90 research outputs found
Comparison of MP-AES and ICP-MS for the determination of potentially toxic elements in (polluted) plant material
No full textPine needles have been studied worldwide, particularly in areas affected by heavy metal pollution from traffic and industrial activities. These studies aim to assess the extent to which pine needles can serve as bio-monitors of environmental contamination, especially with heavy toxic metals and due to them being present all year round. Another type of contamination from heavy metals can arise, for example, from shooting ranges [1].Shooting ranges play a crucial role in providing a controlled environment for firearm enthusiasts and professionals to practice their skills. However, the environmental consequences of shooting range activities often go unnoticed. The discharge of lead and other heavy metals poses a serious threat to ecosystems and public health. An old closed Shooting Range named Munkatorp Shooting Range, located in Sweden Örebro, has been looked at closely for causing heavy pollution specifically heavy metals. There are plans to decontaminate the area, but so far, it seems that no action has been taken. One of the most significant pollutants associated with shooting ranges is lead. The primary source of lead contamination is ammunition, as bullets are typically made of lead or contain lead components. When fired, these bullets release lead particles into the environment, contaminating the soil and water. Over time, the accumulation of lead in the ecosystem can have detrimental effects on plants, animals, and even human health [2].Four sampling points were identified within the Munkatorp shooting range, and pine needle samples were collected for analysis. Before initiating the analysis, the needle samples underwent a thorough preparation procedure. Initially, the pine needle samples were washed with nitric acid solution, followed by drying in an oven until reaching a constant weight. The needles were then homogenized into a powder using a mortar and pestle. Triplicate preparations were made for each of the four distinct needle samples, and these preparations underwent a digestion method. The digestion method is an open digestion technique, wherein the samples were heated using a water bath. The solution used in this process consisted of nitric acid, MilliQ water, and hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide was added every hour to compensate for its consumption during the process. The samples were considered complete when all the pine needles had completely dissolved in the solution. The digestion solutions were then diluted with MilliQ water and finally filtered using a syringe with a 0.2 μm filter. The samples will then be analyzed using Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (MPAES) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). This research investigates the efficiency of two elemental analysis techniques, Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (MPAES) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), for determining elemental composition in polluted pine plant material. This study focuses on optimizing analytical parameters for both methods and evaluating their respective capabilities in terms of sensitivity, precision, and accuracy. The results obtained from MPAES and ICP-MS are compared to assess the reliability of each technique in identifying and quantifying elements present in the samples.[1] M. Zeiner et al., Molecules 26 (2021) 3318.[2] J. Bai, X. Zhao, Toxics 8 (2020) 32.</p
Lingua speciale della chimica
No full textZiel dieser Diplomarbeit ist der Vergleich der Fachsprache Chemie Italienisch – Deutsch auf unterschiedlichen linguistischen sowie fachlichen Niveaus.
Unter der diaphasischen Varietät Fachsprache (lingua specifica) werden Sprachen einer fachlichen bzw. beruflichen Spezialisierung, die sich gegenüber der Umgangs- oder Standardsprache vor allem durch einen erweiterten und spezialisierten Wortschatz, aber auch durch syntaktische und textuelle Besonderheiten sowie durch die intensive Nutzung bestimmter Wortbildungsmodelle auszeichnen, verstanden. In der Gegenwartssprache steigt die Bedeutung der Fachsprachen aus dem naturwissenschaftlich-technischen und dem sozialintensiven Bereich.
Die Chemie, als Lehre von den Stoffen, den Elementen und deren Verbindungen eine grundlegende Naturwissenschaft, stellt aufgrund ihrer großen Bedeutung im alltäglichen Leben auch in der Linguistik ein wichtiges Untersuchungsgut dar. Zusätzlich zu der speziellen chemischen Terminologie und Nomenklatur hebt sich die Fachsprache dieses Wissenschaftszweiges durch ihre Formel- und Zeichensprache von denen verwandter Fachrichtungen ab.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Besonderheiten in Lexik, Morphosyntax und Textstruktur sowohl allgemein bezüglich Fachsprache Chemie im Vergleich zu anderen Fachsprachen als auch auf vier fachlichen Niveaus behandelt, und zwar an Hand österreichischer und italienischer Schulbücher, deutscher und italienischer Artikel in chemischen Fachzeitschriften, Chemielexika in beiden Sprachen sowie des im Arbeitsalltags verwendeten Laborjargons.
Die Fachsprache Chemie weist in beiden Sprachen die Merkmale einer naturwissenschaftlich-technischen Fachsprache auf: präzise, autonome und eineindeutige Fachausdrücke sowie ein knapper objektiv gehaltener Stil. Der Textaufbau ist von der jeweiligen Textsorte bestimmt und variiert nicht zwischen Italienisch und Deutsch.
Hinsichtlich der Lexik ist vor allem die Bildung neuer Termini von Interesse, denn gerade in diesem Punkt offenbaren sich die wesentlichen Unterschiede zwischen der italienischen und der deutschen Fachsprache Chemie, welche aber großteils auf der Zugehörigkeit der beiden untersuchten Sprachen zu verschiedenen Sprachgruppen beruht. Während im Deutschen die Bildung langer zusammengesetzter Ausdrücke ein gängiger Weg ist, werden im Italienischen die entsprechenden Gegenstände bzw. Aktionen durch Wort mit Attribut beschrieben, welchselbige mit verschiedenen Präpositionen an den näher zu definierenden Ausdruck angeknüpft werden können. Unterschiede bestehen auch die Übersetzung englischer Termini betreffend: während in einer Sprache der Originalausdruck gebräuchlich ist, wird in der anderen eine Übersetzung desselben verwendet. Aus dem Englischen stammende Abkürzungen haben sowohl in den italienischen als auch den deutschen Sprachschatz Eingang gefunden, auch wenn der abgekürzte Ausdruck selbst nur als übersetzter genutzt wird.
