia de biocontrol puede actuar de forma paralela contra ambas micotoxinas. Para comprender cómo la cepa atoxigénica AF36 sobrevive, compite y desplaza a las cepas silvestres de Aspergillus spp. productoras de aflatoxinas, es esencial la monitorización en los campos donde ha sido liberada. Tradicionalmente, las cepas de A. flavus se han monitoreado mediante ensayos de compatibilidad vegetativa (VCA), pero son tediosos y requieren varias semanas para su ejecución. Por lo tanto, desarrollamos y validamos (capítulo II) un protocolo de qPCR basado en un Mismatch para cuantificar la proporción de AF36 frente a los genotipos toxigénicos de A. flavus y la población general de A. parasiticus. Nuestra qPCR-Mismatch cuantifica de manera eficiente las proporciones de AF36 respecto a la población de Aspergillus en el suelo y la planta. Debido a los problemas derivados de aplicar la cepa AF36 en granos de sorgo (pérdida de granos, mala esporulación, etcétera), estudiamos (capítulo II) la posibilidad de utilizar las inflorescencias masculinas de pistachero como fuente de inóculo para las cepas atoxigénicas. Las inflorescencias masculinas constituyen un sustrato abundante, gratuito, y que se distribuye regularmente en la plantación. En nuestros ensayos, la densidad de esporas de AF36 en la copa de los pistacheros con inflorescencias del suelo inoculadas con AF36 fue similar (P > 0.05) a la de los árboles tratados con AF36 Prevail®. Estos resultados apuntan indirectamente a que, en los campos de pistacheros donde no se llevan a cabo prácticas de biocontrol, es recomendable eliminar las inflorescencias masculinas en el suelo al constituir una importante fuente de inóculo. En el capítulo III, caracterizamos la resistencia de cultivares y selecciones avanzadas de almendro a la colonización por A. flavus y A. parasiticus y, la subsiguiente, contaminación por aflatoxinas. Sorprendentemente, encontramos una alta variabilidad en la resistencia/susceptibilidad de los genotipos de almendro a la colonización por ambas especies. Además, la cáscara (endocarpo) intacta resultó ser una barrera infranqueable para el patógeno, independientemente del tipo (dura, semidura o de papel). Sin embargo, las aperturas de la cáscara, que naturalmente pueden aparecer en cultivares de almendro de cáscara de papel, constituyen un punto de entrada para las esporas del patógeno. En este capítulo, además, destacamos la importancia del melocotonero para la introgresión de genes de resistencia al patógeno en los programas de mejora del almendro. Finalmente, presentamos la posibilidad de combinar tanto la resistencia del cultivar como el biocontrol, lo que ofrece una estrategia de control de aflatoxina particularmente prometedora. En un capítulo final (IV), caracterizamos la población de Aspergillus spp. en dos de las principales regiones españolas productoras de almendras y pistachos, Andalucía y Castilla La Mancha. Durante las prospecciones realizadas, aislamos 78 cepas de Aspergillus sección Flavi y seis cepas de A. tamarii que sorprendentemente fueron caracterizadas como ligeramente aflatoxigénicas. Cabe destacar, que identificamos cuatro cepas de A. flavus como atoxigénicas (es decir, no productoras de aflatoxinas ni ácido ciclopiazónico) lo que constituye la primera descripción de cepas atoxigénicas de A. flavus españolas. En la presente Tesis Doctoral, hemos contribuido notablemente a la optimización del control biológico de aflatoxinas en los cultivos de frutos secos de California. Además, estamos más cerca de ofrecer agentes de control biológicos para reducir la contaminación por aflatoxinas que puedan emplear los productores españoles
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Characterization of Colletotrichum isolates causing Colletotrichum dieback of citrus in California
Full text linkDieback caused by Colletotrichum spp. is an emerging disease in California citrus groves. A large-scale survey with emphasis on seasonal variations of latent infections was conducted throughout citrus orchards in Fresno, Kern, and Tulare counties in 2019 and 2020. Latent infections on citrus leaves and twigs varied markedly between years. Isolates of Colletotrichum spp. were obtained from asymptomatic tissue and two groups were formed based on colony and spore morphology. The morphological groups were further identified based on multigene sequence analysis using the DNA regions ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, TUB2, and GAPDH. Results revealed that isolates belong to two phylogenetic species, C. gloeosporioides and C. karstii, being C. karstii more frequently isolated. Representative isolates of each species were further selected and characterized based on the response of physiological variables to temperature. Both species had similar optimum growth temperatures but differed in maximum growth rates, with C. gloeosporioides exhibiting a greater growth rate than that of C. karstii on media. Pathogenicity tests on citrus trees demonstrated the ability of C. gloeosporioides and C. karstii to cause lesions on twigs and no differences in aggressiveness. A fungicide screening performed in this study determined that the DMI fungicides were the most effective in reducing the mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides and C. karstii. The QoI fungicides showed a remarkably inhibitory impact on spore germination of both species. On average, C. karstii was more sensitive to the DMI fungicides than C. gloeosporioides. The findings of this study provide new information to understand the Colletotrichum dieback of citrus.Fil: Camiletti, Boris Xavier. University of California at Davis; Estados Unidos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Lichtemberg, Paulo dos Santos Faria. University of California at Davis; Estados UnidosFil: Paredes, Juan Andres. University of California at Davis; Estados Unidos. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Carraro, Thiago A.. University of California at Davis; Estados UnidosFil: Velasco, Jhordan. University of California at Davis; Estados UnidosFil: Michailides, Themis J.. University of California at Davis; Estados Unido
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Mycologia
No full textThe effects of osmotic potential (Psi) and temperature on mycelial growth, sporulation, and survival of Monilinia fructicola were determined using potato-dextrose agar (PDA) amended with KCI and sucrose. Comparatively, KCl facilitated the sporulation and sucrose facilitated the mycelial growth and survival of the fungus. Optimal mycelial growth occurred at -1 MPa and 25 C and sporulation at -3 MPa and 20 C. Sporulation decreased more rapidly than mycelial growth as osmotic potential and temperature became less conducive. Significant interactions between osmotic potential and temperature were observed on affecting the mycelial growth and sporulation. Monilinia fructicola did not grow in PDA amended with KCl at Psi < -11 MPa (20 and 25 C), -9 MPa (15 and 30 C), or -7 MPa (10 C) after 6-d incubation; it also did not grow in PDA amended with KCl at Psi < -11 MPa nor in PDA amended with sucrose at Psi < -13 MPa even after 60-d incubation at any temperatures tested. Monilinia fructicola survived water stress better at low temperatures than at high temperatures. These results could help in understanding the ecology and epidemiology of brown rot of stone fruit and in development of integrated disease management strategies.University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management ProjectCalifornia Tree Fruit AgreementCalifornia Prune Boar
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