Die Untersuchung der Schülerbücher, der wissenschaftlichen Texte sowie der Fachwörterbücher führte zu keinen Unterschieden im Italienischen und Deutschen. Jede Textsorte weist die für sie besonderen Merkmale auch, wie etwa die didaktische Ausrichtung, die sachliche Erörterung von Forschungsergebnissen und die kompakte Erläuterung von fachlichen Begriffen. Vor allem die Darlegung wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse ist heutzutage standardisiert, so dass die Art und Weise der Darstellung in beiden Sprachen gleich ist.
Beim Laborjargon existieren Differenzen bei der Wortbildung. Die Verbalisierung von Nomen ist sprachspezifisch, und erfolgt bei jeweils anderen Vorgängen und Aktionen. Weiters ist anzumerken, dass hinsichtlich der Aussprache regionale Unterschiede innerhalb eines Sprachraum festzustellen sind
Wood carving decorations in the interiors of the castle Hluboká and their context in Bohemia and Moravia
No full textThis bachelor thesis presents a detailed study of wood carving development in the interior of the chateau Hluboká nad Vltavou. These woodcarvings were made during 19th century, between the years 1838-1871. Artwork drafts for these carvings were made by the Viennese sculptor František Schroth, along with Franz Beer. Carving work itself was realized by Jan Vondruška, Jakub Zeiner, Jan Pták, and more. The work is largely focused on the architect's influence on woodcarvings, as well as their own carving and their relationship to the overall interior decoration including inlaid parquets. An integral part of the theicsis is a written selective catalog of discussed rooms in the chateau Hluboká, including rooms of compared castles - Lednice and Sychrov. The second and main subject of the study is specially comparison of interior woodcarvings in the castle Hluboká to interior woodcarvings in castles Lednice and Sychrov
Determination of bio-accessible amounts of trace elements in baby food using <em>In vitro</em> artificial digestion
No full textMountain pine needles as a bio-monitor of potentially toxic elements in higher elevations
No full textPine needles are considered useful bio-monitors. Their waxy surface allows them to accumulate various air pollutants. Furthermore, long-term studies are possible, since the needles can reach an age of up to ten years. Mountain pines (Pinus mugo), locally called Latschen, grow amongst others in the Alps in a height of approx. 1000 m to 2200 m. Thus, they seem appropriate specimens to monitor air pollution by potentially toxic elements in higher elevations.Needle samples were collected on the northern slopes in the Lower Inn Valley (Tirol, Austria). Different sampling sites were selected between Münster and Innsbruck, the altitude ranging from 1200 m to 2000 m. From each sample tree fresh needles, one-year-old and two and more year old needles were taken. The elemental contents in all samples were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after microwave assisted acid digestion.Compared to results for pines needles from lower altitudes, differences were mainly found in the contents of essential macro elements, but less regarding potentially toxic elements, such as Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb.</p
Elemental characterisation of the Goji berries (Lycium barbarum)
No full textGoji berries or wolfberries (Lycium barbarum) are colloquially called superfoods. Due to their remarkable high concentration of antioxidants, dietary fiber, phytosterols, essential amino acids, monounsaturated fats, vitamins and especially valuable trace minerals these fruits are nutrient valuble and have a positive impact on human health. The interest in inorganic analysis of food products mainly stems from nutritional concerns covering up to 14 nutrient (or essential) elements and associated requirements for proper labelling stipulated by national regulatory bodies. In presented study goji fruits wildly grown as well as commercially available ones have been analysed. The element content of the dried goji berries have been determined using inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectroscopy and flame emission photometry after acidic microwave assisted digestion. Considering macronutrient elements important for humans, the goji berries analyzed contain Ca, K, Mg and Na in mg g-1 concentration, while the microelements (essential and non essential) B, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, V and Zn are present at µg g-1 level. Apart from the nutritional beneficial content of essential elements, the concentrations of metal contaminants (e.g. Cd, Pb) transfered through food processing and packaging, are valuble information on the general food safety. The obtained results show that the potentially toxic elements are present in berries samples below the maximum allowed values.</p
Review – trace determination of potentially toxic elements in (medicinal) plant materials
No full textSince plant materials may contain high amounts of harmful metals, it is important to ensure the safe use of herbs by determining the current metal levels in herbs and their parts used for medical applications.</p
Accumulation of Major, Minor and Trace Elements in Pine Needles (<i>Pinus nigra</i>) in Vienna (Austria)
No full textIncreasing heavy metal pollution in the environment and the fact that pine needles are good bio-monitors for air pollutants was the reason to investigate their accumulation in pine needles in Vienna (Austria). Pinus nigra is widespread over the city, thus allowing the study of different parameters influencing metal accumulation. The sampling sites were chosen based on traffic volume (low, medium, high). Fresh shoots were collected alongside one-year-old needles once per week from May to August 2015. The needle samples were washed and dried prior to acidic microwave-assisted digestion followed by quantitative determination using spectrometric methods. The investigation was focused on the following elements: Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, U, V, and Zn. The one-year-old needles mainly contained higher contents of elements than fresh shoots; in many cases, the values differed statistically significantly. By correlating needle elemental contents with the sampling site, statistically significant differences were registered for the majority of the investigated elements. These differences originate from the local traffic situation, soil elemental levels, translocation processes, and not traffic-related sources. No general trend of metal accumulation from spring to summer was registered
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